Mohamed Hijri: A simple solution to the coming phosphorus crisis

64,308 views ・ 2013-10-29

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Jane Roffe Reviewer: Els De Keyser
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λ²ˆμ—­: hale kwon κ²€ν† : JONGHEE YI
00:13
I'm going to start by asking you a question:
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μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜λ‚˜ λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ£ .
00:15
Is anyone familiar with the blue algae problem?
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λ…Ήμ‘°ν˜„μƒμ„ μ•„μ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
00:19
Okay, so most of you are.
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λ„€, λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ μ•„μ‹œλŠ”κ΅°μš”.
00:21
I think we can all agree it's a serious issue.
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λ…Ήμ‘°ν˜„μƒμ΄ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμž„μ— λͺ¨λ‘ λ™μ˜ν•˜μ‹€ 거라 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
Nobody wants to drink blue algae-contaminated water,
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아무도 λ…Ήμ‘°λ‘œ μ˜€μ—Όλœ 물을 λ§ˆμ‹œκ³  싢지 μ•Šκ³ 
00:28
or swim in a blue algae-infested lake.
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λ…Ήμ‘°κ°€ λ§Œμ—°ν•œ ν˜Έμˆ˜μ—μ„œ μˆ˜μ˜ν•˜κ³  싢지 μ•Šμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
Right?
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κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
00:34
I hope you won't be disappointed,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ‹€λ§ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λΌμ§€λ§Œ
00:36
but today, I won't be talking about blue algae.
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였늘 μ €λŠ” 녹쑰에 κ΄€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
Instead, I'll be talking about the main cause
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였히렀 이 문제의 뿌리
00:43
at the root of this issue,
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κ·Έ 주된 원인에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§ν•΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
which I will be referring to as the phosphorus crisis.
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μ œκ°€ λ°”λ‘œ 인의 μœ„κΈ°λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒμΈλ°μš”,
00:50
Why have I chosen to talk to you about the phosphorus crisis today?
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였늘 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ 주제둜 μ™œ 인을 κ³¨λžμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:54
For the simple reason that nobody else is talking about it.
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κ°€μž₯ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ κΉŒλ‹­μ€ 아무도 μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
And by the end of my presentation, I hope that the general public
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제 μ–˜κΈ°κ°€ 끝날 λ¬΄λ ΅μ—λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
01:01
will be more aware of this crisis and this issue.
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이 μœ„κΈ°μ— 이 문제λ₯Ό μ’€ 더 잘 μ•Œκ²Œ 되기λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
Now, the problem is that if I ask,
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μ œκ°€ λ˜μ§„ 질문인
01:09
why do we find ourselves in this situation with blue algae?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ™œ λ…Ήμ‘°ν˜„μƒμ— μ§λ©΄ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:12
The answer is that it comes from how we farm.
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κ·Έ 닡은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 농사λ₯Ό μ§“λŠ” 법에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
We use fertilizers in our farming, chemical fertilizers.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 농사λ₯Ό 지을 λ•Œ λΉ„λ£Œ, ν™”ν•™ λΉ„λ£Œλ₯Ό μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
Why do we use chemical fertilizers in agriculture?
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농사λ₯Ό μ§“λŠ”λ° μ™œ ν™”ν•™ λΉ„λ£Œλ₯Ό μ“ΈκΉŒμš”?
01:23
Basically, to help plants grow and to produce a better yield.
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기본적으둜 식물이 잘 자라게 ν•΄μ„œ μˆ˜ν™•λŸ‰μ„ 늘리기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ΄μ£ .
01:28
The issue is that this is set to engender
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ” 이 ν™”ν•™ λΉ„λ£Œκ°€
01:30
an environmental problem that is without precedent.
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μ „λ‘€μ—†λŠ” ν™˜κ²½λ¬Έμ œλ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚¨λ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
Before going further, let me give you a crash course in plant biology.
