Mohamed Hijri: A simple solution to the coming phosphorus crisis

64,134 views ใƒป 2013-10-29

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Jane Roffe Reviewer: Els De Keyser
0
0
7000
๋ฒˆ์—ญ: hale kwon ๊ฒ€ํ† : JONGHEE YI
00:13
I'm going to start by asking you a question:
1
13190
2507
์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:15
Is anyone familiar with the blue algae problem?
2
15697
4079
๋…น์กฐํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:19
Okay, so most of you are.
3
19776
2049
๋„ค, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์•„์‹œ๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
00:21
I think we can all agree it's a serious issue.
4
21825
3046
๋…น์กฐํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž„์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
Nobody wants to drink blue algae-contaminated water,
5
24871
3082
์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋…น์กฐ๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
00:28
or swim in a blue algae-infested lake.
6
28763
4025
๋…น์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
Right?
7
33328
1375
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
00:34
I hope you won't be disappointed,
8
34703
2076
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹ค๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ
00:36
but today, I won't be talking about blue algae.
9
36779
3206
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ๋…น์กฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
Instead, I'll be talking about the main cause
10
39985
3825
์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ
00:43
at the root of this issue,
11
43810
2965
๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋œ ์›์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
which I will be referring to as the phosphorus crisis.
12
46775
3395
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
00:50
Why have I chosen to talk to you about the phosphorus crisis today?
13
50170
3908
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์™œ ์ธ์„ ๊ณจ๋ž์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:54
For the simple reason that nobody else is talking about it.
14
54078
3259
๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
And by the end of my presentation, I hope that the general public
15
57337
4267
์ œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
01:01
will be more aware of this crisis and this issue.
16
61604
4566
์ด ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
Now, the problem is that if I ask,
17
66170
3364
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง„ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ธ
01:09
why do we find ourselves in this situation with blue algae?
18
69534
3054
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๋…น์กฐํ˜„์ƒ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:12
The answer is that it comes from how we farm.
19
72588
3413
๊ทธ ๋‹ต์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
We use fertilizers in our farming, chemical fertilizers.
20
76262
3774
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์„ ๋•Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ, ํ™”ํ•™ ๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
Why do we use chemical fertilizers in agriculture?
21
80696
2407
๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š”๋ฐ ์™œ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์“ธ๊นŒ์š”?
01:23
Basically, to help plants grow and to produce a better yield.
22
83103
4350
๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ž˜ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ด์ฃ .
01:28
The issue is that this is set to engender
23
88343
2444
๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ํ™”ํ•™ ๋น„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€
01:30
an environmental problem that is without precedent.
24
90787
3294
์ „๋ก€์—†๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Before going further, let me give you a crash course in plant biology.
25
95471
3566
์ง„๋„๋ฅผ ๋” ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์•ž์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ์™ธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
So, what does a plant need in order to grow?
26
99037
2465
์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ž๋ผ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:41
A plant, quite simply, needs light, it needs CO2,
27
101502
4550
์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น›๊ณผ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
but even more importantly, it needs nutrients,
28
106052
3615
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ
01:49
which it draws from the soil.
29
109667
3025
ํ™์—์„œ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
Several of these nutrients are essential chemical elements:
30
113282
3615
์ด๋“ค ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ์ธ
01:56
phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium.
31
116897
3046
์ธ, ์งˆ์†Œ, ์นผ์Š˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
So, the plantโ€™s roots will extract these resources.
32
119943
4729
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
Today I'll be focusing on a major problem that is linked to phosphorus.
33
124672
3864
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
Why phosphorus in particular?
34
128536
1687
์™œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:10
Because it is the most problematic chemical element.
35
130223
2639
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณจ์นซ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ธ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
By the end of my presentation, you will have seen
36
133572
2981
์ œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚ฌ์„ ์ฏค์—๋Š”
02:16
what these problems are, and where we are today.
