A crash course in organic chemistry | Jakob Magolan

267,759 views ใƒป 2018-07-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I'd like you to ask yourself,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
00:14
what do you feel when you hear the words "organic chemistry?"
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ืžื” ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืžืข ื”ืžืœื™ื "ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช"?
00:18
What comes to mind?
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ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื›ื?
00:20
There is a course offered at nearly every university,
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ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืจืก ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช",
00:24
and it's called Organic Chemistry,
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00:26
and it is a grueling, heavy introduction to the subject,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืชื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
00:30
a flood of content that overwhelms students,
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ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
ื•ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืจื•ืคืื™-ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื
00:33
and you have to ace it if you want to become a doctor or a dentist
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00:37
or a veterinarian.
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ืื• ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจื™ื.
00:38
And that is why so many students perceive this science like this ...
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”...
ื›ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื,
00:44
as an obstacle in their path,
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื•ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืชื•
00:46
and they fear it and they hate it
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ื•ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• "ืงื•ืจืก ืขื™ืฉื•ื‘".
00:48
and they call it a weed-out course.
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00:50
What a cruel thing for a subject to do to young people,
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ื›ืžื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืš ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
ื›ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื ื›ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื›ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
00:53
weed them out.
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00:55
And this perception spread beyond college campuses long ago.
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ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืกื™ื.
ืฉื•ืจืจืช ื—ืจื“ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:59
There is a universal anxiety about these two words.
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01:04
I happen to love this science,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
01:07
and I think this position in which we have placed it
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืกืœื—.
01:09
is inexcusable.
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01:11
It's not good for science, and it's not good for society,
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ื–ื” ืจืข ืœืžื“ืข, ื–ื” ืจืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื”
01:15
and I don't think it has to be this way.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš.
ืœื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืงื•ืจืก ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ. ืœื.
01:18
And I don't mean that this class should be easier. It shouldn't.
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01:23
But your perception of these two words
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:28
should not be defined by the experiences of premed students
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืงื“ื-ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื
ืฉืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืชื•ื—ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
01:33
who frankly are going through a very anxious time of their lives.
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01:37
So I'm here today because I believe
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืืชื™ ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ
ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืœื™ื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช,
01:40
that a basic knowledge of organic chemistry is valuable,
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01:42
and I think that it can be made accessible to everybody,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื,
01:47
and I'd like to prove that to you today.
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ื•ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:49
Would you let me try?
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ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช?
01:51
Audience: Yeah!
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ืงื”ืœ: ื›ืŸ!
01:52
Jakob Magolan: All right, let's go for it.
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ื’'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ ืžืื’ื•ืœืŸ: ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ืœืš ืขืœ ื–ื”.
01:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืžื–ืจืงื™ ื”ืืคื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ื™.
01:57
Here I have one of these overpriced EpiPens.
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02:00
Inside it is a drug called epinephrine.
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ.
02:03
Epinephrine can restart the beat of my heart,
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ื”ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื™,
02:06
or it could stop a life-threatening allergic reaction.
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ืื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืœืจื’ื™ืช ืžืกื›ื ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:08
An injection of this right here will do it.
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ื”ื–ืจืงื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืชืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžืชื’ ื”ื”ืฆืชื”
02:13
It would be like turning the ignition switch
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ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”-ืื•-ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™.
02:15
in my body's fight-or-flight machinery.
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืœื—ืฅ ื“ืžื™ ื™ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ื“ื ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™.
02:17
My heart rate, my blood pressure would go up so blood could rush to my muscles.
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ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ืชืจื—ื‘ื•, ืื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—.
02:21
My pupils would dilate. I would feel a wave of strength.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
02:24
Epinephrine has been the difference between life and death for many people.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื ืก ืงื˜ืŸ.
02:29
This is like a little miracle that you can hold in your fingers.
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02:33
Here is the chemical structure of epinephrine.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ.
02:37
This is what organic chemistry looks like.
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ื›ื›ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช.
02:39
It looks like lines and letters ...
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช...
02:43
No meaning to most people.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื - ื—ืกืจืช-ืคืฉืจ.
02:45
I'd like to show you what I see when I look at that picture.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
02:49
I see a physical object
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืขืฆื ืคื™ื–ื™
ืขื ืขื•ืžืง ื•ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื,
02:53
that has depth and rotating parts,
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02:55
and it's moving.
