We've stopped trusting institutions and started trusting strangers | Rachel Botsman

200,784 views ใƒป 2016-11-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Dani Segdan ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Let's talk about trust.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืืžื•ืŸ.
00:16
We all know trust is fundamental,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืืžื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืจื‘,
00:19
but when it comes to trusting people,
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ืืš ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:22
something profound is happening.
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ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ืง ืงื•ืจื”.
00:25
Please raise your hand
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ืื ื ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ื“ื›ื
00:27
if you have ever been a host or a guest on Airbnb.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื™-ืคืขื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืื• ืžืืจื—ื™ื ื‘-AirBnB.
00:32
Wow. That's a lot of you.
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ื•ื•ืื•, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื•.
00:35
Who owns Bitcoin?
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ืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ?
00:38
Still a lot of you. OK.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื. ืื•-ืงื™ื™.
00:39
And please raise your hand if you've ever used Tinder
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ื•ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ื“ื›ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื ืื™-ืคืขื ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื“ืจ
00:42
to help you find a mate.
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ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
00:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:46
This one's really hard to count because you're kind of going like this.
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ืืช ืืœื• ืงืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื›ื”
00:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:51
These are all examples of how technology
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
00:54
is creating new mechanisms
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
00:56
that are enabling us to trust unknown people, companies and ideas.
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.
01:02
And yet at the same time,
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ,
01:04
trust in institutions --
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ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช --
01:05
banks, governments and even churches --
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ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช --
01:08
is collapsing.
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ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜.
01:10
So what's happening here,
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ,
01:12
and who do you trust?
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ ืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืžื•ืŸ?
01:14
Let's start in France with a platform -- with a company, I should say --
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืขื ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” -- ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื” --
01:18
with a rather funny-sounding name,
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ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉื ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื“ื™ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง,
01:20
BlaBlaCar.
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ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืœื”-ืงืืจ.
01:22
It's a platform that matches drivers and passengers
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ื–ื• ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื“ื›ืช ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืกืขื™ื
01:25
who want to share long-distance journeys together.
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ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
01:29
The average ride taken is 320 kilometers.
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ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื•ื 320 ืง"ืž.
01:34
So it's a good idea to choose your fellow travelers wisely.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื›ื ืœื ืกื™ืขื”.
01:39
Social profiles and reviews help people make a choice.
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ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
01:43
You can see if someone's a smoker, you can see what kind of music they like,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืขืฉืŸ, ืื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘,
01:48
you can see if they're going to bring their dog along for the ride.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื‘ื• ืœื ืกื™ืขื”.
01:52
But it turns out that the key social identifier
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:56
is how much you're going to talk in the car.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”.
01:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:00
Bla, not a lot,
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ื‘ืœื”, ืฉื™ื—ื” ืงืฆืจื”.
02:02
bla bla, you want a nice bit of chitchat,
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ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืœื”, ืืชื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืงืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื”,
02:04
and bla bla bla, you're not going to stop talking the entire way
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ื•-ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืœื”, ืืชื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”
02:08
from London to Paris.
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ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื™ื–.
02:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:12
It's remarkable, right, that this idea works at all,
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“,
02:15
because it's counter to the lesson most of us were taught as a child:
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื™ืœื“ื™ื:
02:18
never get in a car with a stranger.
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ื–ืจ.
02:21
And yet, BlaBlaCar transports more than four million people
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืœื”-ืงืืจ ืžืกื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:26
every single month.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
02:28
To put that in context, that's more passengers
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื
02:31
than the Eurostar or JetBlue airlines carry.
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ื”ื˜ืกื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื™ื•ืจื•ืกื˜ืืจ ืื• ื’'ื˜ื‘ืœื•.
02:35
BlaBlaCar is a beautiful illustration of how technology is enabling
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ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืœื”-ืงืืจ ื–ื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช
02:39
millions of people across the world to take a trust leap.
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ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืืžื•ืŸ.
02:43
A trust leap happens when we take the risk to do something new or different
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ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืืžื•ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืฉื•ื ื”
02:49
to the way that we've always done it.