37
136693
3196
๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”์ง€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
Phosphorus is a chemical element
38
140839
2933
์ธ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
that is essential to life. This is a very important point.
39
143772
3393
์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์ด์ฃ .
02:27
Iโ€™d like everyone to understand precisely what the phosphorus issue is.
40
147165
3651
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”์ง€ ์ž์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
Phosphorus is a key component in several molecules,
41
150816
4172
์ธ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์„œ
02:34
in many of our molecules of life.
42
154988
2653
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Experts in the field will know
43
157641
1993
์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
02:39
that cellular communication is phosphorus-based --
44
159634
2963
์„ธํฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ์ธ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
phosphorylation, dephosphorylation.
45
162597
2214
์ธ์‚ฐํ™”, ํƒˆ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”์ด์ฃ .
02:45
Cell membranes are phosphorus-based: These are called phospholipids.
46
165221
4901
์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์€ ์ธ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€์งˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
The energy in all living things, ATP, is phosphorus-based.
47
170822
4750
์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ธ ATP๋„ ์ธ์ด ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
And more importantly still, phosphorus is a key component of DNA,
48
175572
6083
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ์ด ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
something everyone is familiar with, and which is shown in this image.
49
182455
4600
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:07
DNA is our genetic heritage.
50
187055
3284
DNA๋Š” ์œ ์ „์  ์œ ์‚ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
It is extremely important, and once again, phosphorus is a key player.
51
190339
4351
์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋” ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด ์ธ์ด ์ฃผ๋œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
Now, where do we find this phosphorus?
52
195360
3448
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ธ์„ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:19
As humans, where do we find it?
53
199308
3561
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์„ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:22
As I explained earlier,
54
202869
1489
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
03:24
plants extract phosphorus from the soil, through water.
55
204358
4499
์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๋•…์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
So, we humans get it from the things we eat:
56
209147
2685
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน๋Š” ์Œ์‹์—์„œ ์ธ์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
plants, vegetables, fruits,
57
212722
2395
์‹๋ฌผ, ์ฑ„์†Œ, ๊ณผ์ผ,
03:35
and also from eggs, meat and milk.
58
215397
3005
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€, ๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ์šฐ์œ ์—์„œ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
Itโ€™s true that some humans eat better than others.
59
218912
3057
์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž˜ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
Some are happier than others.
60
221969
1976
์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
And now, looking at this picture, which speaks for itself,
61
224605
4181
์ด์ œ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:49
we see modern agriculture,
62
229076
1816
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋†์—…์€
03:50
which I also refer to as intensive agriculture.
63
230892
3556
์ง‘์•ฝ ๋†์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
Intensive agriculture is based on the use of chemical fertilizers.
64
234448
4456
์ง‘์•ฝ ๋†์—…์€ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋น„๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
Without them, we would not manage to produce enough
65
238904
3028
ํ™”ํ•™ ๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ๋Š”
04:01
to feed the world's population.
66
241932
3028
์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ฆด๋งŒํผ ๋„‰๋„‰ํžˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
Speaking of humans, there are currently 7 billion of us on Earth.
67
244960
3478
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—๋Š” 70์–ต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
In less than 40 years, there will be 9 billion of us.
68
248738
3126
40๋…„ ์•ˆ์— 90์–ต์ด ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
And the question is a simple one: Do we have enough phosphorus
69
251864
3390
์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ฆด๋งŒํผ
04:15
to feed our future generations?
70
255254
2870
์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:19
So, in order to understand these issues, where do we find our phosphorus?
71
259134
4082
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ธ์„ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์ฐพ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:23
Let me explain.
72
263216
1621
์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
04:24
But first, letโ€™s just suppose
73
264997
2577
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ € ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:27
that we are using 100 percent of a given dose of phosphorus.
74
267844
4906
์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ธ์„ 100% ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:33
Only 15 percent of this 100 percent goes to the plant. Eighty-five percent is lost.