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진도λ₯Ό 더 λ‚˜κ°€κΈ° μ•žμ„œ 식물 생물학에 λŒ€ν•΄ 속성과외λ₯Ό ν•΄λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
So, what does a plant need in order to grow?
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식물이 자라렀면 뭐가 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
01:41
A plant, quite simply, needs light, it needs CO2,
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식물은 μ•„μ£Ό λ‹¨μˆœν•˜κ²Œ λΉ›κ³Ό μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
but even more importantly, it needs nutrients,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 건 μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μΈλ°
01:49
which it draws from the soil.
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ν™μ—μ„œ μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μ„ μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
Several of these nutrients are essential chemical elements:
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이듀 μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μ˜ λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€λŠ” ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ ν™”ν•™ μš”μ†ŒμΈ
01:56
phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium.
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인, μ§ˆμ†Œ, μΉΌμŠ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
So, the plant’s roots will extract these resources.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, μ‹λ¬Όμ˜ λΏŒλ¦¬κ°€ 이 μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μ„ λ½‘μ•„λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
Today I'll be focusing on a major problem that is linked to phosphorus.
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였늘 μ €λŠ” 인과 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμ— μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
Why phosphorus in particular?
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μ™œ νŠΉλ³„νžˆ μΈμΌκΉŒμš”?
02:10
Because it is the most problematic chemical element.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 인이 κ°€μž₯ 골칫거리인 ν™”ν•™ μš”μ†Œμ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
By the end of my presentation, you will have seen
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제 λ°œν‘œκ°€ 끝났을 μ―€μ—λŠ”
02:16
what these problems are, and where we are today.
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λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 뭔지, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 였늘 μ–΄λ–€ 상황에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•„μ‹œκ²Œ 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
Phosphorus is a chemical element
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인은 생λͺ…에 κΌ­ ν•„μš”ν•œ ν™”ν•™ μš”μ†Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
that is essential to life. This is a very important point.
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μ•„μ£Ό μ€‘μš”ν•œ 점이죠.
02:27
I’d like everyone to understand precisely what the phosphorus issue is.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘ 인에 κ΄€ν•œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 뭔지 μžμ„Έν•˜κ²Œ μ•Œκ³  κ³„μ‹œλ©΄ μ’‹κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
Phosphorus is a key component in several molecules,
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인은 생λͺ…을 μ΄λ£¨λŠ” λ§Žμ€ λΆ„μž κ°€μš΄λ°μ„œ
02:34
in many of our molecules of life.
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κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ„±λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
Experts in the field will know
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전문가듀은
02:39
that cellular communication is phosphorus-based --
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μ„Έν¬κ°„μ˜ 톡신이 인을 λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ 일어남을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
phosphorylation, dephosphorylation.
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인산화, νƒˆμΈμ‚°ν™”μ΄μ£ .
02:45
Cell membranes are phosphorus-based: These are called phospholipids.
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세포막은 인을 λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ”λ° 이λ₯Ό μΈμ§€μ§ˆμ΄λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
The energy in all living things, ATP, is phosphorus-based.
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 생λͺ…체에 μžˆλŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€μΈ ATP도 인이 λ°”νƒ•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
And more importantly still, phosphorus is a key component of DNA,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 인이 μœ μ „μžμ˜ μ£Όμš” μ„±λΆ„μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
something everyone is familiar with, and which is shown in this image.
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μ—¬κΈ° 그림에 λ‚˜μ™€μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ μ΅μˆ™ν•œ κ±°μ£ .
03:07
DNA is our genetic heritage.
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DNAλŠ” μœ μ „μ  μœ μ‚°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
It is extremely important, and once again, phosphorus is a key player.
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μœ μ „μžλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μ€‘μš”ν•œλ° ν•œλ²ˆ 더 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄ 인이 주된 μ„±λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
Now, where do we find this phosphorus?
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그러면 인을 μ–΄λ””μ„œ 찾을 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:19
As humans, where do we find it?
