A robot that eats pollution | Jonathan Rossiter

138,388 views ใƒป 2017-03-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Hi, I'm an engineer
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ื”ื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืก
00:13
and I make robots.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื.
00:15
Now, of course you all know what a robot is, right?
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:19
If you don't, you'd probably go to Google,
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ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชืœื›ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื’ื•ื’ืœ,
00:21
and you'd ask Google what a robot is.
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ื•ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
00:23
So let's do that.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
00:25
We'll go to Google and this is what we get.
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ื ืœืš ืœื’ื•ื’ืœ ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ.
00:28
Now, you can see here there are lots of different types of robots,
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ื›ืขืช, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื
00:31
but they're predominantly humanoid in structure.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™.
00:35
And they look pretty conventional
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ื•ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื
00:36
because they've got plastic, they've got metal,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืชื›ืช,
00:39
they've got motors and gears and so on.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•'.
00:41
Some of them look quite friendly,
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™
00:43
and you could go up and you could hug them.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื—ื‘ืง ืื•ืชื.
00:45
Some of them not so friendly,
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
00:46
they look like they're straight out of "Terminator,"
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ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฆืื• ื™ืฉืจ ืž"ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช."
00:49
in fact they may well be straight out of "Terminator."
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจ ืž"ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช."
00:51
You can do lots of really cool things with these robots --
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœื” --
00:54
you can do really exciting stuff.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื.
00:56
But I'd like to look at different kinds of robots --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื --
00:59
I want to make different kinds of robots.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:01
And I take inspiration from the things that don't look like us,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืื‘ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
01:04
but look like these.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื”.
01:06
So these are natural biological organisms
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ืฉื”ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
01:09
and they do some really cool things that we can't,
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
01:11
and current robots can't either.
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:14
They do all sorts of great things like moving around on the floor;
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”;
01:17
they go into our gardens and they eat our crops;
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ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•;
01:19
they climb trees;
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ื”ื ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื;
01:20
they go in water, they come out of water;
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ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื;
01:23
they trap insects and digest them.
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ื”ื ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ืžืขื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื.
01:25
So they do really interesting things.
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ืื– ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
01:27
They live, they breathe, they die,
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื, ื”ื ืžืชื™ื,
01:31
they eat things from the environment.
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ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
01:32
Our current robots don't really do that.
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
01:35
Now, wouldn't it be great
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื
01:36
if you could use some of those characteristics in future robots
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื
01:40
so that you could solve some really interesting problems?
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช?
01:43
I'm going to look at a couple of problems now in the environment
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
01:46
where we can use the skills and the technologies
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
01:48
derived from these animals
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ืฉื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื”
01:51
and from the plants,
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ื•ืžื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
01:52
and we can use them to solve those problems.
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
01:54
Let's have a look at two environmental problems.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
01:57
They're both of our making --
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ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• --
01:59
this is man interacting with the environment
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ื–ื”ื• ืื“ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
02:01
and doing some rather unpleasant things.
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื.
02:04
The first one is to do with the pressure of population.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
02:08
Such is the pressure of population around the world
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ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:10
that agriculture and farming is required to produce more and more crops.
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ืฉื ืฆืจื›ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื
02:14
Now, to do that,
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
02:16
farmers put more and more chemicals onto the land.
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจืงืข.
02:18
They put on fertilizers, nitrates, pesticides --
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ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื“ืฉื ื™ื, ื—ื ืงื•ืช, ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” --
02:21
all sorts of things that encourage the growth of the crops,
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ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
02:25
but there are some negative impacts.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
02:27
One of the negative impacts is if you put lots of fertilizer on the land,
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ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข
02:30
not all of it goes into the crops.
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
02:33
Lots of it stays in the soil,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื ื• ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื“ืžื”,
02:35
and then when it rains,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื,
02:37
these chemicals go into the water table.
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ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืืœื” ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืคืœืก ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื.
02:39
And in the water table,
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ื•ื‘ืžืคืœืก ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื,
02:41
then they go into streams, into lakes, into rivers
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ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื ื—ืœื™ื, ืœืื’ืžื™ื, ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช
02:44
and into the sea.
