The era of personal DNA testing is here | Sebastian Kraves

95,270 views ใƒป 2016-10-13

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: hila scherba ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:13
Imagine that you're a pig farmer.
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ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื.
00:16
You live on a small farm in the Philippines.
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ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื.
00:19
Your animals are your family's sole source of income --
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื ืกื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื --
00:22
as long as they're healthy.
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ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
00:24
You know that any day,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
00:26
one of your pigs can catch the flu,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช,
00:28
the swine flu.
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ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื.
00:29
Living in tight quarters, one pig coughing and sneezing
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ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื, ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืฉืชืขืœ ื•ืžืชืขื˜ืฉ
00:33
may soon lead to the next pig coughing and sneezing,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืœื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืžืฉืชืขืœ ื•ืžืชืขื˜ืฉ,
00:35
until an outbreak of swine flu has taken over your farm.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”.
00:39
If it's a bad enough virus,
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ืื ื–ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืกืคื™ืง,
00:41
the health of your herd may be gone in the blink of an eye.
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ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื“ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื ื™ื“ื• ืขืคืขืฃ.
00:45
If you called in a veterinarian,
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ืื ืชืงืจืื• ืœื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจ,
00:46
he or she would visit your farm and take samples
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ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช
00:49
from your pigs' noses and mouths.
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ืžื”ืืคื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
00:51
But then they would have to drive back into the city
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ
00:54
to test those samples in their central lab.
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ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
00:57
Two weeks later, you'd hear back the results.
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ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
01:00
Two weeks may be just enough time for infection to spread
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ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜
01:04
and take away your way of life.
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ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืคืจื ืกืชื›ื.
01:07
But it doesn't have to be that way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš.
01:09
Today, farmers can take those samples themselves.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
01:12
They can jump right into the pen and swab their pigs' noses and mouths
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ืจ ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžื”ืืฃ ื•ื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื
01:16
with a little filter paper,
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ืขื ื ื™ื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ,
01:18
place that little filter paper in a tiny tube,
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ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื˜ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘;ืžื‘ื—ื ื”,
01:21
and mix it with some chemicals that will extract genetic material
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ื•ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืคื™ืงื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™
01:25
from their pigs' noses and mouths.
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ืžื”ืืฃ ื•ื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื.
01:27
And without leaving their farms,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
01:29
they take a drop of that genetic material
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ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”
01:31
and put it into a little analyzer smaller than a shoebox,
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ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื ืœื™ื–ื”, ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ืคืกืช ื ืขืœื™ื™ื,
01:35
program it to detect DNA or RNA from the swine flu virus,
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ื•ืœืชื›ื ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช DNA ืื• RNA ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื,
01:40
and within one hour get back the results, visualize the results.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช, ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
01:45
This reality is possible
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ืช
01:47
because today we're living in the era of personal DNA technology.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช DNA ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
01:51
Every one of us can actually test DNA ourselves.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง DNA ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
01:55
DNA is the fundamental molecule the carries genetic instructions
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DNA ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
01:59
that help build the living world.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™.
02:02
Humans have DNA.
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ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ DNA.
02:03
Pigs have DNA.
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ืœื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ DNA.
02:05
Even bacteria and some viruses have DNA too.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ DNA.
02:08
The genetic instructions encoded in DNA inform how our bodies develop,
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ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘-DNA ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืคืชื—,
02:13
grow, function.
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ื’ื“ืœ, ืžืชืคืงื“.
02:14
And in many cases, that same information can trigger disease.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื, ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืœื”.
02:18
Your genetic information
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื›ื
02:20
is strung into a long and twisted molecule, the DNA double helix,
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ื—ืจื•ื– ืœืชื•ืš ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช, ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”-DNA,
02:24
that has over three billion letters,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืขืœ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
02:26
beginning to end.
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ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
02:28
But the lines that carry meaningful information
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
02:31
are usually very short --
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฆืจื•ืช --
02:33
a few dozen to several thousand letters long.