75
273690
7128
์ด 100% ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 15%๋งŒ ์‹๋ฌผํ•œํ…Œ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  85%๋Š” ์—†์–ด์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
It goes into the soil, ending its journey in the lakes,
76
282278
3399
์ธ์€ ๋•…์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ •์„ ๋๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
resulting in lakes with extra phosphorus, which leads to the blue algae problem.
77
285947
3726
๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ธ์ด ๋„˜์ณ๋‚˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋…น์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ฃ .
04:49
So, youโ€™ll see thereโ€™s a problem here, something that is illogical.
78
289673
3738
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
A hundred percent of the phosphorus is used, but only 15 percent goes to the plant.
79
293411
4089
100%์˜ ์ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 15%๋งŒ ์‹๋ฌผํ•œํ…Œ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
Youโ€™re going to tell me itโ€™s wasteful.
80
297850
1934
๋‚ญ๋น„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:00
Yes, it is. What is worse is that it is very expensive.
81
300274
4127
๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฑด ์ธ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์Œ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
Nobody wants to throw their money out the window,
82
304401
3382
์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ˆ์„ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
but unfortunately that's what is happening here.
83
307783
2340
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
Eighty percent of each dose of phosphorus is lost.
84
310513
2806
ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์“ธ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค 85%์˜ ์ธ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
Modern agriculture depends on phosphorus.
85
315049
5652
ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋†์—…์€ ์ธ์— ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
And because in order to get 15 percent of it to the plant, all the rest is lost,
86
320701
4599
15%๋ฅผ ์‹๋ฌผํ•œํ…Œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:25
we have to add more and more.
87
325300
1921
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ์„ ์จ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
Now, where will we get this phosphorus from?
88
327221
3374
์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์„ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์–ป์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:31
Basically, we get it out of mines.
89
331135
3334
๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์ธ์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
This is the cover of an extraordinary article
90
334989
2247
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 2009๋…„ ๋„ค์ด์ณ์— ์‹ค๋ ธ๋˜
05:37
published in Nature in 2009,
91
337516
1757
๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
which really launched the discussion about the phosphorus crisis.
92
339273
3187
๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ธ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์ฃ .
05:42
Phosphorus, a nutrient essential to life, which is becoming increasingly scarce,
93
342460
4963
์ƒ๋ช…์— ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์˜์–‘์†Œ์ธ ์ธ์€ ์ ์  ๊ท€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ
05:47
yet nobody is talking about it.
94
347423
1823
์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
And everyone agrees: Politicians and scientists are in agreement
95
349246
5864
๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋„๋•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋„
05:55
that we are headed for a phosphorus crisis.
96
355110
2341
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์น˜๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋™์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
What you are seeing here is an open-pit mine in the U.S.,
97
357451
3448
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ์ธ๋ฐ
06:00
and to give you an idea of the dimensions of this mine,
98
360899
3101
์ด ๊ด‘์‚ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
06:04
if you look in the top right-hand corner, the little crane you can see,
99
364000
3554
์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋งจ์œ„์— ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ์ค‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
that is a giant crane.
100
367554
1465
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—„์ฒญ ํฐ ๊ธฐ์ค‘๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
So that really puts it into perspective.
101
369369
3034
์ด์ œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฐ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ด ์˜ค์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:12
So, we get phosphorus from mines.
102
372403
2198
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์„ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์บก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
And if I make a comparison with oil,
103
374601
2448
์„์œ ์™€ ๊ฒฌ์ฃผ์–ด์„œ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
06:17
thereโ€™s an oil crisis, we talk about it, we talk about global warming,
104
377809
3371
์„์œ  ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:21
yet we never mention the phosphorus crisis.
105
381180
2024
์ธ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
To come back to the oil problem, oil is something we can replace.
106
383204
3832
๋‹ค์‹œ ์„์œ  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์„์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
We can use biofuels, or solar power,
107
387406
4362
์ƒ๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด,
06:31
or hydropower, but phosphorus is an essential element,
108
391768
3764
์ˆ˜๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
06:35
indispensable to life, and we canโ€™t replace it.