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ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.
02:58
We call this a compound or a molecule,
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช "ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช" ืื• "ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”",
03:00
and it is 26 atoms that are stitched together by atomic bonds.
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ื•ืืœื” 26 ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™.
03:07
The unique arrangement of these atoms gives epinephrine its identity,
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ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื•,
03:11
but nobody has ever actually seen one of these,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืœื ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•-ืขื™ื ื™ื•,
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื“,
03:14
because they're very small,
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03:15
so we're going to call this an artistic impression,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื” ื›ืืœ ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช,
03:18
and I want to explain to you how small this is.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืงื˜ืŸ.
03:22
In here, I have less than half a milligram of it dissolved in water.
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ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื’ืจื ืžื•ืžืก ื‘ืžื™ื.
03:26
It's the mass of a grain of sand.
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ื–ืืช ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœ.
03:28
The number of epinephrine molecules in here is one quintillion.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
03:33
That's 18 zeroes.
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ืืœื” 18 ืืคืกื™ื.
ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:35
That number is hard to visualize.
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03:37
Seven billion of us on this planet?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”?
03:40
Maybe 400 billion stars in our galaxy?
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ 400 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•?
03:45
You're not even close.
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ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘.
03:46
If you wanted to get into the right ballpark,
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ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœ
03:48
you'd have to imagine every grain of sand
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03:51
on every beach, under all the oceans and lakes,
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[ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขืจืš]
ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฃ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืื’ืžื™ื,
ื•ืื– ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื›ืืŸ.
03:55
and then shrink them all so they fit in here.
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03:59
Epinephrine is so small we will never see it,
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ื”ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ ื›ื” ืงื˜ืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื•,
04:02
not through any microscope ever,
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
04:05
but we know what it looks like,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”,
04:07
because it shows itself through some sophisticated machines
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช
ืขื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืขืฆืขื™ื
04:11
with fancy names
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04:13
like "nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers."
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ื›ืžื• "ืžื“ ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช".
ืื– ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ืื• ืœื, ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช.
04:17
So visible or not, we know this molecule very well.
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04:20
We know it is made of four different types of atoms,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
ืžื™ืžืŸ, ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื—ื ืงืŸ.
04:23
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
04:25
These are the colors we typically use for them.
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04:27
Everything in our universe is made of little spheres
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื".
04:30
that we call atoms.
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04:31
There's about a hundred of these basic ingredients,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ืืœื”,
ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ:
04:34
and they're all made from three smaller particles:
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ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
04:36
protons, neutrons, electrons.
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ืื ื• ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื–ืืช.
04:38
We arrange these atoms into this familiar table.
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04:42
We give them each a name and a number.
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ืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉื ื•ืžืกืคืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื”,
04:45
But life as we know it doesn't need all of these,
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ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชืช-ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื˜ื ื”, ื–ืืช.
04:47
just a smaller subset, just these.
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04:50
And there are four atoms in particular that stand apart from the rest
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ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืชื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ
04:53
as the main building blocks of life,
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ื›ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
ืื•ืชื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ:
04:56
and they are the same ones that are found in epinephrine:
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04:59
hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
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ืžื™ืžืŸ, ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
05:04
Now what I tell you next is the most important part.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:08
When these atoms connect to form molecules,
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ื›ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœืคื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
05:11
they follow a set of rules.
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ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื—ื“,
05:13
Hydrogen makes one bond,
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ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ - ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
05:15
oxygen always makes two,
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ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืฉืจื™ื
05:17
nitrogen makes three
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05:18
and carbon makes four.
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ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ - ืืจื‘ืขื”.
05:20
That's it.
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ื–ื”ื•.
ืžื—ื—"ืค - 1,2,3,4.
05:22
HONC -- one, two, three, four.
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05:25
If you can count to four, and you can misspell the word "honk,"
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ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืขื“ 4 ื•ืžืื™ื™ืชื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืคื—ื",
05:29
you're going to remember this for the rest of your lives.
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ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:32
(Laughter)
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ื”ื ื” ืืจื‘ืข ืงืขืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:34
Now here I have four bowls with these ingredients.
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05:36
We can use these to build molecules.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
05:40
Let's start with epinephrine.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ.
05:43
Now, these bonds between atoms, they're made of electrons.
