Mohamed Hijri: A simple solution to the coming phosphorus crisis

64,258 views ใƒป 2013-10-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Jane Roffe Reviewer: Els De Keyser
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Boaz Hovav ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
I'm going to start by asking you a question:
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ืืคืชื— ื•ืืฉืืœ ืืชื›ื ืฉืืœื”:
00:15
Is anyone familiar with the blue algae problem?
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช?
00:19
Okay, so most of you are.
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OK, ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ืฉืžืขืชื.
00:21
I think we can all agree it's a serious issue.
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
00:24
Nobody wants to drink blue algae-contaminated water,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืืฆื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื”,
00:28
or swim in a blue algae-infested lake.
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ืื• ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื’ื ื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืืฆื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื”.
00:33
Right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:34
I hope you won't be disappointed,
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ืืื›ื–ื‘ ืืชื›ื,
00:36
but today, I won't be talking about blue algae.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืœื ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”,
00:39
Instead, I'll be talking about the main cause
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
00:43
at the root of this issue,
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ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
00:46
which I will be referring to as the phosphorus crisis.
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ืื ื™ ืืงืจื ืœื• 'ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ'.
00:50
Why have I chosen to talk to you about the phosphorus crisis today?
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ืœืžื” ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ?
00:54
For the simple reason that nobody else is talking about it.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•.
00:57
And by the end of my presentation, I hope that the general public
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจืฆืื”, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
01:01
will be more aware of this crisis and this issue.
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ื™ื“ืข ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื.
01:06
Now, the problem is that if I ask,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืืฉืืœ
01:09
why do we find ourselves in this situation with blue algae?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืืฆื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”?
01:12
The answer is that it comes from how we farm.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื.
01:16
We use fertilizers in our farming, chemical fertilizers.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืฉืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
01:20
Why do we use chemical fertilizers in agriculture?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช?
01:23
Basically, to help plants grow and to produce a better yield.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืฆืจืช.
01:28
The issue is that this is set to engender
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืฉืŸ ืžื•ืœื™ื“
01:30
an environmental problem that is without precedent.
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืœืœื ืชืงื“ื™ื.
01:35
Before going further, let me give you a crash course in plant biology.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืฉื™ืš, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
01:39
So, what does a plant need in order to grow?
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ืœืžื” ื–ืงื•ืง ื”ืฆืžื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ?
01:41
A plant, quite simply, needs light, it needs CO2,
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ื”ืฆืžื— ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืื•ืจ, ืœืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
01:46
but even more importantly, it needs nutrients,
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
01:49
which it draws from the soil.
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ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™ื’ ืžื”ืื“ืžื”.
01:53
Several of these nutrients are essential chemical elements:
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื:
01:56
phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium.
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ื–ืจื—ืŸ, ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ืกื™ื“ืŸ.
01:59
So, the plantโ€™s roots will extract these resources.
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ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืฆืžื— ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืื“ืžื”.
02:04
Today I'll be focusing on a major problem that is linked to phosphorus.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื–ืจื—ืŸ.
02:08
Why phosphorus in particular?
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ืœืžื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื–ืจื—ืŸ?
02:10
Because it is the most problematic chemical element.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
02:13
By the end of my presentation, you will have seen
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืชื‘ื™ื ื•
02:16
what these problems are, and where we are today.
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ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืคื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื.
02:20
Phosphorus is a chemical element
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ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื™
02:23
that is essential to life. This is a very important point.
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ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช.
02:27
Iโ€™d like everyone to understand precisely what the phosphorus issue is.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
02:30
Phosphorus is a key component in several molecules,
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ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
02:34
in many of our molecules of life.
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ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
02:37
Experts in the field will know
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
02:39
that cellular communication is phosphorus-based --
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ืฉืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชืื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื–ืจื—ืŸ
02:42
phosphorylation, dephosphorylation.
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ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืงืฉื™ืจืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
02:45
Cell membranes are phosphorus-based: These are called phospholipids.
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ืงืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื–ืจื—ืŸ: ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืคื•ืกืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื.
02:50
The energy in all living things, ATP, is phosphorus-based.
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ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ATP, ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
02:55
And more importantly still, phosphorus is a key component of DNA,
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื’ื ื•ื (DNA) ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:02
something everyone is familiar with, and which is shown in this image.
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ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”.
03:07
DNA is our genetic heritage.
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ื”ื’ื ื•ื (DNA) ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:10
It is extremely important, and once again, phosphorus is a key player.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืก ืขืœ ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
03:15
Now, where do we find this phosphorus?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื–ืจื—ืŸ?
03:19
As humans, where do we find it?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื–ืจื—ืŸ?