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ื•ืœื™ื.
02:46
Now, if you put all of these chemicals, these nitrates,
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ืื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืืช ื”ื—ื ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:48
into those kinds of environments,
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ืœืชื•ืš ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืืœื”.
02:50
there are organisms in those environments that will be affected by that --
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื™ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžื›ืš --
02:54
algae, for example.
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ืืฆื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ.
02:55
Algae loves nitrates, it loves fertilizer,
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ืืฆื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื ืงื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉืŸ,
02:58
so it will take in all these chemicals,
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ื™ืกืคื’ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:00
and if the conditions are right, it will mass produce.
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ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช.
03:03
It will produce masses and masses of new algae.
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืืฆื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
03:05
That's called a bloom.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืคืจื™ื—ื”.
03:07
The trouble is that when algae reproduces like this,
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ื”ืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืฆื•ืช ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš,
03:10
it starves the water of oxygen.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
03:13
As soon as you do that,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
03:14
the other organisms in the water can't survive.
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ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
03:17
So, what do we do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
03:19
We try to produce a robot that will eat the algae,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช,
03:23
consume it and make it safe.
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ื™ืฆืจื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช.
03:25
So that's the first problem.
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ืื– ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
03:27
The second problem is also of our making,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•.
03:30
and it's to do with oil pollution.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืœืงื™ื.
03:32
Now, oil comes out of the engines that we use,
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ื”ื“ืœืง ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื ื•,
03:36
the boats that we use.
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ืžื”ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:37
Sometimes tankers flush their oil tanks into the sea,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืงื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื,
03:40
so oil is released into the sea that way.
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ื›ืš ื ืฉืคืš ื“ืœืง ืœื™ื.
03:43
Wouldn't it be nice if we could treat that in some way
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
03:45
using robots that could eat the pollution the oil fields have produced?
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜?
03:50
So that's what we do.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
03:52
We make robots that will eat pollution.
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ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
03:55
To actually make the robot,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜,
03:57
we take inspiration from two organisms.
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ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
04:00
On the right there you see the basking shark.
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืขืฆื.
04:02
The basking shark is a massive shark.
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ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืขื ืง.
04:04
It's noncarnivorous, so you can swim with it,
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ืืชื•.
04:07
as you can see.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
04:08
And the basking shark opens its mouth,
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ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืขื ืง ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืคื™ื•,
04:10
and it swims through the water, collecting plankton.
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ื•ืฉื•ื—ื” ื‘ืžื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ
04:14
As it does that, it digests the food,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืžืขื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
04:16
and then it uses that energy in its body to keep moving.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื•ืข.
04:21
So, could we make a robot like that --
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื›ื–ื” --
04:23
like the basking shark that chugs through the water
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืขืฆื ืฉื—ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื
04:25
and eats up pollution?
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ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื?
04:27
Well, let's see if we can do that.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืจืื” ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
04:29
But also, we take the inspiration from other organisms.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”, ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:32
I've got a picture here of a water boatman,
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ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจืื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
04:34
and the water boatman is really cute.
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ื•ืกื™ืจืื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืžื•ื“.
04:36
When it's swimming in the water,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ื” ื‘ืžื™ื,
04:38
it uses its paddle-like legs to push itself forward.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
04:41
So we take those two organisms
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:43
and we combine them together to make a new kind of robot.
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ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:47
In fact, because we're using the water boatman as inspiration,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจืื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื›ื”ืฉืจืื”,
04:50
and our robot sits on top of the water,
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื,
04:53
and it rows,
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ื•ื—ื•ืชืจ,
04:54
we call it the "Row-bot."
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ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” "ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜" (ื‘ื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืชืจ.)
04:56
So a Row-bot is a robot that rows.
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ืื– ื”"ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜" ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉื—ื•ืชืจ.
05:00
OK. So what does it look like?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”?
05:03
Here's some pictures of the Row-bot,
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜.
