Glow-in-the-dark sharks and other stunning sea creatures | David Gruber

495,032 views ใƒป 2016-02-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Liblib Fib
00:12
I'm a marine biologist and an explorer-photographer
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื™ืžื™ ื•ืฆืœื ื—ื•ืงืจ
00:15
with National Geographic,
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ืขื ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง,
00:17
but I want to share a secret.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืกื•ื“.
00:19
This image is totally incorrect,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
00:23
totally incorrect.
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ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
00:25
I see a couple of people crying in the back
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ
00:27
that I've blown their idea of mermaids.
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ืฉื ื™ืคืฆืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื.
00:29
All right, the mermaid is indeed real,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
00:32
but anyone who's gone on a dive
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืฆืœื™ืœื”
00:34
will know that the ocean looks more like this.
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ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
00:37
It's because the ocean is this massive filter,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืœื˜ืจ ืขืฆื•ื,
00:41
and as soon as you start going underwater,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
00:43
you're going to lose your colors,
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ืืชื ืชืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
00:45
and it's going to get dark and blue very quickly.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืš ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”.
00:48
But we're humans -- we're terrestrial mammals.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื -- ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
00:51
And we've got trichromatic vision,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืื™ื” ืชืœืช ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ืช,
00:53
so we see in red, green and blue,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื, ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
00:56
and we're just complete color addicts.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืฆื‘ืข.
00:58
We love eye-popping color,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
01:01
and we try to bring this eye-popping color
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื—ื–ืง ื”ื–ื”
01:03
underwater with us.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ืื™ืชื ื•.
01:05
So there's been a long and sordid history of bringing color underwater,
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ืื– ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืฉืคืœื” ืœืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
01:09
and it starts 88 years ago with Bill Longley and Charles Martin,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ 88 ืฉื ื” ืขื ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื•ื ื’ืœื™ ื•ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:14
who were trying to take the first underwater color photograph.
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ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
01:17
And they're in there with old-school scuba suits,
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ื•ื”ื ืคื” ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ,
01:19
where you're pumping air down to them,
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ืฉื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืื•ื™ืจ ืœืžื˜ื” ืืœื™ื”ื,
01:21
and they've got a pontoon of high-explosive magnesium powder,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื™ืฆื”,
01:27
and the poor people at the surface are not sure
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
01:29
when they're going to pull the string when they've got their frame in focus,
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ืžืชื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืงื•ืก,
01:33
and -- boom! -- a pound of high explosives would go off
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ื•--ื‘ื•ื! -- ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ ื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ
01:36
so they could put a little bit of light underwater
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื
01:39
and get an image like this beautiful hogfish.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื’ืคื™ืฉ ื™ืคื™ืคื”.
01:42
I mean, it's a gorgeous image, but this is not real.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื” ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
01:45
They're creating an artificial environment
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช
01:47
so we can satisfy our own addiction to color.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฆื‘ืข.
01:51
And looking at it the other way, what we've been finding
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช, ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
01:55
is that instead of bringing color underwater with us,
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ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ืื™ืชื ื•,
01:59
that we've been looking at the blue ocean,
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ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
02:01
and it's a crucible of blue,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ,
02:04
and these animals living there for millions of years
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
02:07
have been evolving all sorts of ways to take in that blue light
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ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
02:11
and give off other colors.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:13
And here's just a little sample of what this secret world looks like.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ื ืจืื”.
02:16
It's like an underwater light show.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืคืข ืื•ืจื•ืช ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™.
02:18
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
02:23
Again, what we're seeing here is blue light hitting this image.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืคื” ื–ื” ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:27
These animals are absorbing the blue light
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืกื•ืคื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ
02:29
and immediately transforming this light.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:35
So if you think about it, the ocean is 71 percent of the planet,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื 71 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
02:39
and blue light can extend down to almost a 1,000 meters.
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ื•ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 1,000 ืžื˜ืจ.
02:43
As we go down underwater,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
02:46
after about 10 meters, all the red is gone.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืžื˜ืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื ืขืœื.
02:48
So if you see anything under 10 meters that's red,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœ 10 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ื,
02:51
it's an animal transforming and creating its own red.
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ื–ื• ื—ื™ื” ืฉืžืžื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื“ื•ื ืžืฉืœื”.
02:55
This is the largest single monochromatic blue environment on our planet.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:02
And my gateway into this world of biofluorescence begins with corals.
