A crash course in organic chemistry | Jakob Magolan

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang

I'd like you to ask yourself,

我想請各位問問自己，

what do you feel when you hear the words "organic chemistry?"

聽到「有機化學」時， 你有什麼感覺？

What comes to mind?

會想到什麼？

There is a course offered at nearly every university,

幾乎在每一所大學， 都有開一門課程，

and it's called Organic Chemistry,

就叫做「有機化學」，

and it is a grueling, heavy introduction to the subject,

這門課是種既繁重又累人的 有機化學入門，

a flood of content that overwhelms students,

一大堆的內容，讓學生無法招架，

and you have to ace it if you want to become a doctor or a dentist

如果你想要成為醫生、 牙醫，或獸醫，

就得要把這門課讀好。

or a veterinarian.

And that is why so many students perceive this science like this ...

那就是為什麼很多學生 都這樣看待這門科學……

as an obstacle in their path,

他們道路上的阻礙，

and they fear it and they hate it

他們害怕它、討厭它，

and they call it a weed-out course.

他們稱它為一門淘汰課。

What a cruel thing for a subject to do to young people,

一門學科對年輕人 做這樣的事，實在很殘忍，

weed them out.

把他們淘汰。

And this perception spread beyond college campuses long ago.

很早以前，這種感受就已經 散播到大學校園以外的地方了。

There is a universal anxiety about these two words.

不論在哪裡， 這四個字都讓人焦慮。

I happen to love this science,

我剛好很愛這門科學，

and I think this position in which we have placed it

我認為，我們將它 定位在這個位置，

is inexcusable.

實在不可原諒。

It's not good for science, and it's not good for society,

那樣對科學沒有好處， 對社會沒有好處，

and I don't think it has to be this way.

我不認為這是必要的。

And I don't mean that this class should be easier. It shouldn't.

我的意思並不是這門課 應該簡單一點。它不該簡單。

But your perception of these two words

但你們對於這四個字的感受

should not be defined by the experiences of premed students

不應該被醫學院預科 學生的經驗所定義，

who frankly are going through a very anxious time of their lives.

坦白說，他們正在經歷 他們人生中非常焦慮的時期。

So I'm here today because I believe

今天，我來這裡，是因為我相信

that a basic knowledge of organic chemistry is valuable,

有機化學的基本知識 是很有價值的，

and I think that it can be made accessible to everybody,

我認為它應該是任何人 都可以進入的一門科學，

and I'd like to prove that to you today.

今天我會向大家證明這一點。

Would you let me try?

你們願意讓我試試嗎？

Audience: Yeah!

觀眾：願意！

Jakob Magolan: All right, let's go for it.

講者：好，咱們開始吧！

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Here I have one of these overpriced EpiPens.

我手上是一支定價過高的 腎上腺素注射器。

Inside it is a drug called epinephrine.

裡面裝的是一種叫腎上腺素的藥。

Epinephrine can restart the beat of my heart,

腎上腺素能夠讓我的心臟 重新開始跳動，

or it could stop a life-threatening allergic reaction.

它也可以阻止可能 威脅生命的過敏反應。

An injection of this right here will do it.

只要把它注射到這裡就可以了。

It would be like turning the ignition switch

它就像是一個點火開關，

in my body's fight-or-flight machinery.

控制我身體的 「打或逃」機械裝置。

My heart rate, my blood pressure would go up so blood could rush to my muscles.

我的心跳率、我的血壓會上升， 血液就會被急送給我的肌肉。

My pupils would dilate. I would feel a wave of strength.

我的瞳孔會放大。 我會感受到一波力量。

Epinephrine has been the difference between life and death for many people.

對許多人而言，腎上腺素 決定了他們是生還是死。

This is like a little miracle that you can hold in your fingers.

它就像是你能夠掌握 在手中的一個小小奇蹟。

Here is the chemical structure of epinephrine.

這是腎上腺素的化學結構。

This is what organic chemistry looks like.

有機化學看起來就是這個樣子的。

It looks like lines and letters ...

它看起來像是線段和英文字母……

No meaning to most people.

對大部分人來說沒有意義。

I'd like to show you what I see when I look at that picture.

我想展示一下，當看到 這張圖時我看見的是什麼。

I see a physical object

我看見一個實體的物體，

that has depth and rotating parts,

有立體深度，也有能旋轉的部位，

and it's moving.