05:05
and you'll see,
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ื•ืชืจืื•,
05:06
it doesn't look anything like the robots we saw right at the beginning.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
05:09
Google is wrong; robots don't look like that,
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ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื˜ื•ืขื”: ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืš,
05:11
they look like this.
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ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
05:13
So I've got the Row-bot here.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ ื›ืืŸ.
05:14
I'll just hold it up for you.
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ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
05:16
It gives you a sense of the scale,
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื”,
05:17
and it doesn't look anything like the others.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:20
OK, so it's made out of plastic,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
05:21
and we'll have a look now at the components
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ื•ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
05:23
that make up the Row-bot --
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ืžื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ --
05:25
what makes it really special.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืื•ืชื•.
05:27
The Row-bot is made up of three parts,
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ื”ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื,
05:30
and those three parts are really like the parts of any organism.
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ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื.
05:33
It's got a brain,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ื—,
05:35
it's got a body
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื•ืฃ
05:36
and it's got a stomach.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงื™ื‘ื”.
05:39
It needs the stomach to create the energy.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืงื™ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:41
Any Row-bot will have those three components,
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ืœื›ืœ ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:43
and any organism will have those three components,
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:46
so let's go through them one at a time.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“.
05:48
It has a body,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื•ืฃ,
05:49
and its body is made out of plastic,
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
05:51
and it sits on top of the water.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื.
05:53
And it's got flippers on the side here --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ -
05:56
paddles that help it move,
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ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื˜,
05:57
just like the water boatman.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืจืื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
06:00
It's got a plastic body,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืคืœืกื˜ื™,
06:01
but it's got a soft rubber mouth here,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื” ืžื’ื•ืžื™ ืจืš, ื›ืืŸ
06:04
and a mouth here -- it's got two mouths.
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ื•ืคื” ื›ืืŸ -- ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ื•ืช.
06:06
Why does it have two mouths?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ื•ืช?
06:07
One is to let the food go in
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ืก,
06:09
and the other is to let the food go out.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืืช
06:11
So you can see really it's got a mouth and a derriere,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืคื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื
06:14
or a --
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ืื• -
06:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:17
something where the stuff comes out,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืฆื,
06:18
which is just like a real organism.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืืžื™ืชื™.
06:20
So it's starting to look like that basking shark.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืขืฆื.
06:23
So that's the body.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
06:24
The second component might be the stomach.
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ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”.
06:28
We need to get the energy into the robot and we need to treat the pollution,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
06:32
so the pollution goes in,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื›ื ืก
06:33
and it will do something.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื•.
06:35
It's got a cell in the middle here called a microbial fuel cell.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื ื“ืœืง ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™.
06:38
I'll put this down, and I'll lift up the fuel cell.
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ืื ื™ ืื ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืืจื™ื ืืช ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง.
06:42
Here. So instead of having batteries,
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ื›ืืŸ, ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช,
06:43
instead of having a conventional power system,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื— ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช,
06:46
it's got one of these.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”.
06:47
This is its stomach.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”.
06:48
And it really is a stomach
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืงื™ื‘ื”,
06:49
because you can put energy in this side in the form of pollution,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
06:53
and it creates electricity.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
06:55
So what is it?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื”?
06:56
It's called a microbial fuel cell.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืชื ื“ืœืง ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™.
06:57
It's a little bit like a chemical fuel cell,
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืชื ื“ืœืง ื›ื™ืžื™,
07:00
which you might have come across in school,
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
07:02
or you might've seen in the news.
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
07:03
Chemical fuel cells take hydrogen and oxygen,
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ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
07:05
and they can combine them together and you get electricity.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ.
07:08
That's well-established technology; it was in the Apollo space missions.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘; ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื•.
07:12
That's from 40, 50 years ago.
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ื–ื” ืžืœืคื ื™ 40, 50 ืฉื ื”.
07:14
This is slightly newer.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
07:15
This is a microbial fuel cell.
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ื–ื” ืชื ื“ืœืง ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™.