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 인을 μ–΄λ””μ„œ 찾을 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:22
As I explained earlier,
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μ œκ°€ μ•žμ„œ μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆλ“―이
03:24
plants extract phosphorus from the soil, through water.
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식물은 λ•…μ—μ„œ 물을 톡해 인을 λ½‘μ•„λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
So, we humans get it from the things we eat:
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¨ΉλŠ” μŒμ‹μ—μ„œ 인을 μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
plants, vegetables, fruits,
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식물, μ±„μ†Œ, 과일,
03:35
and also from eggs, meat and milk.
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그리고 달걀, κ³ κΈ°, μš°μœ μ—μ„œ μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
It’s true that some humans eat better than others.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ³΄λ‹€ 잘 λ¨ΉλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것은 μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
Some are happier than others.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ³΄λ‹€ 더 ν–‰λ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
And now, looking at this picture, which speaks for itself,
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이제 이 사진을 보면 μ•„μ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ,
03:49
we see modern agriculture,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³΄λ‹€μ‹œν”Ό ν˜„λŒ€ 농업은
03:50
which I also refer to as intensive agriculture.
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집약 λ†μ—…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
Intensive agriculture is based on the use of chemical fertilizers.
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집약 농업은 ν™”ν•™ λΉ„λ£Œμ˜ μ‚¬μš©μ„ 기반으둜 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
Without them, we would not manage to produce enough
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ν™”ν•™ λΉ„λ£Œλ₯Ό 쓰지 μ•Šκ³ μ„œλŠ”
04:01
to feed the world's population.
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세계 인ꡬλ₯Ό λ¨Ήμ—¬μ‚΄λ¦΄λ§ŒνΌ λ„‰λ„‰νžˆ μƒμ‚°ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
Speaking of humans, there are currently 7 billion of us on Earth.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄ μ§€κΈˆ μ§€κ΅¬μ—λŠ” 70얡이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
In less than 40 years, there will be 9 billion of us.
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40λ…„ μ•ˆμ— 90얡이 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
And the question is a simple one: Do we have enough phosphorus
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μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€λ₯Ό λ¨Ήμ—¬ μ‚΄λ¦΄λ§ŒνΌ
04:15
to feed our future generations?
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μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 인이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
04:19
So, in order to understand these issues, where do we find our phosphorus?
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이 문제λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 인을 μ–΄λ””μ„œ μ°Ύμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:23
Let me explain.
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μ„€λͺ…ν•΄λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
04:24
But first, let’s just suppose
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¨Όμ € μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ°€μ •ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
04:27
that we are using 100 percent of a given dose of phosphorus.
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주어진 인을 100% μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€κ³  말이죠.
04:33
Only 15 percent of this 100 percent goes to the plant. Eighty-five percent is lost.
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이 100% κ°€μš΄λ° 15%만 μ‹λ¬Όν•œν…Œ κ°€κ³  85%λŠ” μ—†μ–΄μ Έλ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
It goes into the soil, ending its journey in the lakes,
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인은 λ•…μ†μœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€ ν˜Έμˆ˜μ—μ„œ 여정을 λλƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
resulting in lakes with extra phosphorus, which leads to the blue algae problem.
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό ν˜Έμˆ˜λŠ” 인이 λ„˜μ³λ‚˜κ³  κ·Έ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ…Ήμ‘°κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ£ .
04:49
So, you’ll see there’s a problem here, something that is illogical.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŒμ„ μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ­”κ°€ 논리에 λ§žμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
A hundred percent of the phosphorus is used, but only 15 percent goes to the plant.
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100%의 인을 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλŠ”λ° 겨우 15%만 μ‹λ¬Όν•œν…Œ κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:57
You’re going to tell me it’s wasteful.
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낭비라고 λ§μ”€ν•˜μ‹œκ² μ£ .
05:00
Yes, it is. What is worse is that it is very expensive.