03:22
As I explained earlier,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื,
03:24
plants extract phosphorus from the soil, through water.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืžื”ืื“ืžื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื™ื.
03:29
So, we humans get it from the things we eat:
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืžื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ:
03:32
plants, vegetables, fruits,
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ืคื™ืจื•ืช
03:35
and also from eggs, meat and milk.
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ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื—ืœื‘.
03:38
Itโ€™s true that some humans eat better than others.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
03:41
Some are happier than others.
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ื—ืœืง ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
03:44
And now, looking at this picture, which speaks for itself,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
03:49
we see modern agriculture,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
03:50
which I also refer to as intensive agriculture.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื” ื’ื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
03:54
Intensive agriculture is based on the use of chemical fertilizers.
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื,
03:58
Without them, we would not manage to produce enough
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ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื, ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ
04:01
to feed the world's population.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:04
Speaking of humans, there are currently 7 billion of us on Earth.
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:08
In less than 40 years, there will be 9 billion of us.
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ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž- 40 ืฉื ื”, ื ื”ื™ื™ื” 9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
04:11
And the question is a simple one: Do we have enough phosphorus
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืจื—ืŸ
04:15
to feed our future generations?
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื?
04:19
So, in order to understand these issues, where do we find our phosphorus?
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื ืจืื” ืื™ืคื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืจื—ืŸ?
04:23
Let me explain.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
04:24
But first, letโ€™s just suppose
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื—
04:27
that we are using 100 percent of a given dose of phosphorus.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘- 100% ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
04:33
Only 15 percent of this 100 percent goes to the plant. Eighty-five percent is lost.
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ืจืง 15% ืžื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื, 85% ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“.
04:42
It goes into the soil, ending its journey in the lakes,
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ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื ืกืคื’ ืœืื“ืžื” ื•ื ืฉื˜ืฃ ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืื’ืžื™ื,
04:45
resulting in lakes with extra phosphorus, which leads to the blue algae problem.
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ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืžื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืืฆื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”.
04:49
So, youโ€™ll see thereโ€™s a problem here, something that is illogical.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืžืกืชื“ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
04:53
A hundred percent of the phosphorus is used, but only 15 percent goes to the plant.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘- 100% ืžื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง 15% ื ืกืคื’ ืข"ื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
04:57
Youโ€™re going to tell me itโ€™s wasteful.
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™.
05:00
Yes, it is. What is worse is that it is very expensive.
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš, ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื™ืงืจ.
05:04
Nobody wants to throw their money out the window,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื›ืกืฃ,
05:07
but unfortunately that's what is happening here.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆืขืจื™, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
05:10
Eighty percent of each dose of phosphorus is lost.
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ื›- 80% ืžื›ืœ ืžื ืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“.
05:15
Modern agriculture depends on phosphorus.
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
05:20
And because in order to get 15 percent of it to the plant, all the rest is lost,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกืคืง 15% ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื”ืฉืืจ, ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“,
05:25
we have to add more and more.
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
05:27
Now, where will we get this phosphorus from?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืื™ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ?
05:31
Basically, we get it out of mines.
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ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืžื•ืคืง ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช.
05:34
This is the cover of an extraordinary article
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
05:37
published in Nature in 2009,
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ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ Nature ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009,
05:39
which really launched the discussion about the phosphorus crisis.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
05:42
Phosphorus, a nutrient essential to life, which is becoming increasingly scarce,
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ื–ืจื—ืŸ, ืชื•ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:47
yet nobody is talking about it.
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ืื•ืœื ืื™ืฉ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
05:49
And everyone agrees: Politicians and scientists are in agreement
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื: ื’ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื
05:55
that we are headed for a phosphorus crisis.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
05:57
What you are seeing here is an open-pit mine in the U.S.,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื›ืจื” ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
06:00
and to give you an idea of the dimensions of this mine,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
06:04
if you look in the top right-hand corner, the little crane you can see,
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ืื ื™ ืื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืฃ ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ,
06:07
that is a giant crane.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื ื•ืฃ ืขื ืง.
06:09
So that really puts it into perspective.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื”.
06:12
So, we get phosphorus from mines.
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช.
06:14
And if I make a comparison with oil,
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ื•ืื ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื ืคื˜,
06:17
thereโ€™s an oil crisis, we talk about it, we talk about global warming,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
06:21
yet we never mention the phosphorus crisis.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
06:23
To come back to the oil problem, oil is something we can replace.
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ื•ืื ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืคื˜, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืœื ืคื˜.
06:27
We can use biofuels, or solar power,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืœืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืฆืžื—ื™, ืื• ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
06:31
or hydropower, but phosphorus is an essential element,
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ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™,
06:35
indispensable to life, and we canโ€™t replace it.