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ื•ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื• ืคืœื•ืจืกื ืก ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
03:07
And I want to give a full TED Talk on corals
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืชืช ื”ืจืฆืืช TED ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
03:09
and just how cool these things are.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื.
03:11
One of the things that they do, one of their miraculous feats,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืื—ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:14
is they produce lots of these fluorescent proteins,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
03:17
fluorescent molecules.
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:18
And in this coral, it could be making up to 14 percent of its body mass --
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ 14 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžืืกืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ --
03:23
could be this fluorescent protein.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
03:25
So you wouldn't be making, like, 14 percent muscle and not using it,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 14 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื,
03:30
so it's likely doing something that has a functional role.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™.
03:33
And for the last 10, 15 years, this was so special to me,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš 10, 15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™,
03:37
because this molecule has turned out to be one of the most revolutionary tools
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื
03:43
in biomedical science,
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ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื• ืจืคื•ืื”,
03:44
and it's allowing us to better see inside ourselves.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื ื•.
03:49
So, how do I study this?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื–ื”?
03:51
In order to study biofluorescence, we swim at night.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื• ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ ืฉืื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
03:54
And when I started out,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™,
03:56
I was just using these blue duct-tape filters over my strobe,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืœืืฉ ืฉืœื™,
04:00
so I could make sure I'm actually seeing the light
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ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ
04:02
that's being transformed by the animals.
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ืฉื ื”ืคืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
04:04
We're making an exhibit for the Museum of Natural History,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
04:08
and we're trying to show off how great the fluorescent corals are on the reef,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื•ืืจืกื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช,
04:12
and something happened that just blew me away:
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžื ืื•ืชื™:
04:15
this.
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ื–ื”.
04:16
In the middle of our corals,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:18
is this green fluorescent fish.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื’ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ ื™ืจื•ืง,
04:21
It's the first time we've ever seen a green fluorescent fish
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ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ื ื• ื“ื’ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ ื™ืจื•ืง
04:24
or any vertebrate for that matter.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:26
And we're rubbing our eyes, checking the filters,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืคืฉืคื™ื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื˜ืจื™ื,
04:28
thinking that somebody's maybe playing a joke on us with the camera,
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืœื™ ืžืชื‘ื“ื— ืื™ืชื ื• ืขื ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”,
04:31
but the eel was real.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™.
04:33
It was the first green fluorescent eel that we found,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆืื ื•,
04:37
and this just changed my trajectory completely.
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
04:40
So I had to put down my corals and team up
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ื•ื•ืช
04:43
with a fish scientist, John Sparks,
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ืขื ืžื“ืขืŸ ื“ื’ื™ื, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจืงืก,
04:45
and begin a search around the world
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
04:48
to see how prevalent this phenomenon is.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”.
04:51
And fish are much more interesting than corals,
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ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
04:54
because they have really advanced vision,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืงื“ืžืช,
04:56
and some of the fish even have, the way that I was photographing it,
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ื•ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”,
05:00
they have lenses in their eyes that would magnify the fluorescence.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
05:03
So I wanted to seek this out further.
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ืื– ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื•ื“.
05:05
So we designed a new set of gear
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ืื– ืชื›ื ื ื• ืกื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“
05:07
and we're scouring the reefs around the world,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
05:09
looking for fluorescent life.
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ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
05:11
And it's a bit like "E.T. phone home."
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• "ืื™.ื˜ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”."
05:13
We're out there swimming with this blue light,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
05:16
and we're looking for a response,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”,
05:18
for animals to be absorbing the light and transferring this back to us.
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืกื•ืคื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืืœื™ื ื•.
05:22
And eventually, we found our photobombing Kaupichphys eel.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืคืก ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฅ ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
05:26
It's a really shy, reclusive eel that we know almost nothing about.
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ื–ื” ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
05:31
They're only about the size of my finger,
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ื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ,
05:33
and they spend about 99.9 percent of their time hidden under a rock.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 99.9 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืœืข.
05:37
But these eels do come out to mate under full-moon nights,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ืชื—ืช ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืจื— ืžืœืื™ื,
05:42
and that full-moon night translates underwater to blue.
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ื•ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืžืœื ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืจื’ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ.
05:45
Perhaps they're using this as a way to see each other,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืžืชืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
05:48
quickly find each other, mate,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืชื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’,
05:49
go back into their hole for the next long stint of time.