且它會動。

We call this a compound or a molecule,

我們稱它為化合物或分子，

and it is 26 atoms that are stitched together by atomic bonds.

它是由 26 個原子， 用原子鍵結合在一起而成。

The unique arrangement of these atoms gives epinephrine its identity,

這些原子的獨特排列方式， 就代表著腎上腺素，

but nobody has ever actually seen one of these,

但沒有人看見過這些東西，

because they're very small,

因為它們非常小，

so we're going to call this an artistic impression,

所以我們可以稱它為藝術印象，

and I want to explain to you how small this is.

我想要跟各位說明它有多小。

In here, I have less than half a milligram of it dissolved in water.

在這裡，我取了半毫克， 將它溶解在水中。

It's the mass of a grain of sand.

這是一粒沙的質量。

The number of epinephrine molecules in here is one quintillion.

這裡的腎上腺素分子數量 是一百萬的三次方。

That's 18 zeroes.

也就是 18 個零。

That number is hard to visualize.

這個數字很難視覺化。

Seven billion of us on this planet?

在地球上有 70 億人？

Maybe 400 billion stars in our galaxy?

宇宙中也許有 4000 億顆星星？

You're not even close.

都還差得遠呢。

If you wanted to get into the right ballpark,

如果你想要做更正確的約略估計，

you'd have to imagine every grain of sand

你得要想像在所有 海洋和湖泊底下，

on every beach, under all the oceans and lakes,

每一個海灘上的每一粒沙子，

and then shrink them all so they fit in here.

接著把它們通通縮小， 塞到這裡面來。

Epinephrine is so small we will never see it,

腎上腺素非常小， 我們永遠不可能看見它，

not through any microscope ever,

透過任何顯微鏡都不可能，

but we know what it looks like,

但我們知道它的外觀，

because it shows itself through some sophisticated machines

因為它能透過一些 很精密的機器顯現出來，

with fancy names

這些機器的名字很炫，

like "nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers."

比如「核磁共振光譜儀」。

So visible or not, we know this molecule very well.

不論看不看得見， 我們都很了解這個分子。

We know it is made of four different types of atoms,

我們知道它是由四種 不同型的原子組成，

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.

氫、碳、氧，和氮。

These are the colors we typically use for them.

我們通常會用 這些顏色來表示它們。

Everything in our universe is made of little spheres

在我們宇宙中的一切， 都是由小球體組成，

that we call atoms.

它們叫做原子。

There's about a hundred of these basic ingredients,

這種基本組成元素大約有 100 種，

and they're all made from three smaller particles:

它們都是用這三種 更小的粒子組成的：

protons, neutrons, electrons.

光子、中子、電子。

We arrange these atoms into this familiar table.

我們用這個熟悉的表格 來排放這些原子。

We give them each a name and a number.

每一種都有一個名稱和數字。

But life as we know it doesn't need all of these,

但我們所知道的生命， 並不需要表中的每一種原子，

just a smaller subset, just these.

只需要其中的一些， 只要這些即可。

And there are four atoms in particular that stand apart from the rest

有四種原子很特別， 和其他原子不同，

as the main building blocks of life,

它們是生建造生命的主要建材，

and they are the same ones that are found in epinephrine:

也就是在腎上腺素中 找到的那幾種：

hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.

氫、碳、氮，以及氧。

Now what I tell you next is the most important part.

我接下來要告訴各位的， 是最重要的部分。

When these atoms connect to form molecules,

當這些原子連結起來，形成分子，

they follow a set of rules.

它們會遵循一組規則。

Hydrogen makes one bond,

氫有一個鍵結，

oxygen always makes two,

氧總是有兩個鍵結，

nitrogen makes three

氮有三個鍵結，

and carbon makes four.

碳有四個鍵結。

That's it.

就這樣。

HONC -- one, two, three, four.

H、O、N、C，一、二、三、四。

If you can count to four, and you can misspell the word "honk,"

如果你會數到四，且你會拼錯 「honk（喇叭聲）」這個字，

you're going to remember this for the rest of your lives.

那你一輩子就不會忘記這些。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Now here I have four bowls with these ingredients.

這裡，我有四個碗， 裡面有這些組成元素。

We can use these to build molecules.

我們可以用它們來建立分子。

Let's start with epinephrine.