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λ„€, κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 더 λ‚˜μœ 건 인은 μ•„μ£Ό λΉ„μŒ‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
Nobody wants to throw their money out the window,
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아무도 λˆμ„ λ‚­λΉ„ν•˜κ³  싢지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
but unfortunately that's what is happening here.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λΆˆν–‰νžˆλ„ μ§€κΈˆ λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ” 일은 κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
Eighty percent of each dose of phosphorus is lost.
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ν•œ 번 μ“Έ λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ 85%의 인을 λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:15
Modern agriculture depends on phosphorus.
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ν˜„λŒ€ 농업은 인에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
And because in order to get 15 percent of it to the plant, all the rest is lost,
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15%λ₯Ό μ‹λ¬Όν•œν…Œ μ£ΌκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λŠ” 버렀지기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
05:25
we have to add more and more.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ 인을 써야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:27
Now, where will we get this phosphorus from?
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자, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 인을 μ–΄λ””μ„œ μ–»μ„κΉŒμš”?
05:31
Basically, we get it out of mines.
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기본적으둜 κ΄‘μ‚°μ—μ„œ 인을 μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
This is the cover of an extraordinary article
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이것은 2009λ…„ 넀이쳐에 μ‹€λ Έλ˜
05:37
published in Nature in 2009,
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λ†€λΌμš΄ κΈ°μ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
which really launched the discussion about the phosphorus crisis.
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κ·Έ κΈ°μ‚¬λŠ” 인 μœ„κΈ°μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…ΌμŸμ„ 뢈러일으켰죠.
05:42
Phosphorus, a nutrient essential to life, which is becoming increasingly scarce,
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생λͺ…에 κΌ­ ν•„μš”ν•œ μ˜μ–‘μ†ŒμΈ 인은 점점 κ·€ν•΄μ§€λŠ”λ°
05:47
yet nobody is talking about it.
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아무도 그에 κ΄€ν•œ μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:49
And everyone agrees: Politicians and scientists are in agreement
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 고개λ₯Ό λ„λ•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ •μΉ˜κ°€μ™€ κ³Όν•™μžλ„
05:55
that we are headed for a phosphorus crisis.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 인 μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄ μΉ˜λ‹«κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ”λ° λ™μ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
What you are seeing here is an open-pit mine in the U.S.,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 것은 미ꡭ의 광산인데
06:00
and to give you an idea of the dimensions of this mine,
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이 κ΄‘μ‚°μ˜ 크기λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ„€λͺ…을 λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄
06:04
if you look in the top right-hand corner, the little crane you can see,
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였λ₯Έμͺ½ λ§¨μœ„μ— λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄ μž‘μ€ 기쀑기가 보이싀 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
that is a giant crane.
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그건 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ—„μ²­ 큰 κΈ°μ€‘κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
So that really puts it into perspective.
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이제 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 큰지 감이 μ˜€μ‹œκ² μ£ .
06:12
So, we get phosphorus from mines.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 인을 κ΄‘μ‚°μ—μ„œ μΊ‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
And if I make a comparison with oil,
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μ„μœ μ™€ κ²¬μ£Όμ–΄μ„œ 말해보죠.
06:17
there’s an oil crisis, we talk about it, we talk about global warming,
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μ„μœ  μœ„κΈ°κ°€ 있으면 그에 κ΄€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜κ³  지ꡬ μ˜¨λ‚œν™”μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
06:21
yet we never mention the phosphorus crisis.
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인 μœ„κΈ°μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 아직도 말을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
To come back to the oil problem, oil is something we can replace.
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λ‹€μ‹œ μ„μœ  문제둜 λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œ μ„μœ λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λŒ€μ²΄ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
We can use biofuels, or solar power,
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생물 μ—°λ£Œλ‚˜ νƒœμ–‘μ—΄,
06:31
or hydropower, but phosphorus is an essential element,
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수λ ₯을 μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
06:35
indispensable to life, and we can’t replace it.
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인은 생λͺ…에 κΌ­ ν•„μš”ν•œ μš”μ†ŒλΌμ„œ λŒ€μ²΄κ°€ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
What is the current state of the world's phosphorus reserves?