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ืžื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:52
Let's try to visualize this together.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื™ื—ื“.
02:55
OK. I want you to close your eyes.
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ืื•-ืงื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฆืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:59
There is a man staring at me with his eyes wide open.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ ืขื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”.
03:02
I'm on this big red circle. I can see.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”. ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช.
03:04
So close your eyes.
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ืื– ืขื™ืฆืžื• ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื.
03:06
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:09
I'll do it with you.
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ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืื™ืชื›ื.
03:10
And I want you to imagine there exists a gap
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืคืขืจ
03:13
between you and something unknown.
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ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข.
03:16
That unknown can be someone you've just met.
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ื”ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืคื’ืฉืชื.
03:19
It can be a place you've never been to.
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ืื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื.
03:21
It can be something you've never tried before.
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ืื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื™ืกื™ืชื.
03:25
You got it?
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื?
03:26
OK. You can open your eyes now.
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ืื•-ืงื™ื™. ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืงื•ื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
03:28
For you to leap from a place of certainty,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื‘ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื,
03:31
to take a chance on that someone or something unknown,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืื• ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:35
you need a force to pull you over the gap,
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ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื— ืฉื™ืžืฉื•ืš ืืชื›ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืชื• ืคืขืจ,
03:38
and that remarkable force is trust.
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ื•ื”ื›ื— ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืŸ.
03:42
Trust is an elusive concept,
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ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืก.
03:46
and yet we depend on it for our lives to function.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืชืงื™ืŸ.
03:49
I trust my children
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ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื™
03:51
when they say they're going to turn the lights out at night.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
03:54
I trusted the pilot who flew me here to keep me safe.
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ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืก ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™.
03:58
It's a word we use a lot,
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ื–ื• ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช,
04:00
without always thinking about what it really means
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”
04:03
and how it works in different contexts of our lives.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
04:06
There are, in fact, hundreds of definitions of trust,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืืžื•ืŸ,
04:10
and most can be reduced to some kind of risk assessment
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ื•ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืฉื˜ ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื --
04:14
of how likely it is that things will go right.
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ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื›ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ.
04:18
But I don't like this definition of trust,
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืืžื•ืŸ,
04:20
because it makes trust sound rational and predictable,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืืžื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืฆืคื•ื™,
04:25
and it doesn't really get to the human essence
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ --
04:27
of what it enables us to do
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ืžื” ืืžื•ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
04:29
and how it empowers us
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ืจ ืœื ื•
04:31
to connect with other people.
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ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:33
So I define trust a little differently.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจืช.
04:35
I define trust as a confident relationship to the unknown.
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ืื ื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืžื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื•ื“ืข.
04:41
Now, when you view trust through this lens,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืžื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืขื“ืฉื” ื–ื•,
04:44
it starts to explain why it has the unique capacity
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื”ืจ ืœืžื” ืœืืžื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
04:47
to enable us to cope with uncertainty,
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ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช,
04:50
to place our faith in strangers,
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ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื ื• ื‘ื–ืจื™ื,
04:53
to keep moving forward.
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื“ื.
04:56
Human beings are remarkable
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ
04:59
at taking trust leaps.
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืืžื•ืŸ.
05:01
Do you remember the first time you put your credit card details
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ืชืชื ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœื›ื
05:04
into a website?
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ื‘ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜?
05:05
That's a trust leap.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืืžื•ืŸ.
05:07
I distinctly remember telling my dad
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืื‘ื™
05:09
that I wanted to buy a navy blue secondhand Peugeot on eBay,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ืคื–'ื• ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ืžื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ Ebay
05:15
and he rightfully pointed out
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ืง
05:16
that the seller's name was "Invisible Wizard"
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ืฉืฉื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื•ื "ื”ืงื•ืกื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”"
05:19
and that this probably was not such a good idea.
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ื•ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:24
So my work, my research focuses on how technology
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
05:27
is transforming the social glue of society,
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ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืง ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
05:30
trust between people,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:31
and it's a fascinating area to study,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืชื—ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืจืชืง,
05:34
because there's still so much we do not know.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
05:37
For instance, do men and women trust differently in digital environments?
