A robot that eats pollution | Jonathan Rossiter

138,267 views ・ 2017-03-15

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:12
Hi, I'm an engineer
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and I make robots.
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Now, of course you all know what a robot is, right?
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If you don't, you'd probably go to Google,
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and you'd ask Google what a robot is.
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So let's do that.
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We'll go to Google and this is what we get.
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Now, you can see here there are lots of different types of robots,
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but they're predominantly humanoid in structure.
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And they look pretty conventional
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because they've got plastic, they've got metal,
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they've got motors and gears and so on.
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Some of them look quite friendly,
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and you could go up and you could hug them.
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Some of them not so friendly,
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they look like they're straight out of "Terminator,"
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in fact they may well be straight out of "Terminator."
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You can do lots of really cool things with these robots --
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you can do really exciting stuff.
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But I'd like to look at different kinds of robots --
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I want to make different kinds of robots.
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And I take inspiration from the things that don't look like us,
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but look like these.
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So these are natural biological organisms
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and they do some really cool things that we can't,
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and current robots can't either.
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They do all sorts of great things like moving around on the floor;
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they go into our gardens and they eat our crops;
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they climb trees;
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they go in water, they come out of water;
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they trap insects and digest them.
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So they do really interesting things.
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They live, they breathe, they die,
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they eat things from the environment.
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Our current robots don't really do that.
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Now, wouldn't it be great
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if you could use some of those characteristics in future robots
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so that you could solve some really interesting problems?
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I'm going to look at a couple of problems now in the environment
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where we can use the skills and the technologies
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derived from these animals
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and from the plants,
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and we can use them to solve those problems.
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Let's have a look at two environmental problems.
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They're both of our making --
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this is man interacting with the environment
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and doing some rather unpleasant things.
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The first one is to do with the pressure of population.
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Such is the pressure of population around the world
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that agriculture and farming is required to produce more and more crops.
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Now, to do that,
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farmers put more and more chemicals onto the land.
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They put on fertilizers, nitrates, pesticides --
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all sorts of things that encourage the growth of the crops,
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but there are some negative impacts.
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One of the negative impacts is if you put lots of fertilizer on the land,
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not all of it goes into the crops.
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Lots of it stays in the soil,
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and then when it rains,
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these chemicals go into the water table.
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And in the water table,
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then they go into streams, into lakes, into rivers
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and into the sea.
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Now, if you put all of these chemicals, these nitrates,
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into those kinds of environments,
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there are organisms in those environments that will be affected by that --
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algae, for example.
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Algae loves nitrates, it loves fertilizer,
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so it will take in all these chemicals,
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and if the conditions are right, it will mass produce.
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It will produce masses and masses of new algae.
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That's called a bloom.
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The trouble is that when algae reproduces like this,
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it starves the water of oxygen.
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As soon as you do that,
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the other organisms in the water can't survive.
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So, what do we do?
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We try to produce a robot that will eat the algae,
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consume it and make it safe.
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So that's the first problem.
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The second problem is also of our making,
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and it's to do with oil pollution.
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Now, oil comes out of the engines that we use,
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the boats that we use.
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Sometimes tankers flush their oil tanks into the sea,
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so oil is released into the sea that way.
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Wouldn't it be nice if we could treat that in some way
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using robots that could eat the pollution the oil fields have produced?
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So that's what we do.
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We make robots that will eat pollution.
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To actually make the robot,
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we take inspiration from two organisms.
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On the right there you see the basking shark.
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The basking shark is a massive shark.
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It's noncarnivorous, so you can swim with it,
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as you can see.
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And the basking shark opens its mouth,
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and it swims through the water, collecting plankton.
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As it does that, it digests the food,
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and then it uses that energy in its body to keep moving.
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So, could we make a robot like that --
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like the basking shark that chugs through the water
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and eats up pollution?
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Well, let's see if we can do that.
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But also, we take the inspiration from other organisms.
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I've got a picture here of a water boatman,
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and the water boatman is really cute.
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When it's swimming in the water,
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it uses its paddle-like legs to push itself forward.
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So we take those two organisms
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and we combine them together to make a new kind of robot.
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In fact, because we're using the water boatman as inspiration,
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and our robot sits on top of the water,
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and it rows,
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we call it the "Row-bot."
