Mohamed Hijri: A simple solution to the coming phosphorus crisis

64,134 views ・ 2013-10-29

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:00
Translator: Jane Roffe Reviewer: Els De Keyser
0
0
7000
00:13
I'm going to start by asking you a question:
1
13190
2507
00:15
Is anyone familiar with the blue algae problem?
2
15697
4079
00:19
Okay, so most of you are.
3
19776
2049
00:21
I think we can all agree it's a serious issue.
4
21825
3046
00:24
Nobody wants to drink blue algae-contaminated water,
5
24871
3082
00:28
or swim in a blue algae-infested lake.
6
28763
4025
00:33
Right?
7
33328
1375
00:34
I hope you won't be disappointed,
8
34703
2076
00:36
but today, I won't be talking about blue algae.
9
36779
3206
00:39
Instead, I'll be talking about the main cause
10
39985
3825
00:43
at the root of this issue,
11
43810
2965
00:46
which I will be referring to as the phosphorus crisis.
12
46775
3395
00:50
Why have I chosen to talk to you about the phosphorus crisis today?
13
50170
3908
00:54
For the simple reason that nobody else is talking about it.
14
54078
3259
00:57
And by the end of my presentation, I hope that the general public
15
57337
4267
01:01
will be more aware of this crisis and this issue.
16
61604
4566
01:06
Now, the problem is that if I ask,
17
66170
3364
01:09
why do we find ourselves in this situation with blue algae?
18
69534
3054
01:12
The answer is that it comes from how we farm.
19
72588
3413
01:16
We use fertilizers in our farming, chemical fertilizers.
20
76262
3774
01:20
Why do we use chemical fertilizers in agriculture?
21
80696
2407
01:23
Basically, to help plants grow and to produce a better yield.
22
83103
4350
01:28
The issue is that this is set to engender
23
88343
2444
01:30
an environmental problem that is without precedent.
24
90787
3294
01:35
Before going further, let me give you a crash course in plant biology.
25
95471
3566
01:39
So, what does a plant need in order to grow?
26
99037
2465
01:41
A plant, quite simply, needs light, it needs CO2,
27
101502
4550
01:46
but even more importantly, it needs nutrients,
28
106052
3615
01:49
which it draws from the soil.
29
109667
3025
01:53
Several of these nutrients are essential chemical elements:
30
113282
3615
01:56
phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium.
31
116897
3046
01:59
So, the plant’s roots will extract these resources.
32
119943
4729
02:04
Today I'll be focusing on a major problem that is linked to phosphorus.
33
124672
3864
02:08
Why phosphorus in particular?
34
128536
1687
02:10
Because it is the most problematic chemical element.
35
130223
2639
02:13
By the end of my presentation, you will have seen
36
133572
2981
02:16
what these problems are, and where we are today.
37
136693
3196
02:20
Phosphorus is a chemical element
38
140839
2933
02:23
that is essential to life. This is a very important point.
39
143772
3393
02:27
I’d like everyone to understand precisely what the phosphorus issue is.
40
147165
3651
02:30
Phosphorus is a key component in several molecules,
41
150816
4172
02:34
in many of our molecules of life.
42
154988
2653
02:37
Experts in the field will know
43
157641
1993
02:39
that cellular communication is phosphorus-based --
44
159634
2963
02:42
phosphorylation, dephosphorylation.
45
162597
2214
02:45
Cell membranes are phosphorus-based: These are called phospholipids.
46
165221
4901
02:50
The energy in all living things, ATP, is phosphorus-based.
47
170822
4750
02:55
And more importantly still, phosphorus is a key component of DNA,
48
175572
6083
03:02
something everyone is familiar with, and which is shown in this image.
49
182455
4600
03:07
DNA is our genetic heritage.
50
187055
3284
03:10
It is extremely important, and once again, phosphorus is a key player.
51
190339
4351
03:15
Now, where do we find this phosphorus?
52
195360
3448
03:19
As humans, where do we find it?
53
199308
3561
03:22
As I explained earlier,
54
202869
1489
03:24
plants extract phosphorus from the soil, through water.