109
395532
3724
์ธ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
What is the current state of the world's phosphorus reserves?
110
401106
3663
ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ธ ์ €์žฅ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
06:44
This graph gives you a rough idea of where we are today.
111
404769
4111
์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋Œ€์ถฉ ์•„์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
The black line represents predictions for phosphorus reserves.
112
408880
4651
๊ฒ€์€ ์„ ์ด ์ธ ์ €์žฅ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
In 2030, weโ€™ll reach the peak.
113
413531
2624
2030๋…„์— ์ ˆ์ •์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ณ 
06:56
By the end of this century, it will all be gone.
114
416155
3326
์ด๋ฒˆ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต์—๋Š” ์ธ์ด ์—†์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
The dotted line shows where we are today.
115
419661
3885
์ ์„ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
As you can see, they meet in 2030, Iโ€™ll be retired by then.
116
423976
3472
๋ณด๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ 2030๋…„์— ๋‘ ์„ ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋•Œ์ฏค์ด๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์€ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:08
But we are indeed heading for a major crisis,
117
428658
3569
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์น˜๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
and Iโ€™d like people to become aware of this problem.
118
432227
3272
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
07:16
Do we have a solution?
119
436089
1640
ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:18
What are we to do? We are faced with a paradox.
120
438449
3112
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ์ˆœ์— ๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
Less and less phosphorus will be available.
121
442531
2307
์ธ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์ ์–ด์งˆ ํ…Œ๊ณ 
07:25
By 2050 there will be 9 billion of us,
122
445118
3196
2050๋…„์—๋Š” 90์–ต์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ํ…๋ฐ
07:28
and according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization,
123
448484
6364
UN ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋†์—…๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
07:35
we will need to produce twice as much food in 2050 than we do today.
124
455098
4743
2050๋…„์—๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค 2๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
So, we will have less phosphorus, but we'll need to produce more food.
125
459841
3770
์ธ์€ ๋” ์ ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
What should we do?
126
464141
1618
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:46
It truly is a paradoxical situation.
127
466199
2090
์ •๋ง ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์ฃ .
07:49
Do we have a solution, or an alternative
128
469029
2748
์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
07:51
which will allow us to optimize phosphorus use?
129
471777
2968
ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:54
Remember that 80 percent is destined to be lost.
130
474745
3370
80%๋ฅผ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
08:00
The solution I'm offering today is one that has existed for a very long time,
131
480365
7304
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋†“๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์—
08:07
even before plants existed on Earth,
132
487669
2398
์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
and it's a microscopic mushroom that is very mysterious,
133
490407
3478
๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ธ๋ฐ ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ ๋น„๋กญ๊ณ 
08:13
very simple, and yet also extremely complex.
134
493885
3508
์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
I've been fascinated by this little mushroom for over 16 years now.
135
497933
4688
์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์— 16๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
It has led me to further my research
136
502621
3845
์ด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:26
and to use it as a model for my laboratory research.
137
506466
3370
์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
This mushroom exists in symbiosis with the roots.
138
509836
3454
์ด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณต์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
By symbiosis, I mean a bidirectional and mutually beneficial association
139
513550
5387
๊ณต์ƒ์€ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ
08:38
which is also called mycorrhiza.
140
518937
3028
๊ท ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
This slide illustrates the elements of a mycorrhiza.
141
524085
3057
์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ๊ท ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
Youโ€™re looking at the root of wheat,
142
527142
2265
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐ€๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:49
one of the worldโ€™s most important plants.
143
529407
3344
๋ฐ€์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
Normally, a root will find phosphorus all by itself.
144
533501
2839
๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
It will go in search of phosphorus,
145
536340
2032
๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
08:58
but only within the one millimeter which surrounds it.
146
538372
3242
๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ 1mm ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
Beyond one millimeter, the root is ineffective.