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช?
05:42
Does the way we build trust face-to-face translate online?
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ื”ืื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืžื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื ืžื™ืชืจื’ืžืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช?
05:47
Does trust transfer?
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ื”ืื ืืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ?
05:49
So if you trust finding a mate on Tinder,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื“ืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
05:52
are you more likely to trust finding a ride on BlaBlaCar?
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ื”ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชืชืŸ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘'ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืœื”-ืงืืจ' ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื ืกื™ืขื”?
05:56
But from studying hundreds of networks and marketplaces,
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ืืš ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื,
05:59
there is a common pattern that people follow,
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ืงื™ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืก ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ื•,
06:02
and I call it "climbing the trust stack."
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื• "ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืกื•ืœื ื”ืืžื•ืŸ".
06:05
Let me use BlaBlaCar as an example to bring it to life.
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ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘"ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืœื”-ืงืืจ" ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื”ืžื—ืฉืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก.
06:09
On the first level,
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
06:10
you have to trust the idea.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
06:12
So you have to trust
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ืื– ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
06:13
the idea of ride-sharing is safe and worth trying.
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ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
06:17
The second level is about having confidence in the platform,
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ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”,
06:22
that BlaBlaCar will help you if something goes wrong.
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ืฉ"ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืœื”-ืงืืจ" ืื›ืŸ ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉืชื‘ืฉ.
06:26
And the third level is about using little bits of information
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ื•ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข
06:30
to decide whether the other person is trustworthy.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืืžื•ืŸ.
06:34
Now, the first time we climb the trust stack,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืกื•ืœื ื”ืืžื•ืŸ
06:36
it feels weird, even risky,
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ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
06:40
but we get to a point where these ideas seem totally normal.
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ืืš ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ืจืื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
06:45
Our behaviors transform,
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช,
06:47
often relatively quickly.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
06:49
In other words, trust enables change and innovation.
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืืžื•ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
06:55
So an idea that intrigued me, and I'd like you to consider,
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื™ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืชื™, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื‘ื—ื ื•
06:58
is whether we can better understand
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
07:01
major waves of disruption and change in individuals in society
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ื’ืœื™ ืžื”ืคืš ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
07:05
through the lens of trust.
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืžืฉืงืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ.
07:07
Well, it turns out that trust has only evolved
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืจืื” ืฉืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—
07:10
in three significant chapters throughout the course of human history:
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช:
07:15
local, institutional
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ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืžื•ืกื“ื™
07:17
and what we're now entering, distributed.
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ื•ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืืžื•ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™.
07:20
So for a long time,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”,
07:23
until the mid-1800s,
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ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1800,
07:24
trust was built around tight-knit relationships.
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ืืžื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื•ืช.
07:28
So say I lived in a village
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ืื– ื ืืžืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืคืจ
07:30
with the first five rows of this audience,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ืœ,
07:32
and we all knew one another,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื›ืจื ื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
07:34
and say I wanted to borrow money.
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ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ,
07:37
The man who had his eyes wide open, he might lend it to me,
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืคืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœื™,
07:40
and if I didn't pay him back,
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ื•ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืœื•,
07:42
you'd all know I was dodgy.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื—ืžืงืช ืžืชืฉืœื•ื.
07:44
I would get a bad reputation,
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืจืข,
07:46
and you would refuse to do business with me in the future.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืชื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
07:49
Trust was mostly local and accountability-based.
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ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
07:53
In the mid-19th century,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
07:54
society went through a tremendous amount of change.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื“ื™ืจ.
07:58
People moved to fast-growing cities such as London and San Francisco,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืขืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืกืŸ-ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื•,
08:02
and a local banker here was replaced by large corporations
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
08:07
that didn't know us as individuals.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
08:10
We started to place our trust
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืชืช ืืช ืืžื•ื ื ื•
08:12
into black box systems of authority,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช "ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”" ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช,
08:15
things like legal contracts and regulation and insurance,
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—,
08:19
and less trust directly in other people.
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ื•ื ืชื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:23
Trust became institutional and commission-based.
