Mohamed Hijri: A simple solution to the coming phosphorus crisis

64,219 views ・ 2013-10-29

TED


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Translator: Jane Roffe Reviewer: Els De Keyser
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I'm going to start by asking you a question:
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Is anyone familiar with the blue algae problem?
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Okay, so most of you are.
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I think we can all agree it's a serious issue.
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Nobody wants to drink blue algae-contaminated water,
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or swim in a blue algae-infested lake.
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Right?
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I hope you won't be disappointed,
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but today, I won't be talking about blue algae.
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Instead, I'll be talking about the main cause
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at the root of this issue,
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which I will be referring to as the phosphorus crisis.
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Why have I chosen to talk to you about the phosphorus crisis today?
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For the simple reason that nobody else is talking about it.
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And by the end of my presentation, I hope that the general public
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will be more aware of this crisis and this issue.
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Now, the problem is that if I ask,
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why do we find ourselves in this situation with blue algae?
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The answer is that it comes from how we farm.
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We use fertilizers in our farming, chemical fertilizers.
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Why do we use chemical fertilizers in agriculture?
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Basically, to help plants grow and to produce a better yield.
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The issue is that this is set to engender
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an environmental problem that is without precedent.
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Before going further, let me give you a crash course in plant biology.
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So, what does a plant need in order to grow?
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A plant, quite simply, needs light, it needs CO2,
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but even more importantly, it needs nutrients,
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which it draws from the soil.
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Several of these nutrients are essential chemical elements:
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phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium.
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So, the plant’s roots will extract these resources.
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Today I'll be focusing on a major problem that is linked to phosphorus.
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Why phosphorus in particular?
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Because it is the most problematic chemical element.
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By the end of my presentation, you will have seen
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what these problems are, and where we are today.
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Phosphorus is a chemical element
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that is essential to life. This is a very important point.
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I’d like everyone to understand precisely what the phosphorus issue is.
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Phosphorus is a key component in several molecules,
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in many of our molecules of life.
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Experts in the field will know
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that cellular communication is phosphorus-based --
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phosphorylation, dephosphorylation.
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Cell membranes are phosphorus-based: These are called phospholipids.
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The energy in all living things, ATP, is phosphorus-based.
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And more importantly still, phosphorus is a key component of DNA,
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something everyone is familiar with, and which is shown in this image.
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DNA is our genetic heritage.
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It is extremely important, and once again, phosphorus is a key player.
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Now, where do we find this phosphorus?
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As humans, where do we find it?
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As I explained earlier,
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plants extract phosphorus from the soil, through water.
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So, we humans get it from the things we eat:
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plants, vegetables, fruits,
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and also from eggs, meat and milk.
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It’s true that some humans eat better than others.
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Some are happier than others.
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And now, looking at this picture, which speaks for itself,
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we see modern agriculture,
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which I also refer to as intensive agriculture.
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Intensive agriculture is based on the use of chemical fertilizers.
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Without them, we would not manage to produce enough
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to feed the world's population.
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Speaking of humans, there are currently 7 billion of us on Earth.
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In less than 40 years, there will be 9 billion of us.
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And the question is a simple one: Do we have enough phosphorus
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to feed our future generations?
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So, in order to understand these issues, where do we find our phosphorus?
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Let me explain.
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But first, let’s just suppose
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that we are using 100 percent of a given dose of phosphorus.
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Only 15 percent of this 100 percent goes to the plant. Eighty-five percent is lost.
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It goes into the soil, ending its journey in the lakes,
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resulting in lakes with extra phosphorus, which leads to the blue algae problem.
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So, you’ll see there’s a problem here, something that is illogical.
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A hundred percent of the phosphorus is used, but only 15 percent goes to the plant.
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You’re going to tell me it’s wasteful.
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Yes, it is. What is worse is that it is very expensive.
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Nobody wants to throw their money out the window,
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but unfortunately that's what is happening here.
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Eighty percent of each dose of phosphorus is lost.
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Modern agriculture depends on phosphorus.
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And because in order to get 15 percent of it to the plant, all the rest is lost,
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we have to add more and more.
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Now, where will we get this phosphorus from?
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Basically, we get it out of mines.
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This is the cover of an extraordinary article
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published in Nature in 2009,
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which really launched the discussion about the phosphorus crisis.
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Phosphorus, a nutrient essential to life, which is becoming increasingly scarce,
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yet nobody is talking about it.
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And everyone agrees: Politicians and scientists are in agreement
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that we are headed for a phosphorus crisis.
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What you are seeing here is an open-pit mine in the U.S.,
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and to give you an idea of the dimensions of this mine,
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if you look in the top right-hand corner, the little crane you can see,
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that is a giant crane.
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So that really puts it into perspective.
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So, we get phosphorus from mines.
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And if I make a comparison with oil,
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there’s an oil crisis, we talk about it, we talk about global warming,
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yet we never mention the phosphorus crisis.
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To come back to the oil problem, oil is something we can replace.
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We can use biofuels, or solar power,
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or hydropower, but phosphorus is an essential element,
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indispensable to life, and we can’t replace it.
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What is the current state of the world's phosphorus reserves?