55
204358
4499
03:29
So, we humans get it from the things we eat:
56
209147
2685
03:32
plants, vegetables, fruits,
57
212722
2395
03:35
and also from eggs, meat and milk.
58
215397
3005
03:38
It’s true that some humans eat better than others.
59
218912
3057
03:41
Some are happier than others.
60
221969
1976
03:44
And now, looking at this picture, which speaks for itself,
61
224605
4181
03:49
we see modern agriculture,
62
229076
1816
03:50
which I also refer to as intensive agriculture.
63
230892
3556
03:54
Intensive agriculture is based on the use of chemical fertilizers.
64
234448
4456
03:58
Without them, we would not manage to produce enough
65
238904
3028
04:01
to feed the world's population.
66
241932
3028
04:04
Speaking of humans, there are currently 7 billion of us on Earth.
67
244960
3478
04:08
In less than 40 years, there will be 9 billion of us.
68
248738
3126
04:11
And the question is a simple one: Do we have enough phosphorus
69
251864
3390
04:15
to feed our future generations?
70
255254
2870
04:19
So, in order to understand these issues, where do we find our phosphorus?
71
259134
4082
04:23
Let me explain.
72
263216
1621
04:24
But first, let’s just suppose
73
264997
2577
04:27
that we are using 100 percent of a given dose of phosphorus.
74
267844
4906
04:33
Only 15 percent of this 100 percent goes to the plant. Eighty-five percent is lost.
75
273690
7128
04:42
It goes into the soil, ending its journey in the lakes,
76
282278
3399
04:45
resulting in lakes with extra phosphorus, which leads to the blue algae problem.
77
285947
3726
04:49
So, you’ll see there’s a problem here, something that is illogical.
78
289673
3738
04:53
A hundred percent of the phosphorus is used, but only 15 percent goes to the plant.
79
293411
4089
04:57
You’re going to tell me it’s wasteful.
80
297850
1934
05:00
Yes, it is. What is worse is that it is very expensive.
81
300274
4127
05:04
Nobody wants to throw their money out the window,
82
304401
3382
05:07
but unfortunately that's what is happening here.
83
307783
2340
05:10
Eighty percent of each dose of phosphorus is lost.
84
310513
2806
05:15
Modern agriculture depends on phosphorus.
85
315049
5652
05:20
And because in order to get 15 percent of it to the plant, all the rest is lost,
86
320701
4599
05:25
we have to add more and more.
87
325300
1921
05:27
Now, where will we get this phosphorus from?
88
327221
3374
05:31
Basically, we get it out of mines.
89
331135
3334
05:34
This is the cover of an extraordinary article
90
334989
2247
05:37
published in Nature in 2009,
91
337516
1757
05:39
which really launched the discussion about the phosphorus crisis.
92
339273
3187
05:42
Phosphorus, a nutrient essential to life, which is becoming increasingly scarce,
93
342460
4963
05:47
yet nobody is talking about it.
94
347423
1823
05:49
And everyone agrees: Politicians and scientists are in agreement
95
349246
5864
05:55
that we are headed for a phosphorus crisis.
96
355110
2341
05:57
What you are seeing here is an open-pit mine in the U.S.,
97
357451
3448
06:00
and to give you an idea of the dimensions of this mine,
98
360899
3101
06:04
if you look in the top right-hand corner, the little crane you can see,
99
364000
3554
06:07
that is a giant crane.
100
367554
1465
06:09
So that really puts it into perspective.
101
369369
3034
06:12
So, we get phosphorus from mines.
102
372403
2198
06:14
And if I make a comparison with oil,
103
374601
2448
06:17
there’s an oil crisis, we talk about it, we talk about global warming,
104
377809
3371
06:21
yet we never mention the phosphorus crisis.
105
381180
2024
06:23
To come back to the oil problem, oil is something we can replace.
106
383204
3832
06:27
We can use biofuels, or solar power,
107
387406
4362
06:31
or hydropower, but phosphorus is an essential element,
108
391768
3764
06:35
indispensable to life, and we can’t replace it.
109
395532
3724
06:41
What is the current state of the world's phosphorus reserves?