咱們從腎上腺素開始。

Now, these bonds between atoms, they're made of electrons.

在原子之間的鍵結， 是由電子組成的。

Atoms use electrons like arms to reach out and hold their neighbors.

原子把電子當成手臂來用， 向外伸，抓住它們的鄰居。

Two electrons in each bond, like a handshake,

每個鍵結有兩個電子， 就像在握手，

and like a handshake, they are not permanent.

還有一點也像握手： 它們並非永久的。

They can let go of one atom and grab another.

它們會放掉一個原子， 去抓另一個。

那就是我們所謂的化學反應，

That's what we call a chemical reaction,

when atoms exchange partners and make new molecules.

原子會交換夥伴，並形成新分子。

The backbone of epinephrine is made mostly of carbon atoms,

腎上腺素的主要骨幹 大部分是由碳原子所組成，

and that's common.

那很常見。

Carbon is life's favorite structural building material,

碳是生命最喜歡的結構建材，

because it makes a good number of handshakes

因為它握手的數量很理想，

with just the right grip strength.

握手的力量也很恰好。

That's why we define organic chemistry as the study of carbon molecules.

那就是為什麼我們把有機化學 定義為對碳原子的研究。

Now, if we build the smallest molecules we can think of that follow our rules,

如果我們依據我們的規則， 建造出我們所能想出最小的分子，

they highlight our rules, and they have familiar names:

它們會突顯出我們的規則， 且它們的名字都很耳熟：

水、氨、甲烷， 即 H2O、NH3，和 CH4。

water, ammonia and methane, H20 and NH3 and CH4.

The words "hydrogen," "oxygen" and "nitrogen" --

「氫」、「氧」， 和「氮」這些字——

we use the same words

這三個分子都各 含有兩個相同的原子，

to name these three molecules that have two atoms each.

所以我們直接以 原子的名字來命名它們。

They still follow the rules,

它們仍然遵循規則，

because they have one, two and three bonds between them.

因為它們之間的鍵結數 為一、二，以及三個。

That's why oxygen gets called O2.

那就是為什麼氧氣要叫 O2。

I can show you combustion.

我可以展示燃燒給各位看。

Here's carbon dioxide, CO2.

這是二氧化碳，CO2。

Above it, let's place water and oxygen, and beside it, some flammable fuels.

在上面，我們放上水和氧， 在旁邊，是可燃的燃料。

These fuels are made of just hydrogen and carbon.

這些燃料的成份只有氫和碳。

That's why we call them hydrocarbons. We're very creative.

所以它們被稱為碳氫化合物。 我們很有創意。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So when these crash into molecules of oxygen,

當這些分子撞上氧分子，

as they do in your engine or in your barbecues,

就像在引擎或烤肉野餐 所發生的狀況，

they release energy and they reassemble,

它們就會釋出能量、重組，

每個碳原子最後都會成為 一個 CO2 分子的中心，

and every carbon atom ends up at the center of a CO2 molecule,

holding on to two oxygens,

抓住兩個氧原子，

and all the hydrogens end up as parts of waters,

所有的氫最後都會成為水的一部分，

and everybody follows the rules.

大家都會遵循規則。

They are not optional,

沒得選，

and they're not optional for bigger molecules either,

更大的分子也沒得選，

like these three.

比如這三個分子。

This is our favorite vitamin

這是我們最愛的維他命，

sitting next to our favorite drug,

旁邊是我們最愛的藥物，

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

and morphine is one of the most important stories in medical history.

在醫療史上，嗎啡是 最重要的故事之一。

It marks medicine's first real triumph over physical pain,

它代表的是醫學第一次 戰勝了身體的痛苦，

and every molecule has a story,

每個分子都有一段故事，

and they are all published.

通通都已經出版。

They're written by scientists, and they're read by other scientists,

這些故事是由科學家所寫， 讀者則是其他科學家，

so we have handy representations to do this quickly on paper,

所以，我們有方便的表示方式， 方便論文的讀寫，

and I need to teach you how to do that.

而我得要教各位這些表示方式。

So we lay epinephrine flat on a page,

我們把腎上腺素 攤平放在一張紙上，

and then we replace all the spheres with simple letters,

接著，我們把所有的球體 都換成簡單的字母，

and then the bonds that lie in the plane of the page,

再把平面紙上的那些鍵結也換掉，

they just become regular lines,

換成一般的線段，

and the bonds that point forwards and backwards,

至於指向前以及向後的那些鍵結，

they become little triangles,

就換成小三角形，

either solid or dashed to indicate depth.