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ν˜„μž¬ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 인 μ €μž₯λŸ‰μ€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ κΉŒμš”?
06:44
This graph gives you a rough idea of where we are today.
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이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄ ν˜„μž¬ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 어디에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λŒ€μΆ© μ•„μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
The black line represents predictions for phosphorus reserves.
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검은 선이 인 μ €μž₯λŸ‰μ„ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
In 2030, we’ll reach the peak.
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2030년에 μ ˆμ •μ— 이λ₯΄κ³ 
06:56
By the end of this century, it will all be gone.
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이번 μ„ΈκΈ°κ°€ 끝날 λ¬΄λ ΅μ—λŠ” 인이 μ—†μ–΄μ§ˆ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:59
The dotted line shows where we are today.
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점선은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν˜„μž¬ 어디에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
As you can see, they meet in 2030, I’ll be retired by then.
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λ³΄λ‹€μ‹œν”Ό 2030년에 두 선이 λ§Œλ‚˜λŠ”λ° κ·Έλ•Œμ―€μ΄λ©΄ μ €λŠ” 은퇴λ₯Ό ν–ˆκ² μ£ .
07:08
But we are indeed heading for a major crisis,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 큰 μœ„κΈ°λ‘œ μΉ˜λ‹«κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
and I’d like people to become aware of this problem.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 이 문제λ₯Ό κΉ¨λ‹¬μœΌλ©΄ μ’‹κ² μ–΄μš”.
07:16
Do we have a solution?
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해결책이 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
07:18
What are we to do? We are faced with a paradox.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 뭘 ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆκΉŒ? μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨μˆœμ— λΉ μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
Less and less phosphorus will be available.
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인은 점점 더 μ μ–΄μ§ˆ ν…Œκ³ 
07:25
By 2050 there will be 9 billion of us,
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2050λ…„μ—λŠ” 90μ–΅μ˜ 인ꡬ가 μžˆμ„ 텐데
07:28
and according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization,
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UN μ‹λŸ‰λ†μ—…κΈ°κ΅¬μ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
07:35
we will need to produce twice as much food in 2050 than we do today.
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2050λ…„μ—λŠ” μ§€κΈˆλ³΄λ‹€ 2배둜 μ‹λŸ‰μ„ 생산해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:39
So, we will have less phosphorus, but we'll need to produce more food.
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인은 더 μ μ–΄μ§€λŠ”λ° μ‹λŸ‰μ€ 더 많이 생산해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
What should we do?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
07:46
It truly is a paradoxical situation.
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정말 λͺ¨μˆœλ˜λŠ” 상황이죠.
07:49
Do we have a solution, or an alternative
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인 μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ„ μ΅œμ ν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
07:51
which will allow us to optimize phosphorus use?
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ν•΄κ²°μ±…μ΄λ‚˜ λŒ€μ•ˆμ΄ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
07:54
Remember that 80 percent is destined to be lost.
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80%λ₯Ό μžƒμ–΄λ²„λ¦¬λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
08:00
The solution I'm offering today is one that has existed for a very long time,
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였늘 μ œκ°€ λ‚΄λ†“λŠ” 해결책은 지ꡬ에 식물이 μžˆκΈ°λ„ 전에
08:07
even before plants existed on Earth,
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μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
and it's a microscopic mushroom that is very mysterious,
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λ―Έμ„Έν•œ 버섯인데 μ•„μ£Ό μ‹ λΉ„λ‘­κ³ 
08:13
very simple, and yet also extremely complex.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ‹¨μˆœν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ 맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:17
I've been fascinated by this little mushroom for over 16 years now.
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μ €λŠ” 이 μž‘μ€ 버섯에 16λ…„ 이상 λ§€λ£Œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
It has led me to further my research
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이 버섯은 제 연ꡬλ₯Ό 더 깊이 듀어가도둝 ν–ˆκ³ 
08:26
and to use it as a model for my laboratory research.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ¨λΈλ‘œ μ“°κ²Œ μ΄λŒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
This mushroom exists in symbiosis with the roots.