07:17
It's the same principle:
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ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ:
07:18
it's got oxygen on one side,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
07:19
but instead of having hydrogen on the other,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ,
07:21
it's got some soup,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืจืง,
07:23
and inside that soup there are living microbes.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจืง ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:26
Now, if you take some organic material --
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ืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ --
07:28
could be some waste products, some food,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
07:31
maybe a bit of your sandwich --
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ื›ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื›ื --
07:32
you put it in there, the microbes will eat that food,
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ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื, ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
07:35
and they will turn it into electricity.
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ื•ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืฉืžืœ.
07:38
Not only that, but if you select the right kind of microbes,
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ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
07:41
you can use the microbial fuel cell to treat some of the pollution.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
07:46
If you choose the right microbes,
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ืื ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
07:47
the microbes will eat the algae.
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ื”ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช.
07:50
If you use other kinds of microbes,
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ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
07:52
they will eat petroleum spirits and crude oil.
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ื”ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ื ืคื˜, ื›ื•ื”ืœ ืืชื™ืœื™, ื•ืฉืžืŸ ื’ื•ืœืžื™.
07:56
So you can see how this stomach could be used
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช
07:59
to not only treat the pollution
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ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื
08:02
but also to generate electricity from the pollution.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
08:06
So the robot will move through the environment,
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ืื– ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื™ื ื•ืข ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
08:09
taking food into its stomach,
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ื™ื›ื ื™ืก ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”,
08:11
digest the food, create electricity,
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ื™ืขื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
08:13
use that electricity to move through the environment
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ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
08:16
and keep doing this.
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ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:17
OK, so let's see what happens when we run the Row-bot --
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ -
08:20
when it does some rowing.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ืชื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช.
08:22
Here we've got a couple of videos,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ืขื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•,
08:24
the first thing you'll see -- hopefully you can see here
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจืื• - ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
08:26
is the mouth open.
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ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืคื” ื ืืชื—.
08:28
The front mouth and the bottom mouth open,
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ื”ืคื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ื•ื”ืคื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื,
08:31
and it will stay opened enough,
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ื•ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื,
08:32
then the robot will start to row forward.
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ืื– ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
08:34
It moves through the water
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ื”ื•ื ื ืข ื‘ืžื™ื
08:35
so that food goes in as the waste products go out.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
08:39
Once it's moved enough,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืข ื ืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ,
08:40
it stops and then it closes the mouth --
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืกื™ืง ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื” -
08:43
slowly closes the mouths --
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ืœืื˜ ืกื•ื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื•ืช --
08:45
and then it will sit there,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื,
08:47
and it will digest the food.
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ื•ื™ืขื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
08:49
Of course these microbial fuel cells,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:52
they contain microbes.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
08:53
What you really want is lots of energy
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
08:55
coming out of those microbes as quickly as possible.
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ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
08:58
But we can't force the microbes
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืคื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขืœื™ื”ื
08:59
and they generate a small amount of electricity per second.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
09:02
They generate milliwatts, or microwatts.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ืœื™-ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ื
09:06
Let's put that into context.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืงืฉืจ.
09:08
Your mobile phone for example,
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืžืฉืœ,
09:09
one of these modern ones,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
09:11
if you use it, it takes about one watt.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขืจืš ื•ืื˜ ืื—ื“.
09:13
So that's a thousand or a million times as much energy that that uses
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืคื™ ืืœืฃ ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ , ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
09:17
compared to the microbial fuel cell.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชื ื“ืœืง ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™.
09:19
How can we cope with that?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”?
09:21
Well, when the Row-bot has done its digestion,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ ืขื™ื›ืœ,
09:24
when it's taken the food in,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื”,
09:25
it will sit there and it will wait until it has consumed all that food.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื•ื™ื—ื›ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขื›ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
09:29
That could take some hours, it could take some days.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื.
09:32
A typical cycle for the Row-bot looks like this:
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ ื ืจืื” ื›ืš:
09:36
you open your mouth,
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ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืคื”,
09:37
you move,
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ื–ื–,
09:38
you close your mouth
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ืกื•ื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื”
09:40
and you sit there for a while waiting.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื•ืžื—ื›ื”.