110
401106
3663
06:44
This graph gives you a rough idea of where we are today.
111
404769
4111
06:48
The black line represents predictions for phosphorus reserves.
112
408880
4651
06:53
In 2030, we’ll reach the peak.
113
413531
2624
06:56
By the end of this century, it will all be gone.
114
416155
3326
06:59
The dotted line shows where we are today.
115
419661
3885
07:03
As you can see, they meet in 2030, I’ll be retired by then.
116
423976
3472
07:08
But we are indeed heading for a major crisis,
117
428658
3569
07:12
and I’d like people to become aware of this problem.
118
432227
3272
07:16
Do we have a solution?
119
436089
1640
07:18
What are we to do? We are faced with a paradox.
120
438449
3112
07:22
Less and less phosphorus will be available.
121
442531
2307
07:25
By 2050 there will be 9 billion of us,
122
445118
3196
07:28
and according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization,
123
448484
6364
07:35
we will need to produce twice as much food in 2050 than we do today.
124
455098
4743
07:39
So, we will have less phosphorus, but we'll need to produce more food.
125
459841
3770
07:44
What should we do?
126
464141
1618
07:46
It truly is a paradoxical situation.
127
466199
2090
07:49
Do we have a solution, or an alternative
128
469029
2748
07:51
which will allow us to optimize phosphorus use?
129
471777
2968
07:54
Remember that 80 percent is destined to be lost.
130
474745
3370
08:00
The solution I'm offering today is one that has existed for a very long time,
131
480365
7304
08:07
even before plants existed on Earth,
132
487669
2398
08:10
and it's a microscopic mushroom that is very mysterious,
133
490407
3478
08:13
very simple, and yet also extremely complex.
134
493885
3508
08:17
I've been fascinated by this little mushroom for over 16 years now.
135
497933
4688
08:22
It has led me to further my research
136
502621
3845
08:26
and to use it as a model for my laboratory research.
137
506466
3370
08:29
This mushroom exists in symbiosis with the roots.
138
509836
3454
08:33
By symbiosis, I mean a bidirectional and mutually beneficial association
139
513550
5387
08:38
which is also called mycorrhiza.
140
518937
3028
08:44
This slide illustrates the elements of a mycorrhiza.
141
524085
3057
08:47
You’re looking at the root of wheat,
142
527142
2265
08:49
one of the world’s most important plants.
143
529407
3344
08:53
Normally, a root will find phosphorus all by itself.
144
533501
2839
08:56
It will go in search of phosphorus,
145
536340
2032
08:58
but only within the one millimeter which surrounds it.
146
538372
3242
09:02
Beyond one millimeter, the root is ineffective.
147
542044
3075
09:05
It cannot go further in its search for phosphorus.
148
545119
2325
09:07
Now, imagine this tiny, microscopic mushroom.
149
547444
2736
09:10
It grows much faster,
150
550180
2261
09:12
and is much better designed to seek out phosphorus.
151
552441
2796
09:15
It can go beyond the root’s one-millimeter scope
152
555237
3379
09:18
to seek out phosphorus.
153
558616
2087
09:20
I haven’t invented anything at all;
154
560703
2056
09:22
it's a biotechnology that has existed for 450 million years.
155
562759
3498
09:26
And over time, this mushroom has evolved and adapted to seek out
156
566257
3913
09:30
even the tiniest trace of phosphorus, and to put it to use,
157
570170
3493
09:33
to make it available to the plant.
158
573663
2333
09:36
What you’re seeing here, in the real world, is a carrot root,
159
576716
3933
09:41
and the mushroom with its very fine filaments.
160
581289
2631
09:43
Looking closer, we can see that this mushroom
161
583920
2407
09:46
is very gentle in its penetration.
162
586327
2087
09:48
It will proliferate between the root's cells,
163
588414
3689
09:52
eventually penetrating a cell
164
592103
3083
09:55
and starting to form a typical arbuscular structure,
165
595596
4684
10:00
which will considerably increase the exchange interface
166
600600
4877
10:05
between the plant and the mushroom.
167
605477
2559
10:08
And it is through this structure that mutual exchanges will occur.
