How fear of nuclear power is hurting the environment | Michael Shellenberger

552,162 views ใƒป 2016-10-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Have you heard the news?
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ื”ืื ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช?
00:14
We're in a clean energy revolution.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”.
00:17
And where I live in Berkeley, California,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื’ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจืงืœื™, ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
00:19
it seems like every day I see a new roof with new solar panels going up,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื’ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืชืงื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
00:23
electric car in the driveway.
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ื ื™ื”.
00:25
Germany sometimes gets half its power from solar,
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœื” ืžืกื•ืœืจื™,
ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคื™ 10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช
00:29
and India is now committed to building 10 times more solar
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00:33
than we have in California,
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ืžืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
00:34
by the year 2022.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2022.
00:36
Even nuclear seems to be making a comeback.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืงืืžื‘ืง,
00:39
Bill Gates is in China working with engineers,
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ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
00:42
there's 40 different companies that are working together
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœ 40 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“
00:45
to try to race to build the first reactor that runs on waste,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฅ ืขืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช,
ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืก
00:49
that can't melt down
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00:50
and is cheaper than coal.
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ื•ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื.
00:52
And so you might start to ask:
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ื•ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ:
00:55
Is this whole global warming problem
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ื”ืื ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
00:57
going to be a lot easier to solve than anybody imagined?
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•?
01:00
That was the question we wanted to know,
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ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื ื•,
01:02
so my colleagues and I decided to take a deep dive into the data.
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ืื– ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
01:05
We were a little skeptical of some parts
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื
01:07
of the clean energy revolution story,
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ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืงื™ื”,
01:09
but what we found really surprised us.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื•.
01:12
The first thing is that clean energy has been increasing.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”.
01:16
This is electricity from clean energy sources over the last 20 years.
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื” ื‘-20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
01:21
But when you look at the percentage of global electricity
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01:24
from clean energy sources,
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ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื,
ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืจื“ ืž-36 ืื—ื•ื– ืœ-31 ืื—ื•ื–.
01:26
it's actually been in decline from 36 percent to 31 percent.
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01:30
And if you care about climate change,
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ื•ืื ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
01:32
you've got to go in the opposite direction
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš
ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-100 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื,
01:35
to 100 percent of our electricity from clean energy sources,
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01:38
as quickly as possible.
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ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
01:40
Now, you might wonder,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื,
01:41
"Come on, how much could five percentage points of global electricity be?"
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"ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช?"
01:45
Well, it turns out to be quite a bit.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœ-60 ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
01:47
It's the equivalent of 60 nuclear plants
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01:50
the size of Diablo Canyon, California's last nuclear plant,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืื‘ืœื•, ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
01:53
or 900 solar farms the size of Topaz,
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ืื• 900 ื—ื•ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืคื–,
01:57
which is one of the biggest solar farms in the world,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:00
and certainly our biggest in California.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
02:03
A big part of this is simply that fossil fuels are increasing
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื“ืœ
02:06
faster than clean energy.
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ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื”.
ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
02:08
And that's understandable.
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02:09
There's just a lot of poor countries
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช
ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฅ ื•ืฆื•ืื” ื•ืคื—ื
02:11
that are still using wood and dung and charcoal
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02:13
as their main source of energy,
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ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:15
and they need modern fuels.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
02:16
But there's something else going on,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ,
02:18
which is that one of those clean energy sources in particular
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื
02:22
has actually been on the decline in absolute terms,
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ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื,
ืœื ืจืง ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื.
02:26
not just relatively.
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02:27
And that's nuclear.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
02:28
You can see its generation has declined seven percent
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
02:32
over the last 10 years.
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ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
02:34
Now, solar and wind have been making huge strides,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืกื•ืœืจื™ ื•ืจื•ื— ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ืžืื•ื“,
ืื– ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื ื”,
02:37
so you hear a lot of talk about how it doesn't really matter,
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ื›ื™ ืกื•ืœืจื™ ื•ืจื•ื— ื™ื—ืคื• ืขืœ ื›ืš,
02:40
because solar and wind is going to make up the difference.