147
542044
3075
1 mm์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋ฉด ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
It cannot go further in its search for phosphorus.
148
545119
2325
๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
Now, imagine this tiny, microscopic mushroom.
149
547444
2736
์ด์ œ ์ด ์ž‘์€, ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:10
It grows much faster,
150
550180
2261
๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ 
09:12
and is much better designed to seek out phosphorus.
151
552441
2796
์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
It can go beyond the rootโ€™s one-millimeter scope
152
555237
3379
๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ธ 1mm์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ
09:18
to seek out phosphorus.
153
558616
2087
์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
I havenโ€™t invented anything at all;
154
560703
2056
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฑด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
it's a biotechnology that has existed for 450 million years.
155
562759
3498
4์–ต5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™์ด์ฃ .
09:26
And over time, this mushroom has evolved and adapted to seek out
156
566257
3913
์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:30
even the tiniest trace of phosphorus, and to put it to use,
157
570170
3493
์ธ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์–ด
09:33
to make it available to the plant.
158
573663
2333
์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ ์‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
What youโ€™re seeing here, in the real world, is a carrot root,
159
576716
3933
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง„์งœ ๋‹น๊ทผ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ฐ
09:41
and the mushroom with its very fine filaments.
160
581289
2631
์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹ค์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
Looking closer, we can see that this mushroom
161
583920
2407
์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€
09:46
is very gentle in its penetration.
162
586327
2087
์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
It will proliferate between the root's cells,
163
588414
3689
๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
09:52
eventually penetrating a cell
164
592103
3083
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„ธํฌ์— ์นจํˆฌํ•ด์„œ
09:55
and starting to form a typical arbuscular structure,
165
595596
4684
์ˆ˜์ง€์ƒ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
which will considerably increase the exchange interface
166
600600
4877
๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ
10:05
between the plant and the mushroom.
167
605477
2559
๋ฒ„์„ฏ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ตํ™˜์œจ์„ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
And it is through this structure that mutual exchanges will occur.
168
608036
3445
์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตํ™˜์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
Itโ€™s a win-win trade:
169
611481
1636
์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
I give you phosphorus, and you feed me.
170
613117
2565
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆํ•œํ…Œ ์ธ์„ ์ค„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ ค!
10:15
True symbiosis.
171
615992
2270
์ฐธ๋œ ๊ณต์ƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:20
Now let's add a mycorrhiza plant
172
620602
2768
์ด์ œ ๊ท ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ์‹๋ฌผ์„
10:23
into the diagram I used earlier.
173
623370
3260
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์—์„œ ์ผ๋˜ ๋„ํ‘œ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
10:26
And instead of using a 100 percent dose, Iโ€™m going to reduce it to 25 percent.
174
626630
5077
100%๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  25%๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ์“ฐ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
Youโ€™ll see that of this 25 percent, most will benefit the plant,
175
631707
4974
25% ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์‹๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
more than 90 percent.
176
636681
1556
90% ์ด์ƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:38
A very small amount of phosphorus will remain in the soil.
177
638237
3580
์•„์ฃผ ์ ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ธ์ด ๋•…์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
10:41
That's completely natural.
178
641817
2300
์•„์ฃผ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ฃ .
10:45
What's more is that in certain cases, we don't even need to add phosphorus.
179
645577
3871
๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ์„ ๋” ๋„ฃ์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
If you recall the graphs I showed you earlier,
180
649448
2412
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:51
85 percent of phosphorus is lost in the soil,
181
651860
3221
85%์˜ ์ธ์€ ๋•…์—์„œ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ
10:55
and the plants are unable to access it.
182
655081
3245
์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์ธ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
Even though it is present in the soil, it is in insoluble form.
183
658326
3808
์ธ์ด ๋•…์— ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ๋ถˆ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋„๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
The plant is only able to seek out soluble forms.