用實心或是虛線來呈現深度。

We don't actually draw these carbons.

我們不會真的畫出這些碳。

We save time by just hiding them.

為了節省時間， 我們會把它們隱藏起來。

They're represented by corners between the bonds,

鍵結之間的轉角，就表示碳，

and we also hide every hydrogen that's bonded to a carbon.

我們也會把和碳 連結的氫給隱藏起來。

We know they're there

我們只要看到一個碳

whenever a carbon is showing us any fewer than four bonds.

旁邊的鍵結不到四個， 就知道有氫在那裡。

The last thing that's done is the bonds between OH and NH.

最後處理的是 OH 和 NH 間的鍵結。

We just get rid of those to make it cleaner,

我們直接把它們拿掉， 讓畫面更乾淨，

and that's all there is to it.

就只有這樣而已。

This is the professional way to draw molecules.

這是畫分子的專業方法。

This is what you see on Wikipedia pages.

在維基百科上 看到的圖就是這種圖。

It takes a little bit of practice, but I think everyone here could do it,

需要一點練習，但我認為 這裡人人都做得到，

but for today, this is epinephrine.

但今天，知道這是腎上腺素即可。

This is also called adrenaline. They're one and the same.

epinephrine 和 adrenaline 這兩個字都是指腎上腺素。

It's made by your adrenal glands.

它是由你的腎上腺製造的。

You have this molecule swimming through your body right now.

現在你的體內就有 這種分子在游動。

It's a natural molecule.

它是種天然分子。

This EpiPen would just give you a quick quintillion more of them.

這支腎上腺素注射器只是很快地 再補給十的十八次方個給你。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

We can extract epinephrine

我們可以從羊或牛的腎上腺

from the adrenal glands of sheep or cattle,

抽取出腎上腺素，

but that's not where this stuff comes from.

但我手上的這東西 並不是這麼來的。

We make this epinephrine in a factory

這種腎上腺素是在工廠製造的，

by stitching together smaller molecules that come mostly from petroleum.

做法是把比較小的分子結合起來， 而這些分子通常都來自石油。

And this is 100 percent synthetic.

這是 100% 合成的。

And that word, "synthetic," makes some of us uncomfortable.

「合成」這個詞會讓 一些人感到不舒服。

It's not like the word "natural," which makes us feel safe.

它不像是「天然」這個詞 會讓我們感到安全。

But these two molecules, they cannot be distinguished.

但這兩種分子其實 完全一樣，無法區別。

We're not talking about two cars that are coming off an assembly line here.

我們並不是在談同一條 生產線上產出的兩台車。

A car can have a scratch on it,

車體上可能會有刮痕，

and you can't scratch an atom.

你無法去刮一個原子。

These two are identical in a surreal, almost mathematical sense.

在一種超現實，幾乎可說是數學的 意義上，這兩種分子是一樣的。

At this atomic scale, math practically touches reality.

在原子的尺度上， 數學幾乎是切中現實的。

And a molecule of epinephrine ...

而腎上腺素的分子——

it has no memory of its origin.

它不會記著它的來源。

It just is what it is,

它就是它，

and once you have it,

一旦你有了它，

the words "natural" and "synthetic," they don't matter,

是「天然」或「合成」 都無所謂了，

and nature synthesizes this molecule just like we do,

且大自然和我們用同樣的方式 合成這種分子，

except nature is much better at this than we are.

只差在大自然比我們 更擅常這件事。

Before there was life on earth,

在地球上有生命出現之前，

all the molecules were small, simple:

所有的分子都很小、很簡單：

carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen,

二氧化碳、水、氮，

just simple things.

都是簡單的東西。

The emergence of life changed that.

生命的出現帶來了改變。

Life brought biosynthetic factories that are powered by sunlight,

生命帶來了生物合成工廠， 靠太陽能提供能量，

and inside these factories, small molecules crash into each other

在這些工廠內， 小分子會發生碰撞，

and become large ones: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids,

變成較大的分子： 碳氫化合物、蛋白質、核酸，

multitudes of spectacular creations.