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02:42
But the data says something different.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
02:44
When you combine all the electricity from solar and wind,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืกื•ืœืจื™ ื•ืจื•ื—,
02:47
you see it actually barely makes up half of the decline from nuclear.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื—ืคื” ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
02:53
Let's take a closer look in the United States.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช -- 2013, 2014 --
02:56
Over the last couple of years -- really 2013, 2014 --
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02:59
we prematurely retired four nuclear power plants.
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ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื• ื˜ืจื ื–ืžื ื.
03:03
They were almost entirely replaced with fossil fuels,
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ื”ื ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
03:06
and so the consequence was that we wiped out
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื—ื™ืกืœื ื•
03:09
almost as much clean energy electricity that we get from solar.
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ืœืจื™.
03:14
And it's not unique to us.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื ื•.
ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœืช ืืงืœื™ื,
03:18
People think of California as a clean energy and climate leader,
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03:21
but when we looked at the data,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื ื• ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
03:23
what we found is that, in fact,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
03:24
California reduced emissions more slowly than the national average,
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ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื” ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื– ืจืขื™ืœ ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืืจืฆื™,
03:27
between 2000 and 2015.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 2000 ืœ-2015.
03:30
What about Germany?
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ืžื” ืขื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”?
03:31
They're doing a lot of clean energy.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื”.
03:33
But when you look at the data,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
03:35
German emissions have actually been going up since 2009,
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ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื– ืจืขื™ืœ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœืชื” ืžืื– 2009,
03:38
and there's really not anybody who's going to tell you
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืŸ
03:41
that they're going to meet their climate commitments in 2020.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘-2020.
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื”.
03:45
The reason isn't hard to understand.
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03:46
Solar and wind provide power about 10 to 20 percent of the time,
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ืกื•ืœืจื™ ื•ืจื•ื— ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืขื“ 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:50
which means that when the sun's not shining,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ื–ื•ืจื—ืช,
03:52
the wind's not blowing,
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ื”ืจื•ื— ืœื ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช,
03:53
you still need power for your hospitals,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
03:55
your homes, your cities, your factories.
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ืœื‘ืชื™ื, ืœืขืจื™ื, ื•ืœืžืคืขืœื™ื.
03:58
And while batteries have made some really cool improvements lately,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื—ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช,
04:02
the truth is, they're just never going to be as efficient
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
04:05
as the electrical grid.
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ื›ืžื• ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
04:06
Every time you put electricity into a battery and take it out,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžื˜ืขื™ื ื™ื ืกื•ืœืœื” ื•ืžืจื•ืงื ื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
04:09
you lose about 20 to 40 percent of the power.
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ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืขื“ 40 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
04:13
That's why when, in California,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืขืœื ื• --
04:16
we try to deal with all the solar we've brought online --
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04:18
we now get about 10 percent of electricity from solar --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื 10 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืกื•ืœืจื™ --
04:21
when the sun goes down, and people come home from work
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื•ืงืขืช, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
04:24
and turn on their air conditioners and their TV sets,
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ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื–ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช,
04:26
and every other appliance in the house,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
04:28
we need a lot of natural gas backup.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
04:31
So what we've been doing
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•
04:32
is stuffing a lot of natural gas into the side of a mountain.
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ื–ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืจ.
04:35
And that worked pretty well for a while,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
04:37
but then late last year, it sprung a leak.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ืœื•ืฃ.
04:40
This is Aliso Canyon.
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ื–ื” ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืกื•.
04:42
So much methane gas was released,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื– ืžืชืืŸ ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ,
04:45
it was the equivalent of putting half a million cars on the road.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืจืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฉื ื”.
04:49
It basically blew through all of our climate commitments for the year.
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04:53
Well, what about India?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืขื ื”ื•ื“ื•?