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ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
02:36
So when we're looking to answer a question based on DNA,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ืคื™ DNA,
02:39
we actually don't need to read
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื
02:41
all those three billion letters, typically.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.
02:43
That would be like getting hungry at night
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
02:46
and having to flip through the whole phone book
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื
02:48
from cover to cover,
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ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”,
02:49
pausing at every line,
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ื•ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื”,
02:51
just to find the nearest pizza joint.
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:54
Luckily, three decades ago,
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
02:57
humans started to invent tools
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื›ืœื™ื
02:59
that can find any specific line of genetic information.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™.
03:02
These DNA machines are wonderful.
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ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”-DNA ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื ืคืœืื•ืช.
03:04
They can find any line in DNA.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘-DNA.
03:07
But once they find it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื–ื”,
03:09
that DNA is still tiny, and surrounded by so much other DNA,
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ื”-DNA ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” DNA ืื—ืจ,
03:14
that what these machines then do is copy the target gene,
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ื–ื” ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ื’ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”,
03:19
and one copy piles on top of another,
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ื•ืขื•ืชืง ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื•ืชืง ื”ื‘ื,
03:21
millions and millions and millions of copies,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื,
03:23
until that gene stands out against the rest;
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ;
03:26
until we can visualize it,
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ืขื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
03:28
interpret it, read it, understand it,
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ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื–ื”, ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”,
03:31
until we can answer:
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ืขื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช:
03:32
Does my pig have the flu?
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ื”ืื ืœื—ื–ื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืขืช?
03:35
Or other questions buried in our own DNA:
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ืื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืงื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”-DNA ืฉืœื ื•:
03:39
Am I at risk of cancer?
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ?
03:42
Am I of Irish descent?
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืžืžื•ืฆื ืื™ืจื™?
03:44
Is that child my son?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™?
03:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:50
This ability to make copies of DNA, as simple as it sounds,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ DNA, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
03:55
has transformed our world.
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ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:56
Scientists use it every day to detect and address disease,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
04:01
to create innovative medicines,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
04:04
to modify foods,
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ืœืฉืคืจ ืžืื›ืœื™ื,
04:06
to assess whether our food is safe to eat
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ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื”ืื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื›ื™ืœื”
04:08
or whether it's contaminated with deadly bacteria.
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื.
04:11
Even judges use the output of these machines in court
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜
04:14
to decide whether someone is innocent or guilty based on DNA evidence.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ืฃ ืžืคืฉืข ืื• ืืฉื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจืื™ื™ืช DNA.
04:19
The inventor of this DNA-copying technique
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ื•ืžืžืฆื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืขืชืงืช ื”-DNA ื”ื–ื•
04:21
was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืจืก ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘-1993.
04:25
But for 30 years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ืฉื ื”,
04:27
the power of genetic analysis has been confined to the ivory tower,
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ื”ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืฉืŸ,
04:30
or bigwig PhD scientist work.
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ืื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ื.
04:34
Well, several companies around the world
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
04:36
are working on making this same technology accessible
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ื’ื™ืฉื”
04:40
to everyday people like the pig farmer,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื,
04:43
like you.
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ื›ืžื•ื›ื.
04:44
I cofounded one of these companies.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื›ื–ื•,
04:47
Three years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
04:48
together with a fellow biologist and friend of mine,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืžื™ืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉื™,
04:51
Zeke Alvarez Saavedra,
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ื–ื™ืง ืืœื‘ืืจื– ืกืืื•ื“ืจื”,
04:53
we decided to make personal DNA machines
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ DNA ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื
04:55
that anyone could use.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ.
04:57
Our goal was to bring DNA science to more people in new places.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื“ืข ื”-DNA ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
05:01
We started working in our basements.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
05:04
We had a simple question:
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืฉืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”:
05:06
What could the world look like
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ืื™ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช
05:07
if everyone could analyze DNA?
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ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ DNA?
05:10
We were curious,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืกืงืจื ื™ื,
05:12
as curious as you would have been if I had shown you this picture in 1980.
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ืกืงืจื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘-1980.
05:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:18
You would have thought, "Wow!