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이 버섯은 λΏŒλ¦¬μ™€ κ³΅μƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:33
By symbiosis, I mean a bidirectional and mutually beneficial association
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곡생은 μ–‘λ°©ν–₯이고 μ„œλ‘œ 도움을 μ£ΌλŠ” κ΄€κ³„λ‘œ
08:38
which is also called mycorrhiza.
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κ· λΏŒλ¦¬λΌκ³ λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:44
This slide illustrates the elements of a mycorrhiza.
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이 사진이 균뿌리의 μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:47
You’re looking at the root of wheat,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ°€λΏŒλ¦¬λ₯Ό 보고 κ³„μ‹œλŠ”λ°
08:49
one of the world’s most important plants.
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밀은 μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 식물 κ°€μš΄λ° ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:53
Normally, a root will find phosphorus all by itself.
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보톡 λΏŒλ¦¬λŠ” 슀슀둜 인을 μ°Ύμ•„λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
It will go in search of phosphorus,
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λΏŒλ¦¬λŠ” 인을 찾으렀 ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
08:58
but only within the one millimeter which surrounds it.
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뿌리 μ£Όλ³€μ˜ 1mm μ•ˆμ—μ„œλ§Œ μ°ΎμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
Beyond one millimeter, the root is ineffective.
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1 mm을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„œλ©΄ λΏŒλ¦¬λŠ” 효율이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
It cannot go further in its search for phosphorus.
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λΏŒλ¦¬λŠ” 인을 μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κ·Έ 이상 갈 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:07
Now, imagine this tiny, microscopic mushroom.
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이제 이 μž‘μ€, λ―Έμ„Έν•œ 버섯을 μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
09:10
It grows much faster,
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버섯은 μ•„μ£Ό 빨리 자라고
09:12
and is much better designed to seek out phosphorus.
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인을 μ°ΎλŠ”λ° 훨씬 효율적으둜 타고 λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
It can go beyond the root’s one-millimeter scope
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버섯은 뿌리의 ν•œκ³„μΈ 1mm을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„œ
09:18
to seek out phosphorus.
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인을 찾을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:20
I haven’t invented anything at all;
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μ œκ°€ 발λͺ…ν•œ 건 ν•˜λ‚˜λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
it's a biotechnology that has existed for 450 million years.
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4μ–΅5μ²œλ§Œλ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 생λͺ…곡학이죠.
09:26
And over time, this mushroom has evolved and adapted to seek out
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μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ 이 버섯은 μ§„ν™”ν•˜κ³ 
09:30
even the tiniest trace of phosphorus, and to put it to use,
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인이 쑰금만 μžˆμ–΄λ„ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄μ–΄
09:33
to make it available to the plant.
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식물이 μ“Έ 수 있게 μ μ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
What you’re seeing here, in the real world, is a carrot root,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 것은 μ§„μ§œ λ‹Ήκ·Ό 뿌리인데
09:41
and the mushroom with its very fine filaments.
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μ•„μ£Ό κ°€λŠ” 싀이 달린 λ²„μ„―μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:43
Looking closer, we can see that this mushroom
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μžμ„Ένžˆ λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄ 이 버섯은
09:46
is very gentle in its penetration.
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μ•„μ£Ό μ‘°μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ νŒŒκ³ λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:48
It will proliferate between the root's cells,
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버섯은 뿌리 세포 μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ λ²ˆμ‹ν•˜λŠ”λ°
09:52
eventually penetrating a cell
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κ²°κ΅­ 세포에 μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•΄μ„œ
09:55
and starting to form a typical arbuscular structure,
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μˆ˜μ§€μƒμ²΄ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:00
which will considerably increase the exchange interface
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κ·Έ ꡬ쑰가 식물과
10:05
between the plant and the mushroom.