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืข ืจื—ื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
04:55
Sometimes you have to go places to really get the right data,
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04:58
so we traveled to India a few months ago.
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ืื– ื ืกืขื ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
05:00
We met with all the top officials -- solar, nuclear, the rest --
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ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื -- ืกื•ืœืจื™, ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™, ื”ืฉืืจ --
05:03
and what they told us is,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ื–ื”,
"ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:05
"We're actually having more serious problems
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"ืžืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื™ื—ื“.
05:07
than both Germany and California.
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05:08
We don't have backup; we don't have all the natural gas.
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"ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™. ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
05:12
And that's just the start of it.
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"ื•ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
05:14
Say we want to get to 100 gigawatts by 2022.
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"ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-100 ื’ื™ื’ื•ื•ืื˜ ืขื“ 2022.
05:17
But last year we did just five,
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"ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืจืง ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื”,
05:19
and the year before that, we did five."
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"ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื” ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืจืง ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื”."
05:21
So, let's just take a closer look at nuclear.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
05:24
The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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ื”ืคืื ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:28
has looked at the carbon content of all these different fuels,
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ื•ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืžืฉ ื ืžื•ืš -- ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ืœืจื™.
05:31
and nuclear comes out really low -- it's actually lower even than solar.
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05:34
And nuclear obviously provides a lot of power --
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ื•ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืกืคืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืฉืžืœ --
05:38
24 hours a day, seven days a week.
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24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
05:41
During a year, a single plant can provide power 92 percent of the time.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช, ืชื—ื ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ 92 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ.
05:45
What's interesting is that when you look at countries
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื”,
05:48
that have deployed different kinds of clean energies,
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05:50
there's only a few that have done so
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ืจืง ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืขืฉื• ื›ืš
05:52
at a pace consistent with dealing with the climate crisis.
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
05:55
So nuclear seems like a pretty good option,
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ืื– ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
05:57
but there's this big problem with it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื ื–ื”,
05:59
which all of you, I'm sure, are aware of,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”,
06:01
which is that people really don't like it.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
06:04
There was a study, a survey done of people around the world,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืงืจ, ืกืงืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
06:07
not just in the United States or Europe,
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™.
06:10
about a year and a half ago.
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06:11
And what they found
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื–ื”
ืฉื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ื“ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
06:13
is that nuclear is actually one of the least popular forms of energy.
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06:16
Even oil is more popular than nuclear.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืคื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืžื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
06:19
And while nuclear kind of edges out coal, the thing is,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืคื—ื,
06:22
people don't really fear coal in the same way they fear nuclear,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืคื—ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
06:26
which really operates on our unconscious.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืช ืžื•ื“ืข.
06:28
So what is it that we fear?
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ืื– ืžืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื?
06:30
There's really three things.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
ื™ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื --
06:32
There's the safety of the plants themselves --
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06:34
the fears that they're going to melt down and cause damage;
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื›ื” ื•ื™ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง,
ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื”ื,
06:37
there's the waste from them;
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06:38
and there's the association with weapons.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ืœื ืฉืง.
06:41
And I think, understandably,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
ืฉืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
06:43
engineers look at those concerns and look for technological fixes.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื.
06:47
That's why Bill Gates is in China developing advanced reactors.
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ืœื›ืŸ 40 ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:50
That's why 40 different entrepreneurs are working on this problem.
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06:53
And I, myself, have been very excited about it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืœื”ื‘ ืžื–ื”.
06:55
We did a report: "How to Make Nuclear Cheap."
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ื”ื›ื ื ื• ื“ื•"ื—: "ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื–ื•ืœ."
06:57
In particular, the thorium reactor shows a lot of promise.
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ื›ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื™ื•ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื ืจืื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื.