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื - "ื•ื•ืื•!
05:20
I can now call my Aunt Glenda from the car
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"ืื ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื’ืœื ื“ื” ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
05:22
and wish her a happy birthday.
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"ื•ืœืื—ืœ ืœื” ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืžื—.
05:24
I can call anyone, anytime.
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"ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ.
05:27
This is the future!"
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"ื–ื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“!"
05:29
Little did you know,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช,
05:31
you would tap on that phone to make dinner reservations
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ืฉื‘ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืชื–ืžื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘
05:33
for you and Aunt Glenda to celebrate together.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื“ื•ื“ื” ื’ืœื ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
05:36
With another tap, you'd be ordering her gift.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืชื–ืžื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉืœื”.
05:38
And yet one more tap,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉื” ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช,
05:40
and you'd be "liking" Auntie Glenda on Facebook.
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ื•ืืชื ืชืขืฉื• "ืœื™ื™ืง" ืœื“ื•ื“ื” ื’ืœื ื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง.
05:42
And all of this, while sitting on the toilet.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื.
05:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:47
It is notoriously hard to predict where new technology might take us.
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ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื•.
05:52
And the same is true for personal DNA technology today.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ DNA ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:57
For example, I could never have imagined
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื—ืฉ
06:00
that a truffle farmer, of all people,
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ืฉื—ื•ื•ืื™ ื›ืžื”ื™ืŸ, ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
06:02
would use personal DNA machines.
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ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ DNA ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.
06:05
Dr. Paul Thomas grows truffles for a living.
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ื“"ืจ ืคื•ืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ืžื’ื“ืœ ื›ืžื”ื™ืŸ ืœืคืจื ืกืชื•.
06:08
We see him pictured here,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ,
06:10
holding the first UK-cultivated truffle in his hands, on one of his farms.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืžื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ื™ืชืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื—ื•ื•ืชื™ื•.
06:16
Truffles are this delicacy
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ื›ืžื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžืขื“ืŸ
06:17
that stems from a fungus growing on the roots of living trees.
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ืฉื’ื“ืœ ืžืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:21
And it's a rare fungus.
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ื•ื–ื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื”.
06:23
Some species may fetch 3,000, 7,000, or more dollars per kilogram.
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-3,000, 7,000 ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื.
06:29
I learned from Paul
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ืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืคื•ืœ ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืื™ ื›ืžื”ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“.
06:31
that the stakes for a truffle farmer can be really high.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื”ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
06:34
When he sources new truffles to grow on his farms,
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06:37
he's exposed to the threat of knockoffs --
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืจืžืื•ืช --
06:40
truffles that look and feel like the real thing,
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ื›ืžื”ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
06:43
but they're of lower quality.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืžืื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:45
But even to a trained eye like Paul's,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืžื ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœ,
06:47
even when looked at under a microscope,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
06:49
these truffles can pass for authentic.
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ื”ื›ืžื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
06:51
So in order to grow the highest quality truffles,
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ืื– ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ื“ืœ ื›ืžื”ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:55
the ones that chefs all over the world will fight over,
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ืืœื• ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื™ืœื—ืžื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ,
06:59
Paul has to use DNA analysis.
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ืคื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ DNA.
07:02
Isn't that mind-blowing?
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ื”ื™ื?
07:04
I bet you will never look at that black truffle risotto again
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืื™ืชื›ื ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื–ื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžื”ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘
07:07
without thinking of its genes.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
07:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:11
But personal DNA machines can also save human lives.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ DNA ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื.
07:17
Professor Ian Goodfellow is a virologist at the University of Cambridge.
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื™ืืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืคืœื•ืื• ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'.
07:21
Last year he traveled to Sierra Leone.
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ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื ืกืข ืœืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœื™ืื•ืŸ.
07:24
When the Ebola outbreak broke out in Western Africa,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
07:28
he quickly realized that doctors there lacked the basic tools
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืจ ืฉืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
07:32
to detect and combat disease.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื”.