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
05:53
But then we started to find other fluorescent marine life,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:56
like this green fluorescent bream,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื‘ืจื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
05:59
with its, like, racing stripes along its head and its nape,
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ืขื ื”ืคืกื™ื ื”ื›ืื™ืœื• ืจืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœื•,
06:03
and it's almost camouflaged and fluorescing at the same intensity
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขื•ืฆืžื”
06:07
as the fluorescent coral there.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ ืฉื.
06:10
After this fish,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื”,
06:12
we were introduced to this red fluorescent scorpionfish
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ื”ื•ืฆื’ื ื• ืœื“ื’ ื”ืขืงืจื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”
06:16
cloaked and hidden on this rock.
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ืžืกืชื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืข ื”ื–ื”.
06:18
The only time we've ever seen this, it's either on red fluorescent algae
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ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื–ื• ืื• ืขืœ ืืฆื” ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ืช ืื“ื•ืžื”
06:22
or red fluorescent coral.
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ืื• ืขืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ ืื“ื•ื.
06:24
Later, we found this stealthy green fluorescent lizardfish.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ื’ ื”ืœื˜ืื” ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื—ืžืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
06:29
These lizardfish come in many varieties,
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ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืœื˜ืื” ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื,
06:32
and they look almost exactly alike under white light.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ.
06:35
But if you look at them under fluorescent light,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื ืชื—ืช ืื•ืจ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™,
06:37
you see lots of patterns,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช,
06:39
you can really see the differences among them.
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ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื.
06:41
And in total -- we just reported this last year --
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ื•ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ -- ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” --
06:44
we found over 200 species of biofluorescent fish.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 200 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
06:50
One of my inspirations is French artist and biologist Jean Painlevรฉ.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ืฉืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื’'ืืŸ ืคื ืœื‘ื™.
06:56
He really captures this entrepreneuring, creative spirit in biology.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื•ื›ื“ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
07:00
He would design his own gear, make his own cameras,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœื•, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•,
07:03
and he was fascinated with the seahorse, Hippocampus erectus,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืกื ืžืกื•ืก ื”ื™ื, ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก,
07:08
and he filmed for the first time the seahorse giving birth.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืœื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืกื•ืก ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืœื“.
07:12
So this is the male seahorse.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืกื•ืก ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจ.
07:13
They were one of the first fish to start swimming upright
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ืื ื›ื™ืช
07:18
with their brain above their head.
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ืขื ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
07:20
The males give birth,
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืœื“ื™ื,
07:21
just phenomenal creatures.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
07:24
So he stayed awake for days.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืขืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื.
07:26
He even put this electrical visor on his head that would shock him,
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ืžืฉืงืฃ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ืง,
07:29
so he could capture this moment.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข.
07:32
Now, I wish I could have shown Painlevรฉ
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืคื ืœื‘ื™
07:34
the moment where we found biofluorescent seahorses
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ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืกื•ืก ื™ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™
07:38
in the exact same species that he was studying.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืงืจ.
07:40
And here's our footage.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
07:42
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
07:46
They're the most cryptic fish.
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ื”ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
07:47
You could be swimming right on top of them and not see the seahorse.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืกื•ืก ื”ื™ื.
07:52
They would blend right into the algae, which would also fluoresce red,
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ื”ื ื™ืชืžื–ื’ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืืฆื•ืช, ืฉื’ื ื™ืื™ืจื• ื‘ืื“ื•ื,
07:56
but they've got great vision,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”,
07:58
and they go through this long mating ritual,
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื˜ื›ืก ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ื–ื”,
08:00
and perhaps they're using it in that effect.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
08:03
But things got pretty edgy
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ืžืื•ื“ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
08:07
when we found green fluorescence in the stingray,
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ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฆื‘ืข ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ ื™ืจื•ืง ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ืŸ,
08:12
because stingrays are in the Elasmobranch class,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืืœืกืžื•ื‘ืจื ืฅ',
08:15
which includes ...
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ...
08:17
sharks.
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
08:18
So I'm, like, a coral biologist.
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ืื– ืื ื™, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
08:22
Somebody's got to go down and check to see if the sharks are fluorescent.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจื“ืช ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื™ืจื™ื.
08:25
And there I am.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื™.
08:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:28
And I was like, "Maybe I should go back to corals."