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ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืกื“ื™ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื™ื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ื—.
08:27
It's widely talked about how trust in institutions and many corporate brands
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ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
08:32
has been steadily declining and continues to do so.
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ืคื•ื—ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจื“ืช.
08:36
I am constantly stunned by major breaches of trust:
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ืื ื™ ื ื“ื”ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื”ืคืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ:
08:42
the News Corp phone hacking,
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ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื– ืงื•ืจืค,
08:44
the Volkswagen emissions scandal,
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ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืกื•ื•ื’ืŸ,
08:47
the widespread abuse in the Catholic Church,
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ื”ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืจื‘ืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช,
08:50
the fact that only one measly banker
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจืง ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืขืœื•ื‘ ืื—ื“
08:54
went to jail after the great financial crisis,
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ื ืฉืœื— ืœื›ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
08:57
or more recently the Panama Papers
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ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืคื ืžื”
08:59
that revealed how the rich can exploit offshore tax regimes.
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ืฉื—ืฉืคื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืžืงืœื˜ื™ ืžืก ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
09:04
And the thing that really surprises me
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™
09:07
is why do leaders find it so hard
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ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื›ื” ืžืชืงืฉื™ื
09:11
to apologize, I mean sincerely apologize,
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ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœ. ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช ื›ื ื”,
09:14
when our trust is broken?
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืืžื•ื ื ื•.
09:17
It would be easy to conclude that institutional trust isn't working
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ืงืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืกื“ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“
09:21
because we are fed up
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืžืืก ืœื ื•
09:23
with the sheer audacity of dishonest elites,
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ืžืขื–ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื— ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช,
09:25
but what's happening now
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืขืช
09:27
runs deeper than the rampant questioning of the size and structure of institutions.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื˜ืœืช ืกืคืง ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
09:33
We're starting to realize
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ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:35
that institutional trust
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ืฉืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืกื“
09:37
wasn't designed for the digital age.
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ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช.
09:40
Conventions of how trust is built,
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ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืืžื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื”,
09:44
managed, lost and repaired --
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ื ืฉืžืจ, ื ื”ืจืก, ื•ืžืฉืชืงื --
09:46
in brands, leaders and entire systems --
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช --
09:49
is being turned upside down.
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ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”.
09:51
Now, this is exciting,
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ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ,
09:53
but it's frightening,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“,
09:55
because it forces many of us to have to rethink
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืืœืฅ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ
09:58
how trust is built and destroyed with our customers, with our employees,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืžื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ื•ื ื”ืจืก ืขื ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•,
10:02
even our loved ones.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•.
10:05
The other day, I was talking to the CEO of a leading international hotel brand,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ืžื ื›"ืœ ืจืฉืช ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
10:12
and as is often the case, we got onto the topic of Airbnb.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ื•ืฉื AirBnB.
10:15
And he admitted to me that he was perplexed by their success.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื“ื”ื ืžื”ืฆืœื—ืชื.
10:20
He was perplexed at how a company
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ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื”ื ืžื›ืš ืฉื—ื‘ืจื”
10:23
that depends on the willingness of strangers to trust one another
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ืฉืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”
10:27
could work so well across 191 countries.
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ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื›ืดื› ื‘-191 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
10:31
So I said to him that I had a confession to make,
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™,
10:35
and he looked at me a bit strangely,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื–ืจ,
10:37
and I said --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ --
10:38
and I'm sure many of you do this as well --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื’ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช --
10:40
I don't always bother to hang my towels up
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ื•ืช
10:43
when I'm finished in the hotel,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ,
10:46
but I would never do this as a guest on Airbnb.
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ืืš ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื›ืื•ืจื—ืช ื‘-AirBnB.
10:49
And the reason why I would never do this as a guest on Airbnb
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื›ืื•ืจื—ืช ื‘-AirBnB
10:52
is because guests know that they'll be rated by hosts,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืจื’ื• ืข"ื™ ืžืืจื—ื™ื,
10:56
and that those ratings are likely to impact their ability
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ื•ืฉื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื
11:00
to transact in the future.