07:00
So when the climate scientist, James Hansen,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ื ืกืŸ,
07:02
asked if I wanted to go to China with him
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ืฉืืœ ืื ืืจืฆื” ืœื ืกื•ืข ืื™ืชื• ืœืกื™ืŸ,
ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช,
07:05
and look at the Chinese advanced nuclear program,
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07:07
I jumped at the chance.
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ืงืคืฆืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
07:08
We were there with MIT and UC Berkeley engineers.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ืขื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฉืœ MIT ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืงืœื™.
07:11
And I had in my mind
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™
07:13
that the Chinese would be able to do with nuclear
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ืฉื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
07:15
what they did with so many other things --
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื --
ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืกื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
07:18
start to crank out small nuclear reactors on assembly lines,
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07:21
ship them up like iPhones or MacBooks and send them around the world.
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ืœืกืคืง ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืง-ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
07:26
I would get one at home in Berkeley.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืงืœื™.
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”.
07:29
But what I found was somewhat different.
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ื”ืžืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช;
07:31
The presentations were all very exciting and very promising;
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจื™ื.
07:34
they have multiple reactors that they're working on.
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07:36
The time came for the thorium reactor, and a bunch of us were excited.
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื™ื•ื, ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืœืชื”.
07:39
They went through the whole presentation, they got to the timeline,
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ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื’ืช, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื,
07:43
and they said,
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
07:44
"We're going to have a thorium molten salt reactor
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"ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ื•ืจ ืžืœื— ืžื•ืชืš ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ืชื•ืจื™ื•ื
"ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื
07:48
ready for sale to the world
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07:50
by 2040."
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ืขื“ 2040."
07:52
And I was like, "What?"
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืื™ืœื•, "ืžื”?"
07:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:55
I looked at my colleagues and I was like,
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ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืื™ืœื•,
07:57
"Excuse me --
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"ืชืกืœื—ื• ืœื™ --
"ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื–ื” ืงืฆืช?
07:59
can you guys speed that up a little bit?
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08:01
Because we're in a little bit of a climate crisis right now.
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"ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืงืฆืช ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืืงืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
08:04
And your cities are really polluted, by the way."
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"ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื•ืช, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘."
08:07
And they responded back, they were like,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืื™ืœื•,
08:09
"I'm not sure what you've heard about our thorium program,
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื” ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•,
08:12
but we don't have a third of our budget,
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"ืื‘ืœ ื—ืกืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘,
08:14
and your department of energy hasn't been particularly forthcoming
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"ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉืชืฃ
08:17
with all that data you guys have on testing reactors."
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"ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืกืคืชื ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื."
08:21
And I said, "Well, I've got an idea.
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
08:23
You know how you've got 10 years where you're demonstrating that reactor?
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"ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืชื ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
08:27
Let's just skip that part,
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"ื‘ื•ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืงืคื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื”,
08:28
and let's just go right to commercializing it.
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"ื•ื™ืฉืจ ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืกื—ืจื™.
08:31
That will save money and time."
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"ื–ื” ื™ื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ืžืŸ."
08:33
And the engineer just looked at me and said,
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ื•ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ ื•ืืžืจ,
08:35
"Let me ask you a question:
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"ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชืš ืฉืืœื”:
08:37
Would you buy a car that had never been demonstrated before?"
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"ืืชื” ืชืงื ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื’ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ?"
08:41
So what about the other reactors?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
08:43
There's a reactor that's coming online now, they're starting to sell it.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
ื–ื” ื›ื•ืจ ื’ื– ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
08:47
It's a high-temperature gas reactor.
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08:48
It can't melt down.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื›ื”.
08:50
But it's really big and bulky, that's part of the safety,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžื’ื•ืฉื, ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช,
08:53
and nobody thinks it's going to ever get cheaper
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ ืคืขื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:55
than the reactors that we have.