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ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
06:41
What is the current state of the world's phosphorus reserves?
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื?
06:44
This graph gives you a rough idea of where we are today.
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ื”ื’ืจืฃ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื.
06:48
The black line represents predictions for phosphorus reserves.
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
06:53
In 2030, weโ€™ll reach the peak.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2030 ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืคืงื”.
06:56
By the end of this century, it will all be gone.
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ืื•ืœื ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”- 21, ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
06:59
The dotted line shows where we are today.
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืงื• ืžืจืื” ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
07:03
As you can see, they meet in 2030, Iโ€™ll be retired by then.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘- 2030, ืื ื™ ืืคืจื•ืฉ ืขื“ ืื–.
07:08
But we are indeed heading for a major crisis,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ,
07:12
and Iโ€™d like people to become aware of this problem.
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
07:16
Do we have a solution?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ?
07:18
What are we to do? We are faced with a paradox.
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ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช? ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืœื ื• ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก.
07:22
Less and less phosphorus will be available.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
07:25
By 2050 there will be 9 billion of us,
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ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2050 ื™ื—ื™ื• 9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:28
and according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization,
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ื•ืœืคื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื,
07:35
we will need to produce twice as much food in 2050 than we do today.
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื.
07:39
So, we will have less phosphorus, but we'll need to produce more food.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
07:44
What should we do?
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ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
07:46
It truly is a paradoxical situation.
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ ืืžื™ืชื™.
07:49
Do we have a solution, or an alternative
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื• ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”
07:51
which will allow us to optimize phosphorus use?
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ื‘ื–ืจื—ืŸ?
07:54
Remember that 80 percent is destined to be lost.
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ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืฉ- 80% ืžื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“.
08:00
The solution I'm offering today is one that has existed for a very long time,
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช (ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื”),
08:07
even before plants existed on Earth,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
08:10
and it's a microscopic mushroom that is very mysterious,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ืช, ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ืžืื“,
08:13
very simple, and yet also extremely complex.
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ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืžืื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
08:17
I've been fascinated by this little mushroom for over 16 years now.
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื•ืชืง ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 16 ืฉื ื”.
08:22
It has led me to further my research
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
08:26
and to use it as a model for my laboratory research.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื” ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™.
08:29
This mushroom exists in symbiosis with the roots.
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ืขื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
08:33
By symbiosis, I mean a bidirectional and mutually beneficial association
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ื‘ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงืฉืจ ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™, ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื
08:38
which is also called mycorrhiza.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื” (ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืฆืžื—)
08:44
This slide illustrates the elements of a mycorrhiza.
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ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื”.
08:47
Youโ€™re looking at the root of wheat,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื”,
08:49
one of the worldโ€™s most important plants.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:53
Normally, a root will find phosphorus all by itself.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
08:56
It will go in search of phosphorus,
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ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื–ืจื—ืŸ,
08:58
but only within the one millimeter which surrounds it.
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ืื•ืœื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืจืง ืžืื“ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ืž"ืž ืื—ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
09:02
Beyond one millimeter, the root is ineffective.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืž"ืž ืื—ื“, ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœ.
09:05
It cannot go further in its search for phosphorus.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
09:07
Now, imagine this tiny, microscopic mushroom.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื”.
09:10
It grows much faster,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ,
09:12
and is much better designed to seek out phosphorus.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
09:15
It can go beyond the rootโ€™s one-millimeter scope
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืž"ืž ื”ืื—ื“ ืืœื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื
09:18
to seek out phosphorus.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
09:20
I havenโ€™t invented anything at all;
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ,
09:22
it's a biotechnology that has existed for 450 million years.
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ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ 450 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
09:26
And over time, this mushroom has evolved and adapted to seek out
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื•ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”
09:30
even the tiniest trace of phosphorus, and to put it to use,
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ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจื—ืŸ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื•,
09:33
to make it available to the plant.
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ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื•.
09:36
What youโ€™re seeing here, in the real world, is a carrot root,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืจ,
09:41
and the mushroom with its very fine filaments.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื”.
09:43
Looking closer, we can see that this mushroom
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ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื”
09:46
is very gentle in its penetration.
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ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ.
09:48
It will proliferate between the root's cells,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื™ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ,
09:52
eventually penetrating a cell
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ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืœืชืื™ื
09:55
and starting to form a typical arbuscular structure,
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื ืงืจื 'ืžื‘ื ื” ืืจื‘ื•ืกืงื•ืœืจื™',
10:00
which will considerably increase the exchange interface
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืืฆืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ
10:05
between the plant and the mushroom.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื— ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื”.
10:08
And it is through this structure that mutual exchanges will occur.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื“ืจืš ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”.