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ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
11:02
It's a simple illustration of how online trust will change our behaviors
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•
11:06
in the real world,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
11:08
make us more accountable
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ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื
11:10
in ways we cannot yet even imagine.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช.
11:14
I am not saying we do not need hotels
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœืžืœื•ื ื•ืช
11:17
or traditional forms of authority.
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ืื• ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื.
11:20
But what we cannot deny
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ืืš ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ
11:22
is that the way trust flows through society is changing,
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ืฉื—ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
11:26
and it's creating this big shift
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™
11:29
away from the 20th century
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ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-20
11:30
that was defined by institutional trust
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ืฉื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ืžืžืกื“ื™
11:33
towards the 21st century
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ื•ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21
11:36
that will be fueled by distributed trust.
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ืืžื•ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™.
11:39
Trust is no longer top-down.
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ืืžื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืืœ ื”ืคืจื˜.
11:43
It's being unbundled and inverted.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืจืง ื•ืžืชื”ืคืš.
11:45
It's no longer opaque and linear.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขืžื•ื ื•ืงื•ื•ื™.
11:49
A new recipe for trust is emerging
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ืฆืฆื” ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื”
11:52
that once again is distributed amongst people
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ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:56
and is accountability-based.
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ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
11:58
And this shift is only going to accelerate
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืจืง ืœื”ืื™ืฅ
12:01
with the emergence of the blockchain,
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ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”-ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ,
12:04
the innovative ledger technology underpinning Bitcoin.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ.
12:08
Now let's be honest,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ื›ื ื™ื,
12:11
getting our heads around the way blockchain works
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“
12:15
is mind-blowing.
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ื–ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช.
12:17
And one of the reasons why is it involves processing
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ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื
12:21
some pretty complicated concepts
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ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
12:23
with terrible names.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื™ื.
12:25
I mean, cryptographic algorithms and hash functions,
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™, ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืœื”ืฆืคื ื” ื•ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉื™ื ื’,
12:29
and people called miners, who verify transactions --
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ื›ื•ืจื™ื" ื”ืžืืžืชื™ื ืขืกืงืื•ืช --
12:32
all that was created by this mysterious person
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ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ื•ืฆืจ ืข"ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™
12:36
or persons called Satoshi Nakamoto.
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ื‘ืฉื ืกืื˜ื•ืฉื™ ื ืืงืืžื•ื˜ื•.
12:39
Now, that is a massive trust leap that hasn't happened yet.
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ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื˜ืจื ืงืจืชื”.
12:44
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:47
But let's try to imagine this.
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ืืš ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
12:49
So "The Economist" eloquently described the blockchain
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ืื– ื”-"ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜" ื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื”ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ
12:53
as the great chain of being sure about things.
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ื›"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื".
12:56
The easiest way I can describe it is imagine the blocks as spreadsheets,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืชืืจ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
13:01
and they are filled with assets.
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ื”ืžืžื•ืœืื™ื ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื.
13:04
So that could be a property title.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื ื›ืกื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช.
13:07
It could be a stock trade.
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ืื• ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ.
13:09
It could be a creative asset, such as the rights to a song.
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ืื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ.
13:12
Every time something moves
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื–ื–
13:16
from one place on the register to somewhere else,
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ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ,
13:19
that asset transfer is time-stamped
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ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืžืชื•ืขื“
13:22
and publicly recorded on the blockchain.
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ื•ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื ืจืฉืžืช ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ.
13:26
It's that simple. Right.
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ื–ื” ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
13:28
So the real implication of the blockchain
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ
13:31
is that it removes the need for any kind of third party,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
13:36
such as a lawyer,
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ื›ืžื• ืขื•"ื“,
13:37
or a trusted intermediary, or maybe not a government intermediary
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ืื• ืžืชื•ื•ืš ื ืืžืŸ, ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ื•ืš ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
13:40
to facilitate the exchange.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœืคื”.
13:42
So if we go back to the trust stack,
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ืื– ืื ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืœื ื”ืืžื•ืŸ,
13:44
you still have to trust the idea,
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ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
13:47
you have to trust the platform,
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื”,
13:50
but you don't have to trust the other person
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ืืš ืืชื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื ืื—ืจ
13:53
in the traditional sense.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™.