09:42
Once you digest your food,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
09:43
then you can go about doing the same thing again.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
09:46
But you know what, that looks like a real organism, doesn't it?
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืืžื™ืชื™, ืœื ื›ืŸ?
09:49
It looks like the kind of thing we do.
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09:51
Saturday night, we go out, open our mouths,
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ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื, ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื•ืช,
09:53
fill our stomachs,
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ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
09:54
sit in front of the telly and digest.
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืžืขื›ืœื™ื.
09:57
When we've had enough, we do the same thing again.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื‘.
10:00
OK, if we're lucky with this cycle,
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ืื ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
10:03
at the end of the cycle we'll have enough energy left over
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
10:06
for us to be able to do something else.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
10:08
We could send a message, for example.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืกืจื•ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ.
10:10
We could send a message saying,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืžืจ,
10:12
"This is how much pollution I've eaten recently,"
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" ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉืื›ืœืชื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”"
10:14
or, "This is the kind of stuff that I've encountered,"
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ืื•, "ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื”ื."
10:17
or, "This is where I am."
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ืื• "ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื."
10:19
That ability to send a message saying, "This is where I am,"
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื”"ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื".
10:22
is really, really important.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
10:24
If you think about the oil slicks that we saw before,
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ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื,
10:27
or those massive algal blooms,
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ืื• ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืคืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืืฆื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช,
10:28
what you really want to do is put your Row-bot out there,
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜,
10:31
and it eats up all of those pollutions,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืื›ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:33
and then you have to go collect them.
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ื•ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื.
10:35
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
10:37
Because these Row-bots at the moment,
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ื›ื™ ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ื›ืจื’ืข,
10:38
this Row-bot I've got here,
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ื”ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ,
10:40
it contains motors, it contains wires,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื,
10:42
it contains components which themselves are not biodegradable.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื›ืœื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื.
10:45
Current Row-bots contain things like toxic batteries.
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ื”ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช.
10:48
You can't leave those in the environment,
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
10:50
so you need to track them,
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ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื,
10:51
and then when they've finished their job of work,
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ื•ืื–, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
10:54
you need to collect them.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื.
10:55
That limits the number of Row-bots you can use.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
10:57
If, on the other hand,
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ืื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
10:59
you have robot a little bit like a biological organism,
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
11:02
when it comes to the end of its life,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื•,
11:04
it dies and it degrades to nothing.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืช,ืžืชืคืจืง ื•ื ืขืœื.
11:06
So wouldn't it be nice if these robots,
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ืื–, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ืื ืจื•ืื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœื”,
11:09
instead of being like this, made out of plastic,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
11:11
were made out of other materials,
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ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
11:13
which when you throw them out there,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
11:14
they biodegrade to nothing?
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ื”ื ืžืชื›ืœื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™?
11:16
That changes the way in which we use robots.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื.
11:18
Instead of putting 10 or 100 out into the environment,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” 10 ืื• 100 ืžื”ื,
11:21
having to track them,
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ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื,
11:23
and then when they die,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื,
11:24
collect them,
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ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื,
11:25
you could put a thousand,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืœืฃ,
11:27
a million, a billion robots into the environment.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
11:30
Just spread them around.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืคื–ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
11:31
You know that at the end of their lives, they're going to degrade to nothing.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื”ื ื™ืชืคืจืงื• ื•ื™ืชื›ืœื•.
11:35
You don't need to worry about them.
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ื’ืœืœื.
11:37
So that changes the way in which you think about robots
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื
11:39
and the way you deploy them.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื.
11:41
Then the question is: Can you do this?
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
11:43
Well, yes, we have shown that you can do this.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
11:45
You can make robots which are biodegradable.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื›ืœื™ื.
11:47
What's really interesting is you can use household materials
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื
11:50
to make these biodegradable robots.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
11:52
I'll show you some; you might be surprised.
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื—ื“ื™ื; ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื.
11:54
You can make a robot out of jelly.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžื’'ืœื™.