10:11
Itโ€™s a win-win trade:
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื:
10:13
I give you phosphorus, and you feed me.
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ, ื•ื”ืฆืžื— ืžืกืคืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
10:15
True symbiosis.
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ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
10:20
Now let's add a mycorrhiza plant
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฆืžื— ืขื ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื”
10:23
into the diagram I used earlier.
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ืœืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื.
10:26
And instead of using a 100 percent dose, Iโ€™m going to reduce it to 25 percent.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘- 100% ืžื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ, ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘- 25% ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
10:31
Youโ€™ll see that of this 25 percent, most will benefit the plant,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”- 25%, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆืžื—,
10:36
more than 90 percent.
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ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 90%.
10:38
A very small amount of phosphorus will remain in the soil.
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ืจืง ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื ืฉืืจืช ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
10:41
That's completely natural.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
10:45
What's more is that in certain cases, we don't even need to add phosphorus.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
10:49
If you recall the graphs I showed you earlier,
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ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจืฃ ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื,
10:51
85 percent of phosphorus is lost in the soil,
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85% ืžื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืื‘ื“ ื‘ืื“ืžื”,
10:55
and the plants are unable to access it.
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ื•ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•.
10:58
Even though it is present in the soil, it is in insoluble form.
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ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืžืกื™ืกื”.
11:02
The plant is only able to seek out soluble forms.
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ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืจืง ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื.
11:05
The mushroom is capable of dissolving this insoluble form
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืžื™ืก ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžืกื™ืกื•ืช
11:08
and making it available for the plant to use.
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ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืื•ืชื.
11:12
To further support my argument, here is a picture that speaks for itself.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžื”.
11:15
These are trials in a field of sorghum.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ึผืจึธื”.
11:19
On the left side, you see the yield produced using conventional agriculture,
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ืžืฉืžืืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”,
11:24
with a 100 percent phosphorus dose.
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ื•ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขื ืžื ื” ืฉืœ 100% ื–ืจื—ืŸ.
11:27
On the other side, the dose was reduced to 50 percent,
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘- 50% ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืขื ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื”),
11:30
and just look at the yield.
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ.
11:31
With only a half-dose, we achieved a better yield.
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ืขื ื—ืฆื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ, ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ (9.3 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงื˜ืจ ืžื•ืœ 7.5 ื˜ื•ืŸ).
11:37
This is to show you that this method works.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
11:42
And in some cases, in Cuba, Mexico and India,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื”, ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•,
11:46
the dose can be reduced to 25 percent, and in several other cases,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœ- 25%, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
11:50
there's no need to add any phosphorus at all,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ืจื—ืŸ,
11:52
because the mushrooms are so well adapted
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ื›ื™ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ืœืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
11:54
to finding phosphorus and drawing it from the soil.
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ืžืฆืื• ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื.
11:57
This is an example of soy production in Canada.
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ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืจื•ืื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ ืกื•ื™ื” ื‘ืงื ื“ื”.
12:03
Mycorrhiza was used in one field but not in the other.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืื—ื“, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื™.
12:11
And here, where blue indicates a better yield, and yellow a weaker yield.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ืœ.
12:20
The black rectangle is the plot
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ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื”
12:23
from which the mycorrhiza was added.
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ืžืžื ื” ื ืœืงื—ื” ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื”.
12:25
In other words, as I already said, I have invented nothing.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื, ืœื ื”ืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ืœื•ื.
12:29
Mycorrhiza has existed for 450 million years,
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื‘ืจ 450 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
12:32
and it has even helped modern-day plant species to diversify.
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ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
12:36
So, this it isn't something that is still undergoing lab tests.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
12:40
Mycorrhiza exists, it works,
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
12:43
it's produced at an industrial scale and commercialized worldwide.
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ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:47
The problem is that people are not aware of it.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
12:51
People like food producers and farmers are still not aware of this problem.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
12:55
We have a technology that works,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
12:57
and one that, if used correctly, will alleviate some of the pressure
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ื•ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
13:04
we are putting on the world's phosphorus reserves.
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ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื.
13:09
In conclusion, I am a scientist and a dreamer.
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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืขื ื—ืœื•ื.
13:14
I'm passionate about this topic.
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ืื ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื ื•ืฉื.
13:16
So if you were to ask me what my retirement dream is,
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ื•ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืืคืจื•ืฉ,
13:19
which will be at the moment we reach that phosphorus peak,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืจื—ืŸ,
13:22
it would be that we use one label, "Made with mycorrhiza,"
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ืื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื”".
13:26
and that my children and grandchildren
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™
13:29
buy products bearing that label too.
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ื™ืงื ื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•.
13:32
Thank you for your attention.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
13:33
(Applause)
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ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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