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버섯 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ κ΅ν™˜μœ¨μ„ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
And it is through this structure that mutual exchanges will occur.
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이 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 톡해 κ΅ν™˜μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
It’s a win-win trade:
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μ„œλ‘œκ°€ 이득이 λ˜λŠ” κ±°λž˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:13
I give you phosphorus, and you feed me.
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λ‚΄κ°€ λ„ˆν•œν…Œ 인을 μ€„ν…Œλ‹ˆ λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ¨Ήμ—¬ μ‚΄λ €!
10:15
True symbiosis.
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참된 곡생이죠.
10:20
Now let's add a mycorrhiza plant
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이제 균뿌리 식물을
10:23
into the diagram I used earlier.
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μ œκ°€ μ•žμ—μ„œ 썼던 λ„ν‘œμ— 넣어보죠.
10:26
And instead of using a 100 percent dose, I’m going to reduce it to 25 percent.
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100%λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹  25%둜 μ€„μ—¬μ„œ μ“°κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:31
You’ll see that of this 25 percent, most will benefit the plant,
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25% λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ μ‹λ¬Όμ—κ²Œ 도움이 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:36
more than 90 percent.
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90% 이상이죠.
10:38
A very small amount of phosphorus will remain in the soil.
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μ•„μ£Ό 적은 μ–‘μ˜ 인이 땅에 λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμ„ κ±°μ—μš”.
10:41
That's completely natural.
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μ•„μ£Ό μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½μ£ .
10:45
What's more is that in certain cases, we don't even need to add phosphorus.
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더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 인을 더 넣을 ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:49
If you recall the graphs I showed you earlier,
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μ œκ°€ μ•žμ„œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦° κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹ λ‹€λ©΄
10:51
85 percent of phosphorus is lost in the soil,
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85%의 인은 λ•…μ—μ„œ μžƒμ–΄λ²„λ €μ„œ
10:55
and the plants are unable to access it.
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식물은 인을 얻을 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:58
Even though it is present in the soil, it is in insoluble form.
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인이 땅에 μžˆμ–΄λ„ λΆˆμš©μ„± ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό 띄고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
The plant is only able to seek out soluble forms.
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식물은 κ°€μš©μ„± ν˜•νƒœλ§Œ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:05
The mushroom is capable of dissolving this insoluble form
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버섯은 λΆˆμš©μ„± ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό 녹일 수 있고
11:08
and making it available for the plant to use.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 식물이 μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 있게 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
To further support my argument, here is a picture that speaks for itself.
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제 μ£Όμž₯을 λ’·λ°›μΉ¨ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 사진을 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
11:15
These are trials in a field of sorghum.
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μ‚¬νƒ•μˆ˜μˆ˜λ°­μ—μ„œ μ‹€ν—˜ν•œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:19
On the left side, you see the yield produced using conventional agriculture,
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μ™Όμͺ½μ€ μ „ν˜•μ μΈ λ†λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μƒμ‚°λœ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
11:24
with a 100 percent phosphorus dose.
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인을 100% μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:27
On the other side, the dose was reduced to 50 percent,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μͺ½μ€ 인을 50%둜 μ€„μ˜€λŠ”λ°
11:30
and just look at the yield.
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μˆ˜ν™•λŸ‰μ„ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
11:31
With only a half-dose, we achieved a better yield.
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절반의 인으둜 더 λ§Žμ€ μˆ˜ν™•λŸ‰μ„ μ–»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:37
This is to show you that this method works.
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이 방법이 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμŒμ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
11:42
And in some cases, in Cuba, Mexico and India,
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μΏ λ°”, λ©•μ‹œμ½”, 인도 같은 κ²½μš°λŠ”
11:46
the dose can be reduced to 25 percent, and in several other cases,
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인을 25%κΉŒμ§€ 쀄일 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³  μ–΄λ–€ κ²½μš°λŠ”
11:50
there's no need to add any phosphorus at all,
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인을 μ‘°κΈˆλ„ 더 넣을 ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:52
because the mushrooms are so well adapted
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 버섯이 잘 μ μ‘ν•΄μ„œ
11:54
to finding phosphorus and drawing it from the soil.