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ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
05:48
Atoms use electrons like arms to reach out and hold their neighbors.
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ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืื—ื– ื‘ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื.
05:51
Two electrons in each bond, like a handshake,
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ืฉื ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆืช-ื™ื“,
05:53
and like a handshake, they are not permanent.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆืช-ื™ื“, ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืข.
ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืคื•ืช ืžืื˜ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื—ืจ.
05:56
They can let go of one atom and grab another.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช",
05:58
That's what we call a chemical reaction,
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ื›ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื–ื•ื’ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
06:00
when atoms exchange partners and make new molecules.
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ื”ืฉื“ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
06:03
The backbone of epinephrine is made mostly of carbon atoms,
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06:06
and that's common.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ.
06:07
Carbon is life's favorite structural building material,
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ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
06:10
because it makes a good number of handshakes
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ื ืื” ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืฆื•ืช-ื™ื“
06:13
with just the right grip strength.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื•ื–ืง ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:15
That's why we define organic chemistry as the study of carbon molecules.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ื›ื—ืงืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ.
06:20
Now, if we build the smallest molecules we can think of that follow our rules,
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ืื ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
ื”ืŸ ืžืคื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื:
06:25
they highlight our rules, and they have familiar names:
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ืžื™ื, ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืžืชืืŸ:
06:28
water, ammonia and methane, H20 and NH3 and CH4.
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ืžื™ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ื—ื ืงืŸ ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื ื™ ื•ืคื—ืžืŸ ืืจื‘ืข-ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
06:33
The words "hydrogen," "oxygen" and "nitrogen" --
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ื”ืžืœื™ื "ืžื™ืžืŸ", "ื—ืžืฆืŸ" ื•"ื—ื ืงืŸ" -
ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžืœื™ื
06:36
we use the same words
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06:38
to name these three molecules that have two atoms each.
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ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ืช.
ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื,
06:41
They still follow the rules,
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06:42
because they have one, two and three bonds between them.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื.
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื” O2.
06:45
That's why oxygen gets called O2.
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06:48
I can show you combustion.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ืจื”.
06:51
Here's carbon dioxide, CO2.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™, CO2.
06:53
Above it, let's place water and oxygen, and beside it, some flammable fuels.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืžืขืœื™ื• ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืœื™ื“ื• - ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ืœื™ืง ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
06:58
These fuels are made of just hydrogen and carbon.
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ื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื "ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื". ืื ื• ืžืื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.
07:01
That's why we call them hydrocarbons. We're very creative.
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07:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื– ื›ืฉืืœื” ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
07:05
So when these crash into molecules of oxygen,
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07:07
as they do in your engine or in your barbecues,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื ื•ืข ืื• ื‘ืžื ื’ืœ,
ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
07:12
they release energy and they reassemble,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื˜ื•ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
07:14
and every carbon atom ends up at the center of a CO2 molecule,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื—ื– ืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
07:17
holding on to two oxygens,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื,
07:18
and all the hydrogens end up as parts of waters,
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07:20
and everybody follows the rules.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืชื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื.
07:22
They are not optional,
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ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
07:24
and they're not optional for bigger molecules either,
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ื’ื ืœื ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:26
like these three.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœื”.
07:29
This is our favorite vitamin
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื ื• [ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ืกื™],
07:31
sitting next to our favorite drug,
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ืœื™ื“ ื”ืกื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื ื• [ืงืคื”],
07:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:34
and morphine is one of the most important stories in medical history.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™.
07:38
It marks medicine's first real triumph over physical pain,
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
07:41
and every molecule has a story,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืคื•ืจืกืžื•.
07:43
and they are all published.
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07:44
They're written by scientists, and they're read by other scientists,
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ื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื ืงืจืื• ืข"ื™... ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ,
07:48
so we have handy representations to do this quickly on paper,
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07:51
and I need to teach you how to do that.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœืœืžื“ ืืชื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
ืื– ื ืฉื˜ื— ืืช ื”ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ืฃ ื ื™ื™ืจ,
07:53
So we lay epinephrine flat on a page,
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ื•ื ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช,
07:56
and then we replace all the spheres with simple letters,
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07:58
and then the bonds that lie in the plane of the page,
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ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื“ืฃ
08:01
they just become regular lines,
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ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงื•ื•ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”
08:03
and the bonds that point forwards and backwards,
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08:05
they become little triangles,
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ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
08:06
either solid or dashed to indicate depth.