168
608036
3445
10:11
It’s a win-win trade:
169
611481
1636
10:13
I give you phosphorus, and you feed me.
170
613117
2565
10:15
True symbiosis.
171
615992
2270
10:20
Now let's add a mycorrhiza plant
172
620602
2768
10:23
into the diagram I used earlier.
173
623370
3260
10:26
And instead of using a 100 percent dose, I’m going to reduce it to 25 percent.
174
626630
5077
10:31
You’ll see that of this 25 percent, most will benefit the plant,
175
631707
4974
10:36
more than 90 percent.
176
636681
1556
10:38
A very small amount of phosphorus will remain in the soil.
177
638237
3580
10:41
That's completely natural.
178
641817
2300
10:45
What's more is that in certain cases, we don't even need to add phosphorus.
179
645577
3871
10:49
If you recall the graphs I showed you earlier,
180
649448
2412
10:51
85 percent of phosphorus is lost in the soil,
181
651860
3221
10:55
and the plants are unable to access it.
182
655081
3245
10:58
Even though it is present in the soil, it is in insoluble form.
183
658326
3808
11:02
The plant is only able to seek out soluble forms.
184
662134
3010
11:05
The mushroom is capable of dissolving this insoluble form
185
665144
3812
11:08
and making it available for the plant to use.
186
668956
3441
11:12
To further support my argument, here is a picture that speaks for itself.
187
672397
3551
11:15
These are trials in a field of sorghum.
188
675948
3888
11:19
On the left side, you see the yield produced using conventional agriculture,
189
679836
4512
11:24
with a 100 percent phosphorus dose.
190
684348
2582
11:27
On the other side, the dose was reduced to 50 percent,
191
687090
3213
11:30
and just look at the yield.
192
690303
1533
11:31
With only a half-dose, we achieved a better yield.
193
691836
5581
11:37
This is to show you that this method works.
194
697417
4830
11:42
And in some cases, in Cuba, Mexico and India,
195
702247
4569
11:46
the dose can be reduced to 25 percent, and in several other cases,
196
706816
3287
11:50
there's no need to add any phosphorus at all,
197
710103
2154
11:52
because the mushrooms are so well adapted
198
712257
2444
11:54
to finding phosphorus and drawing it from the soil.
199
714701
2736
11:57
This is an example of soy production in Canada.
200
717897
4518
12:03
Mycorrhiza was used in one field but not in the other.
201
723735
6942
12:11
And here, where blue indicates a better yield, and yellow a weaker yield.
202
731347
7926
12:20
The black rectangle is the plot
203
740763
2823
12:23
from which the mycorrhiza was added.
204
743586
2383
12:25
In other words, as I already said, I have invented nothing.
205
745969
3368
12:29
Mycorrhiza has existed for 450 million years,
206
749337
2750
12:32
and it has even helped modern-day plant species to diversify.
207
752087
4259
12:36
So, this it isn't something that is still undergoing lab tests.
208
756346
4559
12:40
Mycorrhiza exists, it works,
209
760905
2416
12:43
it's produced at an industrial scale and commercialized worldwide.
210
763321
4439
12:47
The problem is that people are not aware of it.
211
767760
3310
12:51
People like food producers and farmers are still not aware of this problem.
212
771070
3996
12:55
We have a technology that works,
213
775066
2628
12:57
and one that, if used correctly, will alleviate some of the pressure
214
777694
7097
13:04
we are putting on the world's phosphorus reserves.
215
784791
3653
13:09
In conclusion, I am a scientist and a dreamer.
216
789214
4464
13:14
I'm passionate about this topic.
217
794368
1759
13:16
So if you were to ask me what my retirement dream is,
218
796127
3288
13:19
which will be at the moment we reach that phosphorus peak,
219
799415
2826
13:22
it would be that we use one label, "Made with mycorrhiza,"
220
802241
3956
13:26
and that my children and grandchildren
221
806197
2910
13:29
buy products bearing that label too.
222
809107
3008
13:32
Thank you for your attention.
223
812115
1700
13:33
(Applause)
224
813815
2501
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7