07:34
Results could take up to a week to come back --
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ -
07:37
that's way too long for the patients and the families who are suffering.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื.
07:42
Ian decided to move his lab into Makeni, Sierra Leone.
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ืื™ืืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืžืืงื ื™, ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœื™ืื•ืŸ.
07:47
Here we see Ian Goodfellow
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื™ืืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืคืœื•ืื•
07:49
moving over 10 tons of equipment into a pop-up tent
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ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœืื•ื”ืœ ืžืชืงืคืœ
07:53
that he would equip to detect and diagnose the virus
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก
07:57
and sequence it within 24 hours.
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ื•ืœืจืฆืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช.
08:00
But here's a surprise:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืคืชืขื”:
08:02
the same equipment that Ian could use at his lab in the UK
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
08:06
to sequence and diagnose Ebola,
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ืœืจืฆืฃ ื•ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืœื”,
08:08
just wouldn't work under these conditions.
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ืœื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
08:10
We're talking 35 Celsius heat and over 90 percent humidity here.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ 35 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืœื—ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
08:16
But instead, Ian could use personal DNA machines
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืื™ืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ DNA ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื
08:19
small enough to be placed in front of the air-conditioning unit
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ืฉืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ,
08:22
to keep sequencing the virus
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจืฆืฃ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
08:24
and keep saving lives.
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ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:25
This may seem like an extreme place for DNA analysis,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืงื•ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ DNA,
08:29
but let's move on to an even more extreme environment:
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช:
08:32
outer space.
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
08:34
Let's talk about DNA analysis in space.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ DNA ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
08:37
When astronauts live aboard the International Space Station,
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ื›ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
08:40
they're orbiting the planet 250 miles high.
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ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 400 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
08:44
They're traveling at 17,000 miles per hour.
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ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 27,400 ืงืž"ืฉ.
08:47
Picture that --
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ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” โ€“
08:48
you're seeing 15 sunsets and sunrises every day.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื 15 ืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื–ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื.
08:52
You're also living in microgravity,
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ืืชื ื’ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
08:54
floating.
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ืฆืคื™ื.
08:55
And under these conditions, our bodies can do funky things.
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ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
08:59
One of these things is that our immune systems get suppressed,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื“ื•ื›ืืช,
09:03
making astronauts more prone to infection.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื.
09:07
A 16-year-old girl,
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ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืช 16,
09:09
a high school student from New York, Anna-Sophia Boguraev,
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ืช ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืื ื”-ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ื•ื’ื•ืจืื™ื™ื‘,
09:13
wondered whether changes to the DNA of astronauts
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ืชื”ืชื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘-DNA ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื
09:16
could be related to this immune suppression,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
09:18
and through a science competition called "Genes In Space,"
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ื•ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข "ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ",
09:22
Anna-Sophia designed an experiment to test this hypothesis
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ืื ื”-ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ื–ื•
09:26
using a personal DNA machine aboard the International Space Station.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ DNA ืื™ืฉื™ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
09:31
Here we see Anna-Sophia on April 8, 2016, in Cape Canaveral,
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื ื”-ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘-8 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, 2016, ื‘ืงื™ื™ืค ืงื ื‘ืจืœ,
09:37
watching her experiment launch to the International Space Station.
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ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื” ืžืฉื•ื’ืจ ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
09:41
That cloud of smoke is the rocket
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ืขื ืŸ ื”ืขืฉืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ
09:43
that brought Anna-Sophia's experiment to the International Space Station,
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ื”-ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
09:48
where, three days later,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
09:50
astronaut Tim Peake carried out her experiment --
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื˜ื™ื ืคื™ืง ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื” -
09:54
in microgravity.
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ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
09:56
Personal DNA machines are now aboard the International Space Station,
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ DNA ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
09:59
where they can help monitor living conditions
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ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื”
10:02
and protect the lives of astronauts.
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื.
10:05
A 16-year-old designing a DNA experiment
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ื‘ืช 16 ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ DNA
10:09
to protect the lives of astronauts
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื
10:11
may seem like a rarity, the mark of a child genius.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืงืจื” ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื” ื’ืื•ื ื”.