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ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืœื ืื• ืžืงื•ื•ืงื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžืง.
08:09
We don't actually draw these carbons.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื
08:11
We save time by just hiding them.
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ื•ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
08:14
They're represented by corners between the bonds,
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ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื,
ื ืกืชื™ืจ ื’ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืคื—ืžืŸ.
08:18
and we also hide every hydrogen that's bonded to a carbon.
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08:22
We know they're there
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
08:23
whenever a carbon is showing us any fewer than four bonds.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื.
08:27
The last thing that's done is the bonds between OH and NH.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžืŸ-ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื ืงืŸ-ืžื™ืžืŸ.
08:31
We just get rid of those to make it cleaner,
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ื ื™ืคื˜ืจ ื”ื ืœืฉื ื”ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ,
08:33
and that's all there is to it.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืœืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
08:35
This is the professional way to draw molecules.
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08:37
This is what you see on Wikipedia pages.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื™ "ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”".
08:42
It takes a little bit of practice, but I think everyone here could do it,
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืงืฆืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ืš,
08:46
but for today, this is epinephrine.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ.
08:49
This is also called adrenaline. They're one and the same.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื™ ื’ื "ืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ", ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
08:52
It's made by your adrenal glands.
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ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืจื ืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
08:54
You have this molecule swimming through your body right now.
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื—ื” ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื.
08:57
It's a natural molecule.
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ื–ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
08:59
This EpiPen would just give you a quick quintillion more of them.
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ืžื–ืจืง ื”ืืคื™ืคืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืืœื”.
09:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:05
We can extract epinephrine
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ
ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืจื ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื• ื‘ืงืจ,
09:08
from the adrenal glands of sheep or cattle,
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09:11
but that's not where this stuff comes from.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
ืืช ื”ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ
09:14
We make this epinephrine in a factory
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ืคื˜.
09:17
by stitching together smaller molecules that come mostly from petroleum.
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09:23
And this is 100 percent synthetic.
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ื•ื–ื” 100% ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™.
09:25
And that word, "synthetic," makes some of us uncomfortable.
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช, "ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™", ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืงื ื• ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
09:29
It's not like the word "natural," which makes us feel safe.
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื˜ื‘ืขื™", ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
09:33
But these two molecules, they cannot be distinguished.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
09:38
We're not talking about two cars that are coming off an assembly line here.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืžืคืก ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื˜ื”.
09:42
A car can have a scratch on it,
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ืื˜ื•ื ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืจื•ื˜.
09:44
and you can't scratch an atom.
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ืฉืชื™ ืืœื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืชืžื˜ื™.
09:46
These two are identical in a surreal, almost mathematical sense.
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09:50
At this atomic scale, math practically touches reality.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ-ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื›ื–ื”, ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉื™ืงื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
ื•ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ
09:54
And a molecule of epinephrine ...
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09:56
it has no memory of its origin.
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื”.
09:58
It just is what it is,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื,
09:59
and once you have it,
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ื•ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืœื™ื "ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™" ื•"ื˜ื‘ืขื™".
10:01
the words "natural" and "synthetic," they don't matter,
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10:06
and nature synthesizes this molecule just like we do,
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืกื ืชื– ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
10:09
except nature is much better at this than we are.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
10:11
Before there was life on earth,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช,
ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช:
10:14
all the molecules were small, simple:
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10:17
carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen,
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ืžื™ื, ื—ื ืงืŸ,
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
10:20
just simple things.
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ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื–ื”.
10:21
The emergence of life changed that.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขื™ืžื ืžืคืขืœื™ ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืจ-ืฉืžืฉ,
10:23
Life brought biosynthetic factories that are powered by sunlight,
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10:26
and inside these factories, small molecules crash into each other
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ื•ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืืœื”
10:29
and become large ones: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids,
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช: ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื, ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ,
ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช-ืขื™ืŸ.
10:33
multitudes of spectacular creations.
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10:37
Nature is the original organic chemist,
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™,
10:40
and her construction also fills our sky with the oxygen gas we breathe,
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืžืœืื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื– ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื,
10:44
this high-energy oxygen.