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืื™ืœื•, "ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื."
08:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:31
It turns out that these sharks are not fluorescent.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืœื ืžืื™ืจื™ื.
08:35
And then we found it.
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ื•ืื– ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
08:36
In a deep, dark canyon off the coast of California,
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ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื—ืฉื•ืš ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
08:41
we found the first biofluorescent swellshark,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืžืชื ืคื— ื”ื‘ื™ื• ืžืื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
08:46
right underneath all the surfers.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื.
08:48
Here it is.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื.
08:49
They're just about a meter long. It's called a swellshark.
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ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื˜ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืžืชื ืคื—.
08:51
And they call them a swellshark because if they're threatened,
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืชื ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื”ื ืžืื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
08:54
they can gulp down water and blow up like an inner tube,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื’ื•ื ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ืคื— ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
08:57
about twice their size,
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ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื,
08:58
and wedge themselves under a rock, so they don't get eaten by a predator.
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ื•ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืชื—ืช ืกืœืข, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ืื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
09:04
And here is our first footage of these biofluorescent swellsharks.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื• ืžืื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
09:09
Just magnificent -- I mean, they're showing these distinct patterns,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืคื™ืคื” -- ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
09:13
and there are areas that are fluorescent and areas that are not fluorescent,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
09:17
but they've also got these twinkling spots on them
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื ืฆื ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื
09:20
that are much brighter than other parts of the shark.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
09:22
But this is all beautiful to see.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืคื™ืคื” ืœืจืื•ืช.
09:25
I was like, this is gorgeous.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื™ืคื”.
09:27
But what does it mean to the shark?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ืจื™ืฉ?
09:29
Can they see this?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
09:31
And we looked in the literature,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช,
09:32
and nothing was known about this shark's vision.
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ื•ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
09:35
So I took this shark to eye specialist Ellis Loew at Cornell University,
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ืื– ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื™ืก ืœืื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืจื ืœ,
09:40
and we found out that this shark sees discretely and acutely
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืจื•ืื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช
09:43
in the blue-green interface,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ืจื•ืง,
09:45
probably about 100 times better than we can see in the dark,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 100 ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื”,
09:48
but they only see blue-green.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืจืง ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืง.
09:50
So what it's doing is taking this blue world
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
09:53
and it's absorbing the blue, creating green.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ืจื•ืง.
09:56
It's creating contrast that they can indeed see.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื”.
09:59
So we have a model,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ,
10:00
showing that it creates an ability for them to see all these patterns.
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
10:03
And males and females also have, we're finding,
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ื•ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื,
10:06
distinct patterns among them.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ื.
10:09
But our last find came really just a few miles from where we are now,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืืžืช ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
10:14
in the Solomon Islands.
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ื‘ืื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื”.
10:16
Swimming at night, I encountered the first biofluorescent sea turtle.
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ืฉื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื ื™ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ ื™ื ื‘ื™ื• ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™.
10:20
So now it's going from fish and sharks into reptiles,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืœื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื,
10:24
which, again, this is only one month old,
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ืฉืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
10:27
but it shows us that we know almost nothing
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
10:29
about this hawksbill turtle's vision.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจืื™ืช ืฆื‘ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ืฅ.
10:32
And it makes me think about how much more there is to learn.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“.
10:35
And here in the Solomon Islands,
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ื•ืคื” ื‘ืื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื”,
10:36
there's only a few thousand breeding females of this species left,
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ื ืฉืืจื• ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
10:40
and this is one of the hotspots for them.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
10:42
So it shows us how much we need to really protect these animals
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
10:45
while they're still here, and understand them.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื”, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื.
10:47
In thinking about biofluorescence,
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ื‘ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
10:49
I wanted to know, how deep does it go?
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช, ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ืง ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข?
10:51
Does this go all the way to the bottom of the ocean?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก?
10:54
So we started using submarines, and we equipped them
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื•ืฆื™ื™ื“ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ
10:57
with special blue lights on the front here.
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ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ื.
11:00
And we dropped down,
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ื•ื™ืจื“ื ื• ืœืžื˜ื”,
11:02
and we noticed one important thing --
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ --
11:04
that as we get down to 1,000 meters,
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ืฉื›ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืœืขื•ืžืง 1.000 ืžื˜ืจ,
11:08
it drops off.
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ื–ื” ื ืขืœื.