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So a Row-bot is a robot that rows.
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OK. So what does it look like?
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Here's some pictures of the Row-bot,
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and you'll see,
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it doesn't look anything like the robots we saw right at the beginning.
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Google is wrong; robots don't look like that,
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they look like this.
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So I've got the Row-bot here.
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I'll just hold it up for you.
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It gives you a sense of the scale,
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and it doesn't look anything like the others.
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OK, so it's made out of plastic,
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and we'll have a look now at the components
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that make up the Row-bot --
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what makes it really special.
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The Row-bot is made up of three parts,
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and those three parts are really like the parts of any organism.
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It's got a brain,
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it's got a body
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and it's got a stomach.
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It needs the stomach to create the energy.
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Any Row-bot will have those three components,
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and any organism will have those three components,
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so let's go through them one at a time.
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It has a body,
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and its body is made out of plastic,
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and it sits on top of the water.
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And it's got flippers on the side here --
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paddles that help it move,
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just like the water boatman.
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It's got a plastic body,
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but it's got a soft rubber mouth here,
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and a mouth here -- it's got two mouths.
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Why does it have two mouths?
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One is to let the food go in
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and the other is to let the food go out.
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So you can see really it's got a mouth and a derriere,
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or a --
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(Laughter)
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something where the stuff comes out,
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which is just like a real organism.
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So it's starting to look like that basking shark.
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So that's the body.
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The second component might be the stomach.
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We need to get the energy into the robot and we need to treat the pollution,
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so the pollution goes in,
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and it will do something.
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It's got a cell in the middle here called a microbial fuel cell.
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I'll put this down, and I'll lift up the fuel cell.
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Here. So instead of having batteries,
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instead of having a conventional power system,
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it's got one of these.
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This is its stomach.
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And it really is a stomach
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because you can put energy in this side in the form of pollution,
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and it creates electricity.
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So what is it?
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It's called a microbial fuel cell.
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It's a little bit like a chemical fuel cell,
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which you might have come across in school,
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or you might've seen in the news.
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Chemical fuel cells take hydrogen and oxygen,
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and they can combine them together and you get electricity.
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That's well-established technology; it was in the Apollo space missions.
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That's from 40, 50 years ago.
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This is slightly newer.
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This is a microbial fuel cell.
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It's the same principle:
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it's got oxygen on one side,
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but instead of having hydrogen on the other,
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it's got some soup,
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and inside that soup there are living microbes.
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Now, if you take some organic material --
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could be some waste products, some food,
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maybe a bit of your sandwich --
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you put it in there, the microbes will eat that food,
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and they will turn it into electricity.
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Not only that, but if you select the right kind of microbes,
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you can use the microbial fuel cell to treat some of the pollution.
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If you choose the right microbes,
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the microbes will eat the algae.
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If you use other kinds of microbes,
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they will eat petroleum spirits and crude oil.
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So you can see how this stomach could be used
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to not only treat the pollution
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but also to generate electricity from the pollution.
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So the robot will move through the environment,
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taking food into its stomach,
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digest the food, create electricity,
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use that electricity to move through the environment
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and keep doing this.
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OK, so let's see what happens when we run the Row-bot --
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when it does some rowing.
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Here we've got a couple of videos,
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the first thing you'll see -- hopefully you can see here
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is the mouth open.
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The front mouth and the bottom mouth open,
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and it will stay opened enough,
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then the robot will start to row forward.
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It moves through the water
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so that food goes in as the waste products go out.
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Once it's moved enough,
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it stops and then it closes the mouth --
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slowly closes the mouths --
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and then it will sit there,
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and it will digest the food.
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Of course these microbial fuel cells,
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they contain microbes.
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What you really want is lots of energy
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coming out of those microbes as quickly as possible.
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But we can't force the microbes
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and they generate a small amount of electricity per second.
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They generate milliwatts, or microwatts.
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Let's put that into context.
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Your mobile phone for example,
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one of these modern ones,
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if you use it, it takes about one watt.
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So that's a thousand or a million times as much energy that that uses
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compared to the microbial fuel cell.
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How can we cope with that?
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Well, when the Row-bot has done its digestion,
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when it's taken the food in,
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it will sit there and it will wait until it has consumed all that food.
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That could take some hours, it could take some days.