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ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขืชื™ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื”.
10:47
All of these molecules are infused with the energy of the sun.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ-ืฉืžืฉ.
10:50
They store it like batteries.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืื—ืกื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช.
10:52
So nature is made of chemicals.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื.
10:56
Maybe you guys can help me to reclaim this word, "chemical,"
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ",
ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื’ื–ืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
10:59
because it has been stolen from us.
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11:01
It doesn't mean toxic, and it doesn't mean harmful,
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื” "ืจืขืœ" ืื• "ืžื–ื™ืง",
11:04
and it doesn't mean man-made or unnatural.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื "ืžืขืฉื” ืื“ื" ืื• "ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™",
ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜...
11:07
It just means "stuff," OK?
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"ื“ื‘ืจื™ื", ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
11:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:11
You can't have chemical-free lump charcoal.
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ืคื—ืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื. ื–ื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš.
11:15
That is ridiculous.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:17
(Laughter)
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
11:18
And I'd like to do one more word.
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11:20
The word "natural" doesn't mean "safe,"
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื˜ื‘ืขื™" ืื™ื ื” "ื‘ื˜ื•ื—",
11:23
and you all know that.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช.
11:26
Plenty of nature's chemicals are quite toxic,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื™,
11:30
and others are delicious,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื,
ื•ื—ืœืงื - ื’ื ื•ื’ื...
11:33
and some are both ...
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:35
(Laughter)
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11:36
toxic and delicious.
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ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื.
11:38
The only way to tell whether something is harmful
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื–ื™ืง
11:41
is to test it,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื•,
11:43
and I don't mean you guys.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื›ื,
11:45
Professional toxicologists: we have these people.
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ืืœื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™-ืจืขืœื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื;
ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื•ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:48
They're well-trained,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื”ื, ื›ืžื•ื ื™.
11:50
and you should trust them like I do.
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11:52
So nature's molecules are everywhere,
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ืื– ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ,
11:54
including the ones that have decomposed
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื” ืฉื”ืชืคืจืงื• ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื•ืช "ื ืคื˜".
11:56
into these black mixtures that we call petroleum.
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11:58
We refine these molecules.
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ืื ื• ืžื–ืงืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
12:01
There's nothing unnatural about them.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ "ืœื-ื˜ื‘ืขื™", ื–ื™ืงืงื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ.
12:03
We purify them.
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ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” -
12:06
Now, our dependence on them for energy --
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ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืคื“"ื—,
12:09
that means that every one of those carbons gets converted into a molecule of CO2.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื– ื—ืžืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื.
12:13
That's a greenhouse gas that is messing up our climate.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชืงืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ืืช.
12:16
Maybe knowing this chemistry will make that reality easier to accept
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12:19
for some people, I don't know,
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12:21
but these molecules are not just fossil fuels.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืจืง ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
12:24
They're also the cheapest available raw materials
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื ื”ื›ื™ ื–ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื ืžืฆื
ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”".
12:27
for doing something that we call synthesis.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ "ืœื’ื•".
12:30
We're using them like pieces of LEGO.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืชื—ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช.
12:33
We have learned how to connect them or break them apart with great control.
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12:37
I have done a lot of this myself,
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ืขืกืงืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™,
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืคืฉืจื™.
12:39
and I still think it's amazing it's even possible.
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12:41
What we do is kind of like assembling LEGO
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืž"ืœื’ื•"
12:44
by dumping boxes of it into washing machines,
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ืข"ื™ ืฉืคื™ื›ืช ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืื‘ื ื™ "ืœื’ื•" ืœืชื•ืš ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื”,
12:47
but it works.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืขืชืง ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื›ืžื• ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ,
12:49
We can make molecules that are exact copies of nature, like epinephrine,
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12:53
or we can make creations of our own from scratch, like these two.
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ืื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœื ื•, ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื™ ืืœื”.
12:57
One of these eases the symptoms of multiple sclerosis;
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ืื—ืช ืžืืœื” ืžืงืœื” ืขืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจืฉืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
13:01
the other one cures a type of blood cancer that we call T-cell lymphoma.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืžืจืคืืช ืืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื“ื ืœื™ืžืคื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื˜ื™.