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This graph gives you a rough idea of where we are today.
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The black line represents predictions for phosphorus reserves.
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In 2030, we’ll reach the peak.
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By the end of this century, it will all be gone.
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The dotted line shows where we are today.
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As you can see, they meet in 2030, I’ll be retired by then.
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But we are indeed heading for a major crisis,
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and I’d like people to become aware of this problem.
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Do we have a solution?
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What are we to do? We are faced with a paradox.
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Less and less phosphorus will be available.
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By 2050 there will be 9 billion of us,
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and according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization,
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we will need to produce twice as much food in 2050 than we do today.
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So, we will have less phosphorus, but we'll need to produce more food.
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What should we do?
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It truly is a paradoxical situation.
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Do we have a solution, or an alternative
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which will allow us to optimize phosphorus use?
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Remember that 80 percent is destined to be lost.
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The solution I'm offering today is one that has existed for a very long time,
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even before plants existed on Earth,
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and it's a microscopic mushroom that is very mysterious,
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very simple, and yet also extremely complex.
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I've been fascinated by this little mushroom for over 16 years now.
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It has led me to further my research
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and to use it as a model for my laboratory research.
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This mushroom exists in symbiosis with the roots.
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By symbiosis, I mean a bidirectional and mutually beneficial association
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which is also called mycorrhiza.
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This slide illustrates the elements of a mycorrhiza.
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You’re looking at the root of wheat,
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one of the world’s most important plants.
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Normally, a root will find phosphorus all by itself.
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It will go in search of phosphorus,
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but only within the one millimeter which surrounds it.
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Beyond one millimeter, the root is ineffective.
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It cannot go further in its search for phosphorus.
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Now, imagine this tiny, microscopic mushroom.
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It grows much faster,
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and is much better designed to seek out phosphorus.
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It can go beyond the root’s one-millimeter scope
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to seek out phosphorus.
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I haven’t invented anything at all;
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it's a biotechnology that has existed for 450 million years.
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And over time, this mushroom has evolved and adapted to seek out
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even the tiniest trace of phosphorus, and to put it to use,
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to make it available to the plant.
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What you’re seeing here, in the real world, is a carrot root,
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and the mushroom with its very fine filaments.
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Looking closer, we can see that this mushroom
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is very gentle in its penetration.
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It will proliferate between the root's cells,
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eventually penetrating a cell
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and starting to form a typical arbuscular structure,
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which will considerably increase the exchange interface
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between the plant and the mushroom.
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And it is through this structure that mutual exchanges will occur.
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It’s a win-win trade:
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I give you phosphorus, and you feed me.
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True symbiosis.
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Now let's add a mycorrhiza plant
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into the diagram I used earlier.
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And instead of using a 100 percent dose, I’m going to reduce it to 25 percent.
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You’ll see that of this 25 percent, most will benefit the plant,
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more than 90 percent.
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A very small amount of phosphorus will remain in the soil.
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That's completely natural.
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What's more is that in certain cases, we don't even need to add phosphorus.
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If you recall the graphs I showed you earlier,
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85 percent of phosphorus is lost in the soil,
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and the plants are unable to access it.
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Even though it is present in the soil, it is in insoluble form.
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The plant is only able to seek out soluble forms.
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The mushroom is capable of dissolving this insoluble form
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and making it available for the plant to use.
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To further support my argument, here is a picture that speaks for itself.
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These are trials in a field of sorghum.
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On the left side, you see the yield produced using conventional agriculture,
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with a 100 percent phosphorus dose.
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On the other side, the dose was reduced to 50 percent,
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and just look at the yield.
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With only a half-dose, we achieved a better yield.
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This is to show you that this method works.
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And in some cases, in Cuba, Mexico and India,
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the dose can be reduced to 25 percent, and in several other cases,
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there's no need to add any phosphorus at all,
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because the mushrooms are so well adapted
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to finding phosphorus and drawing it from the soil.
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This is an example of soy production in Canada.
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Mycorrhiza was used in one field but not in the other.
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And here, where blue indicates a better yield, and yellow a weaker yield.
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The black rectangle is the plot
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from which the mycorrhiza was added.
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In other words, as I already said, I have invented nothing.
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Mycorrhiza has existed for 450 million years,
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and it has even helped modern-day plant species to diversify.
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So, this it isn't something that is still undergoing lab tests.
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Mycorrhiza exists, it works,
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it's produced at an industrial scale and commercialized worldwide.
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The problem is that people are not aware of it.
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People like food producers and farmers are still not aware of this problem.
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We have a technology that works,
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and one that, if used correctly, will alleviate some of the pressure
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we are putting on the world's phosphorus reserves.
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In conclusion, I am a scientist and a dreamer.
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I'm passionate about this topic.
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So if you were to ask me what my retirement dream is,
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which will be at the moment we reach that phosphorus peak,
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it would be that we use one label, "Made with mycorrhiza,"
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and that my children and grandchildren
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buy products bearing that label too.
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Thank you for your attention.
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(Applause)
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