11:57
Instead of having a motor, which we have at the moment,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข,
12:00
you can make things called artificial muscles.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
12:02
Artificial muscles are smart materials,
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ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
12:05
you apply electricity to them,
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ืืชื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ืฉืžืœ,
12:06
and they contract, or they bend or they twist.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื, ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ืคืคื™ื ืื• ืžืชืคืชืœื™ื.
12:08
They look like real muscles.
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ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
12:11
So instead of having a motor, you have these artificial muscles.
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื ื•ืข, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
12:14
And you can make artificial muscles out of jelly.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžื’'ืœื™.
12:17
If you take some jelly and some salts,
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ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืงืฆืช ื’'ืœื™ ื•ืงืฆืช ืžืœื—,
12:19
and do a bit of jiggery-pokery,
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ื•ืชืขืฉื• ืงืฆืช ื”ื•ืงื•ืก-ืคื•ืงื•ืก,
12:20
you can make an artificial muscle.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
12:22
We've also shown you can make the microbial fuel cell's stomach
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ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ื’ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืงื™ื‘ืช ืชื ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™
12:26
out of paper.
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ืžื ื™ื™ืจ.
12:27
So you could make the whole robot out of biodegradable materials.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืชื›ืœื™ื.
12:31
You throw them out there, and they degrade to nothing.
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ืืชื ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืฉื ื•ื”ื ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื ื•ืžืชื›ืœื™ื.
12:35
Well, this is really, really exciting.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช, ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžืžืฉ.
12:37
It's going to totally change the way in which we think about robots,
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ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื,
12:40
but also it allows you to be really creative
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื
12:42
in the way in which you think about what you can do with these robots.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
12:46
I'll give you an example.
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
12:47
If you can use jelly to make a robot --
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’'ืœื™ --
12:50
now, we eat jelly, right?
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื’'ืœื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
12:51
So, why not make something like this?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”?
12:54
A robot gummy bear.
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ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื“ื•ื‘ ืžื’ื•ืžื™.
12:56
Here, I've got some I prepared earlier.
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ื”ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื ืชื™ ืžืจืืฉ.
12:59
There we go. I've got a packet --
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ื”ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” --
13:02
and I've got a lemon-flavored one.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ
13:05
I'll take this gummy bear -- he's not robotic, OK?
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ืื ื™ ืืงื— ืืช ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ื–ื” -- ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
13:08
We have to pretend.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื.
13:09
And what you do with one of these is you put it in your mouth --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”, ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคื” ืฉืœื›ื --
13:12
the lemon's quite nice.
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ื”ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื ืขื™ื.
13:14
Try not to chew it too much, it's a robot, it may not like it.
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ื ืกื• ืœื ืœืœืขื•ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™, ื–ื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื•.
13:18
And then you swallow it.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
13:20
And then it goes into your stomach.
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื›ื ืœืงื™ื‘ื”
13:22
And when it's inside your stomach, it moves, it thinks, it twists, it bends,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ื•ื ื ืข, ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืžืชืคืชืœ, ืžืชื›ื•ืคืฃ
13:26
it does something.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื•.
13:27
It could go further down into your intestines,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
13:29
find out whether you've got some ulcer or cancer,
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ืœื‘ืจืจ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
13:32
maybe do an injection, something like that.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืง ืœื›ื, ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”,
13:34
You know that once it's done its job of work,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคืขื ืื—ืช
13:37
it could be consumed by your stomach,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื•ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
13:39
or if you don't want that,
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ืื• ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื–ื”,
13:41
it could go straight through you,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื›ื
13:42
into the toilet,
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ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื.
13:44
and be degraded safely in the environment.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
13:46
So this changes the way, again, in which we think about robots.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื.
13:50
So, we started off looking at robots that would eat pollution,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
13:54
and then we're looking at robots which we can eat.
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ื•ืื– ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
13:57
I hope this gives you some idea
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
13:59
of the kinds of things we can do with future robots.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
14:03
Thank you very much for your attention.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘.
14:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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