13:54
The implications are huge.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช.
13:57
In the same way the internet blew open the doors to an age of information
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืคืชื— ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
14:01
available to everyone,
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ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœื,
14:02
the blockchain will revolutionize trust on a global scale.
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ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช.
14:08
Now, I've waited to the end intentionally to mention Uber,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืดืื•ื‘ืจืด,
14:12
because I recognize that it is a contentious
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
14:15
and widely overused example,
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ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืชืจ,
14:18
but in the context of a new era of trust, it's a great case study.
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ืืš ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืืžื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ืฉื ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขื•ืœื”.
14:21
Now, we will see cases of abuse of distributed trust.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ื ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™,
14:26
We've already seen this, and it can go horribly wrong.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื’ืžืจ ืจืข ืžืื•ื“.
14:30
I am not surprised that we are seeing protests from taxi associations
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื•ืคืชืขืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื—ืื•ืช ืžืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช
14:35
all around the world
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
14:36
trying to get governments to ban Uber based on claims that it is unsafe.
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ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™.
14:42
I happened to be in London the day that these protests took place,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืงืจื•,
14:46
and I happened to notice a tweet
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ
14:48
from Matt Hancock, who is a British minister for business.
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ืžืžืื˜ ื”ืื ืงื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืจ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™.
14:52
And he wrote,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘,
14:53
"Does anyone have details of this #Uber app everyone's talking about?
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"ื”ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”?
14:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:59
I'd never heard of it until today."
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื."
15:03
Now, the taxi associations,
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ืื– ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
15:07
they legitimized the first layer of the trust stack.
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ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืœืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช.
15:10
They legitimized the idea that they were trying to eliminate,
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ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื›ืขืช ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ืกืœ,
15:13
and sign-ups increased by 850 percent in 24 hours.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘-850 ืื—ื•ื– ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช,
15:19
Now, this is a really strong illustration
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
15:22
of how once a trust shift has happened around a behavior or an entire sector,
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื—ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ืื• ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืืžื•ืŸ,
15:28
you cannot reverse the story.
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
15:31
Every day, five million people will take a trust leap
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ืืช ืงืคื™ืฆืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ
15:35
and ride with Uber.
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ื•ื™ืกืขื• ืขื Uber.
15:36
In China, on Didi, the ride-sharing platform,
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ื•ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืขื Didi, ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช,
15:39
11 million rides taken every day.
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11 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื.
15:42
That's 127 rides per second,
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ื–ื” 127 ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”,
15:46
showing that this is a cross-cultural phenomenon.
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ื”ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.
15:49
And the fascinating thing is that both drivers and passengers report
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจืชืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื
15:53
that seeing a name
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ืฉืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื (ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•)
15:55
and seeing someone's photo and their rating
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœื•
15:58
makes them feel safer,
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:01
and as you may have experienced,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื,
16:02
even behave a little more nicely in the taxi cab.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ืงืฆืช ื ื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ืช.
16:07
Uber and Didi are early but powerful examples
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Uber ื•- Didi ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืš ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื”
16:11
of how technology is creating trust between people
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
16:15
in ways and on a scale never possible before.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื.
16:19
Today, many of us are comfortable getting into cars driven by strangers.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื— ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื.
16:25
We meet up with someone we swiped right to be matched with.
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ืื ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืช ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืดื”ื—ืœืงื ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืด (=ืื™ืฉืจื ื•),
16:29
We share our homes with people we do not know.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื ื• ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
16:33
This is just the beginning,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
16:36
because the real disruption happening
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื”ืคืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื”
16:39
isn't technological.
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ืื™ื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
16:41
It's the trust shift it creates,
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ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ,
16:43
and for my part, I want to help people understand this new era of trust
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ื•ืžืฆื“ื™, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
16:49
so that we can get it right
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ื”ืœื›ื”
16:50
and we can embrace the opportunities to redesign systems
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืžืฅ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช
16:54
that are more transparent, inclusive and accountable.
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ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื›ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:58
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:02
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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