13:05
A molecule with the right size and shape, it's like a key in a lock,
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžื ืขื•ืœ,
13:09
and when it fits, it interferes with the chemistry of a disease.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืฉืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
ื›ื›ื” ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
13:13
That's how drugs work.
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13:15
Natural or synthetic,
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ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช:
ืืœื” ืจืง ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
13:17
they're all just molecules that happen to fit snugly somewhere important.
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13:20
But nature is much better at making them than we are,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
13:23
so hers look more impressive than ours,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืœื• ื ืจืื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืœื ื•,
13:25
like this one.
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ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช.
ื–ืืช ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ื•ื ืงื•ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ".
13:27
This is called vancomycin.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืืจืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื›ืœื•ืจ
13:29
She gave this majestic beast two chlorine atoms
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ืขื’ื™ืœื™ื.
13:32
to wear like a pair of earrings.
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13:34
We found vancomycin in a puddle of mud in a jungle in Borneo in 1953.
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ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื ืงื•ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืื•, ื‘-1953.
13:39
It's made by a bacteria.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืงืช ืข"ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
13:42
We can't synthesize this cost-efficiently in a lab.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืชื ื– ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
13:45
It's too complicated for us, but we can harvest it from its natural source,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•, ืืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
ื•ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ื–ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
13:50
and we do, because this is one of our most powerful antibiotics.
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13:54
And new molecules are reported in our literature every day.
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ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•.
13:57
We make them or we find them in every corner of this planet.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
14:01
And that's where drugs come from,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
14:03
and that's why your doctors have amazing powers ...
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื ื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช-ืขืœ ื›ืืœื”...
14:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืคื ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
14:07
to cure deadly infections and everything else.
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ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืฅ.
14:09
Being a physician today is like being a knight in shining armor.
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14:13
They fight battles with courage and composure,
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ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจ-ืจื•ื—,
14:16
but also with good equipment.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘.
14:18
So let's not forget the role of the blacksmith in this picture,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ืœื ื ืฉื›ื— ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื— ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
14:22
because without the blacksmith, things would look a little different ...
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื ืคื—, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืื—ืจืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:26
(Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
14:28
But this science is bigger than medicine.
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14:30
It is oils and solvents and flavors, fabrics, all plastics,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื ื™ื, ื”ืžืžื™ืกื™ื, ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
14:36
the cushions that you're sitting on right now --
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ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื -
ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคื—ืžืŸ,
14:39
they're all manufactured, and they're mostly carbon,
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14:41
so that makes all of it organic chemistry.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช.
14:43
This is a rich science.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื“ืข ืขืฉื™ืจ.
14:45
I left out a lot today:
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื:
14:47
phosphorus and sulfur and the other atoms,
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ื–ืจื—ืŸ, ื’ืคืจื™ืช ื•ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
14:51
and why they all bond the way they do,
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”,
14:54
and symmetry
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14:55
and non-bonding electrons,
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ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื,
ืืช ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื,
14:57
and atoms that are charged,
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14:58
and reactions and their mechanisms, and it goes on and on and on,
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ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
15:01
and synthesis takes a long time to learn.
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ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื ืชื•ื– ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช.
15:03
But I didn't come here to teach you guys organic chemistry --
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืืชื™ ื”ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืืชื›ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช -
15:06
I just wanted to show it to you,
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืจืง ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื,
15:08
and I had a lot of help with that today from a young man named Weston Durland,
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ื•ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืขื–ืจืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืœื ื“,
15:13
and you've already seen him.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ืชื ืื•ืชื•.
15:16
He's an undergraduate student in chemistry,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
15:18
and he also happens to be pretty good with computer graphics.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช.
15:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:23
So Weston designed all the moving molecules
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ื•ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืคืฉื•ืช
15:27
that you saw today.
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ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื”ื™ื•ื.
ื”ื•ื ื•ืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ื›ื–ืืช
15:29
He and I wanted to demonstrate through the use of graphics like these
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15:32
to help someone talk about this intricate science.
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื”ื–ื”.
15:35
But our main goal was just to show you
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
15:37
that organic chemistry is not something to be afraid of.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช.
15:41
It is, at its core, a window
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ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื”, ื”ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืŸ
15:44
through which the beauty of the natural world looks richer.
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ืฉื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืขืฆื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:48
Thank you.
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15:49
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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