184
662134
3010
์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋งŒ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
The mushroom is capable of dissolving this insoluble form
185
665144
3812
๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ๋ถˆ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋…น์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:08
and making it available for the plant to use.
186
668956
3441
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
To further support my argument, here is a picture that speaks for itself.
187
672397
3551
์ œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
11:15
These are trials in a field of sorghum.
188
675948
3888
์‚ฌํƒ•์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฐญ์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
On the left side, you see the yield produced using conventional agriculture,
189
679836
4512
์™ผ์ชฝ์€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋†๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
11:24
with a 100 percent phosphorus dose.
190
684348
2582
์ธ์„ 100% ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
On the other side, the dose was reduced to 50 percent,
191
687090
3213
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์€ ์ธ์„ 50%๋กœ ์ค„์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
11:30
and just look at the yield.
192
690303
1533
์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:31
With only a half-dose, we achieved a better yield.
193
691836
5581
์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
This is to show you that this method works.
194
697417
4830
์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:42
And in some cases, in Cuba, Mexico and India,
195
702247
4569
์ฟ ๋ฐ”, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ์ธ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”
11:46
the dose can be reduced to 25 percent, and in several other cases,
196
706816
3287
์ธ์„ 25%๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”
11:50
there's no need to add any phosphorus at all,
197
710103
2154
์ธ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋„ ๋” ๋„ฃ์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
because the mushrooms are so well adapted
198
712257
2444
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ด ์ž˜ ์ ์‘ํ•ด์„œ
11:54
to finding phosphorus and drawing it from the soil.
199
714701
2736
์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋ƒˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:57
This is an example of soy production in Canada.
200
717897
4518
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ฝฉ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
Mycorrhiza was used in one field but not in the other.
201
723735
6942
๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋ฐญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
And here, where blue indicates a better yield, and yellow a weaker yield.
202
731347
7926
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ˆ˜ํ™•, ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์€ ์ข€ ๋œํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ™•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
The black rectangle is the plot
203
740763
2823
๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์€
12:23
from which the mycorrhiza was added.
204
743586
2383
๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์€ ๊ณณ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
In other words, as I already said, I have invented nothing.
205
745969
3368
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
Mycorrhiza has existed for 450 million years,
206
749337
2750
๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋Š” 4์–ต5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
12:32
and it has even helped modern-day plant species to diversify.
207
752087
4259
ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
So, this it isn't something that is still undergoing lab tests.
208
756346
4559
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
Mycorrhiza exists, it works,
209
760905
2416
๊ท ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
it's produced at an industrial scale and commercialized worldwide.
210
763321
4439
์‚ฐ์—…์ ์ธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์šฉํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
The problem is that people are not aware of it.
211
767760
3310
๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:51
People like food producers and farmers are still not aware of this problem.
212
771070
3996
์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
We have a technology that works,
213
775066
2628
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
12:57
and one that, if used correctly, will alleviate some of the pressure
214
777694
7097
๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:04
we are putting on the world's phosphorus reserves.
215
784791
3653
์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ธ ์ €์žฅ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••๋ฐ•์„ ๋œ์–ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
In conclusion, I am a scientist and a dreamer.
216
789214
4464
๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชฝ์ƒ๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
I'm passionate about this topic.
217
794368
1759
์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ์—ด์ •์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
So if you were to ask me what my retirement dream is,
218
796127
3288
์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ๋’ค์˜ ๊ฟˆ์ด ๋ญ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:19
which will be at the moment we reach that phosphorus peak,
219
799415
2826
๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์„ํ…Œ์ฃ .
13:22
it would be that we use one label, "Made with mycorrhiza,"
220
802241
3956
์ œ ๊ฟˆ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ œํ’ˆ"
13:26
and that my children and grandchildren
221
806197
2910
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์†์ž๋“ค์ด
13:29
buy products bearing that label too.
222
809107
3008
๊ทธ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์€ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:32
Thank you for your attention.
223
812115
1700
๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
(Applause)
224
813815
2501
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7