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ืžื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
08:57
The ones that use waste as fuel are really cool ideas, but the truth is,
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ืืœื” ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ื›ื“ืœืง ื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื,
09:01
we don't actually know how to do that yet.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืชื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืกื•ืœืช,
09:04
There's some risk that you'll actually make more waste,
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09:06
and most people think that if you're including
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื
09:09
that waste part of the process,
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ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
09:11
it's just going to make the whole machine a lot more expensive,
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงืจื”,
09:14
it's just adding another complicated step.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
09:17
The truth is,
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื,
09:19
there's real questions about how much of that we're going to do.
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ื™ืฉ ืชื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืžื” ืžื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื”.
09:22
I mean, we went to India and asked about the nuclear program.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื ืกืขื ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช.
09:25
The government said before the Paris climate talks
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืžืจื”
09:28
that they were going to do something like 30 new nuclear plants.
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ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 30 ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
09:31
But when we got there and interviewed people
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื
09:33
and even looked at the internal documents,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื ื• ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
09:35
they're now saying they're going to do about five.
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ื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื”.
09:37
And in most of the world, especially the rich world,
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ,
09:40
they're not talking about building new reactors.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
09:42
We're actually talking about taking reactors down
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื›ื•ืจื™ื
ื˜ืจื ื–ืžื ื..
09:45
before their lifetimes are over.
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09:46
Germany's actually pressuring its neighbors to do that.
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื•ื—ืฆืช ืขืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
09:49
I mentioned the United States --
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ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช --
09:51
we could lose half of our reactors over the next 15 years,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘-15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
09:55
which would wipe out 40 percent of the emissions reductions
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืžื—ื” 40 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ืจืขื™ืœ
09:58
we're supposed to get under the Clean Power Plan.
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ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ื ืงื™.
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, ื”ื ืกื’ืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
10:01
Of course, in Japan, they took all their nuclear plants offline,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืคื—ื, ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื•ื ืคื˜,
10:04
replaced them with coal, natural gas, oil burning,
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10:06
and they're only expected to bring online about a third to two-thirds.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืจืง ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื.
ืื– ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
10:10
So when we went through the numbers,
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10:12
and just added that up --
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื” --
ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ืคืขื™ืœื•
10:14
how much nuclear do we see China and India bringing online
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ื‘-15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
10:17
over the next 15 years,
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ื›ืžื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื’ื™ืจื” --
10:19
how much do we see at risk of being taken offline --
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10:22
this was the most startling finding.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ.
ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื›ื ื”
10:25
What we found is that the world is actually at risk
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10:28
of losing four times more clean energy than we lost over the last 10 years.
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ืœืื‘ื“ ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืžืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช: ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”;
10:34
In other words: we're not in a clean energy revolution;
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10:37
we're in a clean energy crisis.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”.
10:40
So it's understandable that engineers would look for a technical fix
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื™ื—ืคืฉื• ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
10:45
to the fears that people have of nuclear.
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ืœืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ,
10:47
But when you consider that these are big challenges to do,
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10:49
that they're going to take a long time to solve,
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ืฉื™ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื,
10:52
there's this other issue, which is:
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื—ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื:
ื”ืื ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื?
10:54
Are those technical fixes really going to solve people's fears?
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10:57
Let's take safety.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.
10:59
You know, despite what people think,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
11:01
it's hard to figure out how to make nuclear power much safer.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื–ื” --
11:05
I mean, every medical journal that looks at it --
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11:07
this is the most recent study from the British journal, "Lancet,"
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, "ืœืื ืกื˜,"
11:10
one of the most respected journals in the world --
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ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื --
ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืืžื™ืŸ.
11:13
nuclear is the safest way to make reliable power.
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11:15
Everybody's scared of the accidents.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช.
11:17
So you go look at the accident data --
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ืื– ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช --
11:19
Fukushima, Chernobyl --
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ืคื•ืงื•ืฉื™ืžื”, ืฆ'ืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ --
11:21
the World Health Organization finds the same thing:
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
11:23
the vast majority of harm is caused by people panicking,
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ื ื’ืจื ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืคืื ื™ืงื”,
11:27
and they're panicking because they're afraid.