10:15
Well, to me, it signals something bigger:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™, ื–ื” ืžืกืžืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
10:18
that DNA technology is finally within the reach of every one of you.
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ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”-DNA ื ืžืฆืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื.
10:24
A few years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
10:26
a college student armed with a personal computer
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืฉื™
10:29
could code an app,
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื,
10:31
an app that is now a social network with more than one billion users.
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ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
10:35
Could we be moving into a world
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ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื
10:37
of one personal DNA machine in every home?
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ DNA ืื™ืฉื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช?
10:41
I know families who are already living in this reality.
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
10:45
The Daniels family, for example,
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ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื“ื ื™ืืœืก, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
10:47
set up a DNA lab in the basement of their suburban Chicago home.
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ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžืขื‘ื“ืช DNA ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ืคืจื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
10:52
This is not a family made of PhD scientists.
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ื–ื• ืœื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
10:56
This is a family like any other.
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ื–ื• ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจืช.
10:58
They just like to spend time together doing fun, creative things.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื–ืžื ื ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.
11:02
By day, Brian is an executive at a private equity firm.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช.
11:07
At night and on weekends, he experiments with DNA
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘-DNA
11:10
alongside his kids, ages seven and nine,
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ืœืฆื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืชืฉืข,
11:12
as a way to explore the living world.
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™.
11:15
Last time I called them,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืืœื™ื”ื,
11:17
they were checking out homegrown produce from the backyard garden.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ืžื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืชื.
11:21
They were testing tomatoes that they had picked,
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ื”ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืงื˜ืคื•,
11:23
taking the flesh of their skin, putting it in a test tube,
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ืœืงื—ื• ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืžื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืžื‘ื—ื ื”,
11:26
mixing it with chemicals to extract DNA
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ืขื™ืจื‘ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง DNA
11:28
and then using their home DNA copier
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื”-DNA ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
11:31
to test those tomatoes for genetically engineered traits.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
11:36
For the Daniels family,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื“ื ื™ืืœืก,
11:38
the personal DNA machine is like the chemistry set
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”-DNA ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืขืจื›ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื”
11:41
for the 21st century.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21.
11:43
Most of us may not yet be diagnosing genetic conditions
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
11:47
in our kitchen sinks
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืœื ื•
11:49
or doing at-home paternity testing.
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ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืื‘ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช.
11:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:52
But we've definitely reached a point in history
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
11:54
where every one of you could actually get hands-on with DNA
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ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืขื DNA
12:00
in your kitchen.
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ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืœื›ื.
12:01
You could copy, paste and analyze DNA
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง, ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ DNA
12:05
and extract meaningful information from it.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืžื ื•.
12:08
And it's at times like this that profound transformation
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™
12:11
is bound to happen;
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ืช;
12:12
moments when a transformative, powerful technology
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ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
12:16
that was before limited to a select few in the ivory tower,
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืฉืŸ,
12:19
finally becomes within the reach of every one of us,
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
12:23
from farmers to schoolchildren.
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ืžื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ.
12:26
Think about the moment
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืข
12:27
when phones stopped being plugged into the wall by cords,
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ืฉื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ืœ,
12:31
or when computers left the mainframe
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ืื• ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™
12:34
and entered your home or your office.
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ื•ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื›ื.
12:37
The ripples of the personal DNA revolution
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ืืช ื’ืœื™ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”-DNA ื”ืื™ืฉื™
12:40
may be hard to predict,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช,
12:41
but one thing is certain:
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—:
12:43
revolutions don't go backwards,
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ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื”,
12:46
and DNA technology is already spreading faster than our imagination.
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”-DNA ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชืคืจืฉืช ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
12:50
So if you're curious,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืกืงืจื ื™ื,
12:52
get up close and personal with DNA -- today.
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ืชื‘ื•ืื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ DNA โ€“ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:55
It is in our DNA to be curious.
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ื–ื” ื‘-DNA ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืงืจื ื™ื.
12:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:59
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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