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A typical cycle for the Row-bot looks like this:
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you open your mouth,
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you move,
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you close your mouth
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and you sit there for a while waiting.
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Once you digest your food,
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then you can go about doing the same thing again.
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But you know what, that looks like a real organism, doesn't it?
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It looks like the kind of thing we do.
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Saturday night, we go out, open our mouths,
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fill our stomachs,
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sit in front of the telly and digest.
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When we've had enough, we do the same thing again.
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OK, if we're lucky with this cycle,
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at the end of the cycle we'll have enough energy left over
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for us to be able to do something else.
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We could send a message, for example.
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We could send a message saying,
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"This is how much pollution I've eaten recently,"
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or, "This is the kind of stuff that I've encountered,"
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or, "This is where I am."
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That ability to send a message saying, "This is where I am,"
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is really, really important.
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If you think about the oil slicks that we saw before,
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or those massive algal blooms,
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what you really want to do is put your Row-bot out there,
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and it eats up all of those pollutions,
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and then you have to go collect them.
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Why?
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Because these Row-bots at the moment,
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this Row-bot I've got here,
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it contains motors, it contains wires,
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it contains components which themselves are not biodegradable.
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Current Row-bots contain things like toxic batteries.
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You can't leave those in the environment,
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so you need to track them,
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and then when they've finished their job of work,
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you need to collect them.
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That limits the number of Row-bots you can use.
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If, on the other hand,
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you have robot a little bit like a biological organism,
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when it comes to the end of its life,
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it dies and it degrades to nothing.
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So wouldn't it be nice if these robots,
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instead of being like this, made out of plastic,
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were made out of other materials,
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which when you throw them out there,
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they biodegrade to nothing?
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That changes the way in which we use robots.
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Instead of putting 10 or 100 out into the environment,
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having to track them,
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and then when they die,
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collect them,
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you could put a thousand,
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a million, a billion robots into the environment.
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Just spread them around.
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You know that at the end of their lives, they're going to degrade to nothing.
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You don't need to worry about them.
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So that changes the way in which you think about robots
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and the way you deploy them.
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Then the question is: Can you do this?
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Well, yes, we have shown that you can do this.
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You can make robots which are biodegradable.
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What's really interesting is you can use household materials
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to make these biodegradable robots.
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I'll show you some; you might be surprised.
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You can make a robot out of jelly.
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Instead of having a motor, which we have at the moment,
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you can make things called artificial muscles.
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Artificial muscles are smart materials,
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you apply electricity to them,
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and they contract, or they bend or they twist.
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They look like real muscles.
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So instead of having a motor, you have these artificial muscles.
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And you can make artificial muscles out of jelly.
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If you take some jelly and some salts,
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and do a bit of jiggery-pokery,
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you can make an artificial muscle.
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We've also shown you can make the microbial fuel cell's stomach
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out of paper.
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So you could make the whole robot out of biodegradable materials.
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You throw them out there, and they degrade to nothing.
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Well, this is really, really exciting.
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It's going to totally change the way in which we think about robots,
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but also it allows you to be really creative
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in the way in which you think about what you can do with these robots.
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I'll give you an example.
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If you can use jelly to make a robot --
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now, we eat jelly, right?
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So, why not make something like this?
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A robot gummy bear.
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Here, I've got some I prepared earlier.
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There we go. I've got a packet --
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and I've got a lemon-flavored one.
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I'll take this gummy bear -- he's not robotic, OK?
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We have to pretend.
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And what you do with one of these is you put it in your mouth --
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the lemon's quite nice.
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Try not to chew it too much, it's a robot, it may not like it.
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And then you swallow it.
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And then it goes into your stomach.
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And when it's inside your stomach, it moves, it thinks, it twists, it bends,
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it does something.
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It could go further down into your intestines,
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find out whether you've got some ulcer or cancer,
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maybe do an injection, something like that.
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You know that once it's done its job of work,
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it could be consumed by your stomach,
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or if you don't want that,
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it could go straight through you,
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into the toilet,
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and be degraded safely in the environment.
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So this changes the way, again, in which we think about robots.
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So, we started off looking at robots that would eat pollution,
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and then we're looking at robots which we can eat.
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I hope this gives you some idea
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of the kinds of things we can do with future robots.
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Thank you very much for your attention.
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(Applause)
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About this website

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