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ื•ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืคืื ื™ืงื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื.
11:30
In other words,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
11:31
the harm that's caused isn't actually caused by the machines
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ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื ื ื’ืจื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงืจื™ื ื”.
11:35
or the radiation.
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11:36
It's caused by our fears.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื’ืจื ืžื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
11:38
And what about the waste?
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ื•ืžื” ืขื ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช?
ื›ื•ืœื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื”ืคืกื•ืœืช.
11:40
Everyone worries about the waste.
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11:41
Well, the interesting thing about the waste
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคืกื•ืœืช
11:43
is how little of it there is.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืžื ื” ื™ืฉ.
11:45
This is just from one plant.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืžืคืขืœ ืื—ื“.
11:46
If you take all the nuclear waste we've ever made in the United States,
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ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ, ืชืขืจืžื• ืื•ืชื”,
11:50
put it on a football field, stacked it up,
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11:52
it would only reach 20 feet high.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 6 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
11:54
And people say it's poisoning people or doing something --
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจืขื™ืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• --
11:57
it's not, it's just sitting there, it's just being monitored.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื, ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
12:00
There's not very much of it.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื ื”.
12:02
By contrast, the waste that we don't control from energy production --
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” --
ืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื "ื–ื™ื”ื•ื", ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
12:06
we call it "pollution," and it kills seven million people a year,
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12:09
and it's threatening very serious levels of global warming.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืจืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ื›ื“ืœืง,
12:12
And the truth is that even if we get good at using that waste as fuel,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง.
12:16
there's always going to be some fuel left over.
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12:18
That means there's always going to be people that think it's a big problem
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
12:22
for reasons that maybe don't have as much to do with the actual waste
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคืกื•ืœืช ืขืฆืžื”
12:25
as we think.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
12:26
Well, what about the weapons?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืขื ื ืฉืง?
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
12:29
Maybe the most surprising thing is that we can't find any examples
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12:32
of countries that have nuclear power
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
12:34
and then, "Oh!" decide to go get a weapon.
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ื•ืื–, "ืื•!" ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืฉืง.
12:36
In fact, it works the opposite.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืคื•ืš.
12:38
What we find is the only way we know
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
12:40
how to get rid large numbers of nuclear weapons
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ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืงื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
12:43
is by using the plutonium in the warheads
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ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืžืจืืฉื™ ื ืคืฅ
ื›ื“ืœืง ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:46
as fuel in our nuclear power plants.
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12:48
And so, if you are wanting to get the world rid of nuclear weapons,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
12:52
then we're going to need a lot more nuclear power.
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ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
12:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:01
As I was leaving China,
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ื›ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืกื™ืŸ,
13:02
the engineer that brought Bill Gates there kind of pulled me aside,
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ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ืืช ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”,
ื•ืืžืจ, "ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžื™ื™ืงืœ, ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš
13:06
and he said, "You know, Michael, I appreciate your interest
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13:08
in all the different nuclear supply technologies,
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"ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
13:11
but there's this more basic issue,
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"ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช,
13:14
which is that there's just not enough global demand.
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"ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
"ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
13:17
I mean, we can crank out these machines on assembly lines,
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื–ื•ืœ,
13:20
we do know how to make things cheap,
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13:21
but there's just not enough people that want them."
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"ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ."
13:24
And so, let's do solar and wind and efficiency and conservation.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ ื•ืจื•ื— ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
13:29
Let's accelerate the advanced nuclear programs.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
13:31
I think we should triple the amount of money we're spending on it.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœืฉ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
13:35
But I just think the most important thing,
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13:37
if we're going to overcome the climate crisis,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
13:39
is to keep in mind that the cause of the clean energy crisis
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ื–ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืงื™ื”
13:44
isn't from within our machines,
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ืœื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
13:47
it's from within ourselves.
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ืืœื ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
13:49
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
13:50
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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