許許多多了不起的創造物。

Nature is the original organic chemist,

大自然是最原始的有機化學家，

and her construction also fills our sky with the oxygen gas we breathe,

靠它的建造，我們的天空中 才會充滿了我們呼吸的氧氣，

this high-energy oxygen.

這種高能的氧。

All of these molecules are infused with the energy of the sun.

太陽的能量會注入 所有這些分子之中，

They store it like batteries.

存在分子之中，就像電池。

So nature is made of chemicals.

所以，大自然是由 化學物質組成的。

Maybe you guys can help me to reclaim this word, "chemical,"

也許各位可以協助我 恢復「化學」這個詞的意思，

because it has been stolen from us.

因為它被從我們身上偷走了。

It doesn't mean toxic, and it doesn't mean harmful,

它並不是指有毒，不是指有害，

and it doesn't mean man-made or unnatural.

它也不是指人造的或非自然的。

It just means "stuff," OK?

它的意思就只是「原料」，好嗎？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

You can't have chemical-free lump charcoal.

不可能會有任何木炭塊 是沒有化學物質的。

That is ridiculous.

那太荒謬了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And I'd like to do one more word.

我還想再談一個詞。

The word "natural" doesn't mean "safe,"

「天然」這個詞並不表示「安全」，

and you all know that.

你們都知道這一點。

Plenty of nature's chemicals are quite toxic,

很多大自然的 化學物質是相當毒的，

and others are delicious,

有些則是很可口，

and some are both ...

有些兩者都是……

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

toxic and delicious.

又毒又可口。

The only way to tell whether something is harmful

只有一種方式可以分辨 一樣東西是否有害，

is to test it,

就是去測試它，

and I don't mean you guys.

我不是指在座各位。

Professional toxicologists: we have these people.

專業毒物學家：有這種人存在。

They're well-trained,

他們受過很好的訓練，

and you should trust them like I do.

你們應該跟我一樣相信他們。

So nature's molecules are everywhere,

所以，大自然的分子無所不在，

including the ones that have decomposed

其中有些分子，已經分解成

into these black mixtures that we call petroleum.

這種被我們稱為石油的黑色混合物。

We refine these molecules.

我們精鍊這些分子。

There's nothing unnatural about them.

這麼做一點也不會「不天然」。

We purify them.

我們將它們純化。

Now, our dependence on them for energy --

在能源方面，我們要依賴它們——

that means that every one of those carbons gets converted into a molecule of CO2.

那就表示，那些碳全部 都會被轉換成 CO2 分子。

That's a greenhouse gas that is messing up our climate.

那是一種溫室氣體， 會擾亂我們的氣候。

Maybe knowing this chemistry will make that reality easier to accept

也許對一些人而言， 知道這種化學特性，

for some people, I don't know,

會比較容易接受現實，我不知道，

but these molecules are not just fossil fuels.

但這些分子並不只是化石燃料。

They're also the cheapest available raw materials

要做合成時，它們也是

for doing something that we call synthesis.

可得原料當中最便宜的。

We're using them like pieces of LEGO.

我們把它們當成樂高積木來使用。

We have learned how to connect them or break them apart with great control.

我們已經學會如何連結它們 或在得宜的掌控下將它們拆解。

I have done a lot of this myself,

我自己就常常這麼做，

and I still think it's amazing it's even possible.

我仍然覺得能做到這樣 真的很了不起。

What we do is kind of like assembling LEGO

我們所做的， 就像是組合樂高積木，

by dumping boxes of it into washing machines,

但做法是把整盒積木 倒到洗衣機裡面，

but it works.

但這樣是可行的。

We can make molecules that are exact copies of nature, like epinephrine,

我們能做出和天然分子 一樣的分子，就像腎上腺素，

or we can make creations of our own from scratch, like these two.

或者我們也可以自己 從無到有來創造，就像這兩種。

One of these eases the symptoms of multiple sclerosis;

其中一種可以緩和 多發性硬化的症狀；

the other one cures a type of blood cancer that we call T-cell lymphoma.

另一種可以治療一種血癌， 叫做 T 細胞淋巴瘤。

A molecule with the right size and shape, it's like a key in a lock,

大小和形狀正確的分子， 就像是一把鎖的鑰匙，

and when it fits, it interferes with the chemistry of a disease.

如果能對上，它就能 干涉疾病的化學性質。

That's how drugs work.