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인을 μ°Ύμ•„ λ½‘μ•„λƒˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
11:57
This is an example of soy production in Canada.
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이것은 μΊλ‚˜λ‹€μ—μ„œ 콩을 μƒμ‚°ν•œ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:03
Mycorrhiza was used in one field but not in the other.
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κ· λ₯˜λŠ” ν•œμͺ½ λ°­μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλŠ”λ° λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°­μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:11
And here, where blue indicates a better yield, and yellow a weaker yield.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ νŒŒλž€μƒ‰μ€ 더 λ‚˜μ€ μˆ˜ν™•, λ…Έλž€μƒ‰μ€ μ’€ λœν•œ μˆ˜ν™•μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:20
The black rectangle is the plot
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검은색 μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ€
12:23
from which the mycorrhiza was added.
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κ· λ₯˜λ₯Ό 넣은 곳을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:25
In other words, as I already said, I have invented nothing.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 말둜 λ°”κΎΈλ©΄ μ œκ°€ 이미 λ§μ”€λ“œλ Έλ“―μ΄ μ œκ°€ 발λͺ…ν•œ 건 아무것도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:29
Mycorrhiza has existed for 450 million years,
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κ· λ₯˜λŠ” 4μ–΅5μ²œλ§Œλ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
12:32
and it has even helped modern-day plant species to diversify.
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ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ 식물듀이 λ‹€μ–‘ν™”ν•˜λŠ”λ° 도움을 μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:36
So, this it isn't something that is still undergoing lab tests.
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이것은 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œλ§Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 일이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:40
Mycorrhiza exists, it works,
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κ· λ₯˜κ°€ 있고 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
it's produced at an industrial scale and commercialized worldwide.
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산업적인 규λͺ¨λ‘œ μƒμ‚°λ˜κ³  μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‹€μš©ν™”λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:47
The problem is that people are not aware of it.
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 인식을 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
12:51
People like food producers and farmers are still not aware of this problem.
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μ‹λŸ‰μ„ μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό 농뢀듀은 아직도 이 문제λ₯Ό 깨닫지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:55
We have a technology that works,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆλŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°–κ³  있으며
12:57
and one that, if used correctly, will alleviate some of the pressure
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κ·Έ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
13:04
we are putting on the world's phosphorus reserves.
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μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 인 μ €μž₯λŸ‰μ— λŒ€ν•œ 압박을 λœμ–΄μ€„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:09
In conclusion, I am a scientist and a dreamer.
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결둠을 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄ μ €λŠ” κ³Όν•™μžμ΄λ©΄μ„œ λͺ½μƒκ°€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:14
I'm passionate about this topic.
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μ €λŠ” 이 μ£Όμ œμ— 열정을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:16
So if you were to ask me what my retirement dream is,
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μ€ν‡΄ν•œ λ’€μ˜ 꿈이 뭐냐고 λ¬ΌμœΌμ‹ λ‹€λ©΄
13:19
which will be at the moment we reach that phosphorus peak,
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κ·Έλ•ŒλŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 인의 μ΅œλŒ€μœ„κΈ°μ— λ„λ‹¬ν–ˆμ„ν…Œμ£ .
13:22
it would be that we use one label, "Made with mycorrhiza,"
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제 κΏˆμ€ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μƒν‘œλ₯Ό μ“°λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. "κ· λ₯˜λ‘œ λ§Œλ“  μ œν’ˆ"
13:26
and that my children and grandchildren
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 제 아이듀과 μ†μžλ“€μ΄
13:29
buy products bearing that label too.
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κ·Έ μƒν‘œκ°€ 뢙은 μ œν’ˆμ„ μ‚¬λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
13:32
Thank you for your attention.
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λ“€μ–΄μ£Όμ…”μ„œ κ³ λ§™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:33
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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