11:09
There's no biofluorescent marine life down there, below 1,000 meters --
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ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื• ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”, ืžืชื—ืช ืœ 1,000 ืžื˜ืจ --
11:13
almost nothing, it's just darkness.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื•ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืฉื›ื”.
11:15
So it's mainly a shallow phenomenon.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจื“ื•ื“ื”.
11:17
And below 1,000 meters,
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ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœื‘ืขืจืš 1,000 ืžื˜ืจ,
11:19
we encountered the bioluminescent zone,
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ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื”,
11:22
where nine out of 10 animals are actually making their own lights
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ืฉื ืชืฉืขื” ืžืชื•ืš 10 ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ
11:25
and flashing and blinking.
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ื•ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื ืฆื ืฆื•ืช.
11:27
As I try to get deeper,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:28
this is slapping on a one-person submarine suit --
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ื–ื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ --
11:31
some people call this my "Jacques Cousteau meets Woody Allen" moment.
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืจื’ืข ื”ื–'ืืง ืงื•ืกื˜ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ื•ื•ื“ื™ ืืœืŸ".
11:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:36
But as we explore down here,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”,
11:38
I was thinking about: How do we interact with life delicately?
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช?
11:42
Because we're entering a new age of exploration,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ,
11:45
where we have to take great care,
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ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
11:46
and we have to set examples how we explore.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื.
11:49
So I've teamed up with roboticist Rob Wood at Harvard University,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ืžืคืชื— ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“,
11:53
and we've been designing squishy underwater robot fingers,
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ื•ืชื›ื ื ื• ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืขื™ื›ื•ืช,
11:58
so we can delicately interact with the marine life down there.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ื ืฉื.
12:01
The idea is that most of our technologies to explore the deep ocean
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
12:06
come from oil and gas and military,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื ืคื˜ ื•ื’ื– ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื,
12:09
who, you know, they're not really caring to be gentle.
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื.
12:11
Some corals could be 1,000 years old.
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ื›ืžื” ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ 1,000 ืฉื ื”.
12:14
You don't want to just go and crush them with a big claw.
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ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืœืžืขื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืขื ืฆื‘ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
12:17
So my dream is something like this.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
12:19
At night, I'm in a submarine,
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฆื•ืœืœืช,
12:22
I have force-feedback gloves,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืคืคื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื•ื—,
12:24
and I could delicately set up a lab in the front of my submarine,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœื™,
12:27
where the squishy robot fingers
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ืฉื ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืขื™ื›ื•ืช
12:30
are delicately collecting and putting things in jars,
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ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ื•ืช,
12:32
and we can conduct our research.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
12:34
Back to the powerful applied applications.
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
12:37
Here, you're looking at a living brain
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ืคื”, ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื™
12:40
that's using the DNA of fluorescent marine creatures,
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ DNA ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
12:43
this one from jellyfish and corals,
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ื–ื” ืžืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
12:45
to illuminate the living brain and see its connections.
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ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•.
12:49
It's funny that we're using RGB
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ RGB
12:50
just to kind of satisfy our own human intuition,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
12:53
so we can see our brains better.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:55
And even more mind-blowing,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
12:57
is my close colleague Vincent Pieribone at Yale,
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ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ ื•ื™ื ืกื ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœ,
13:00
who has actually designed and engineered a fluorescent protein
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื™ืฆื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ืก ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™
13:04
that responds to voltage.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœืžืชื—.
13:06
So he could see when a single neuron fires.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืฉื ื™ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื•ืจื”.
13:09
You're essentially looking at a portal into consciousness
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ืืชื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืจื”
13:14
that was designed by marine creatures.
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ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
13:18
So this brings me all back to perspective and relationship.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
13:22
From deep space,
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ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืขืžื•ืง,
13:25
our universe looks like a human brain cell,
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืชื ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื,
13:28
and then here we are in the deep ocean,
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ื•ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืขืžื•ืง,
13:30
and we're finding marine creatures and cells
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชืื™ื
13:33
that can illuminate the human mind.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
13:35
And it's my hope that with illuminated minds,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉืขื ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืืจื™ื,
13:39
we could ponder the overarching interconnectedness of all life,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชื”ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
13:42
and fathom how much more lies in store
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ื•ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื›ืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื›ื”
13:45
if we keep our oceans healthy.
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ืื ื ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
13:47
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
13:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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