藥品就是這麼運作的。

Natural or synthetic,

不論是天然的或合成的，

they're all just molecules that happen to fit snugly somewhere important.

它們都只是在重要的地方 剛好完全符合需求的分子。

But nature is much better at making them than we are,

但大自然遠比我們 更擅長製造它們，

so hers look more impressive than ours,

所以她的成品比我們的 更讓人印象深刻，

like this one.

就像這一個。

This is called vancomycin.

它叫做萬古黴素。

She gave this majestic beast two chlorine atoms

大自然給予這隻 雄偉的巨獸兩個氯原子，

to wear like a pair of earrings.

就像戴著耳環一樣。

We found vancomycin in a puddle of mud in a jungle in Borneo in 1953.

1953 年，我們在婆羅洲的叢林中的 一個泥坑裡發現了萬古黴素。

It's made by a bacteria.

它是由細菌製造的。

We can't synthesize this cost-efficiently in a lab.

在實驗室中，我們沒有 高成本效益的方式來合成它。

It's too complicated for us, but we can harvest it from its natural source,

對我們來說，它太複雜了，但我們 可以從它的天然來源取得它，

and we do, because this is one of our most powerful antibiotics.

我們確實這麼做了，因為它是 我們最強大的抗生素之一。

And new molecules are reported in our literature every day.

每天在我們的文獻中 都會有新分子的資訊。

We make them or we find them in every corner of this planet.

我們製造新分子，或在地球上的 每個角落尋找新分子，

And that's where drugs come from,

藥品就是這麼來的，

and that's why your doctors have amazing powers ...

那就是為什麼醫生 有很了不起的力量……

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

to cure deadly infections and everything else.

來治療會致命的感染及其他病症。

Being a physician today is like being a knight in shining armor.

現今，身為醫生就像是 身為穿著閃亮盔甲的騎士。

They fight battles with courage and composure,

他們帶著勇氣和和沉著去作戰，

but also with good equipment.

但也有很好的裝備。

So let's not forget the role of the blacksmith in this picture,

別忘了在這張圖片中， 鐵匠所扮演的角色，

because without the blacksmith, things would look a little different ...

因為若沒有鐵匠， 一切看起來就會有點不同……

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But this science is bigger than medicine.

但這項科學不只是醫學。

It is oils and solvents and flavors, fabrics, all plastics,

它也是石油、溶劑、味道、 織物、所有的塑膠。

the cushions that you're sitting on right now --

各位現在所坐的坐墊，

they're all manufactured, and they're mostly carbon,

都是製造來的，它們大部分是碳，

so that makes all of it organic chemistry.

所以它們都是有機化學。

This is a rich science.

它是一項豐富的科學。

I left out a lot today:

今天我省去了很多：

phosphorus and sulfur and the other atoms,

磷和硫以及其他原子，

and why they all bond the way they do,

以及它們的鍵結方式 為什麼是那樣的，

and symmetry

還有對稱性，

and non-bonding electrons,

以及沒有鍵結的電子，

and atoms that are charged,

還有被充電的原子，

and reactions and their mechanisms, and it goes on and on and on,

以及反應和它們的機制， 還有好多好多，

and synthesis takes a long time to learn.

合成需要花很多時間去學。

But I didn't come here to teach you guys organic chemistry --

但我並不是來這裡 教各位有機化學的——

I just wanted to show it to you,

我只是想將它展示給各位看，

and I had a lot of help with that today from a young man named Weston Durland,

且一位叫做威斯頓德蘭的 年輕人給了我很大的協助，

and you've already seen him.

你們已經看過他了。

He's an undergraduate student in chemistry,

他是化學系的大學生，

and he also happens to be pretty good with computer graphics.

他剛好也非常擅長電腦繪圖。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So Weston designed all the moving molecules

今天各位看到所有會動的原子都是

that you saw today.

威斯頓設計的。

He and I wanted to demonstrate through the use of graphics like these

我和他想要用 這樣的繪圖來做展示，

to help someone talk about this intricate science.

來協助講解這門複雜的科學。

But our main goal was just to show you

但我們主要的目標 只是要讓各位看到，

that organic chemistry is not something to be afraid of.

沒有必要害怕有機化學。

It is, at its core, a window

它在本質上，就是一扇窗，

through which the beauty of the natural world looks richer.

通過它，自然世界的美好 看起來會更豐富。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）