A crash course in organic chemistry | Jakob Magolan

270,830 views ・ 2018-07-27

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: 였 μŠΉν•˜ κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
I'd like you to ask yourself,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ λ¬Όμ–΄λ΄€μœΌλ©΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
what do you feel when you hear the words "organic chemistry?"
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"유기 ν™”ν•™"μ΄λΌλŠ” 단어λ₯Ό λ“€μœΌλ©΄ μ–΄λ–€ λŠλ‚Œμ΄ λ“œλ‚˜μš”?
00:18
What comes to mind?
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무엇이 λ– μ˜€λ₯΄λ‚˜μš”?
00:20
There is a course offered at nearly every university,
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  λŒ€ν•™μ—μ„œ μ œκ³΅λ˜λŠ” κ³Όλͺ©μ΄λ©°
00:24
and it's called Organic Chemistry,
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유기 화학이라 λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
and it is a grueling, heavy introduction to the subject,
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그리고 λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ νž˜λ“€κ³ , μž¬λ―Έμ—†λŠ” μ£Όμ œμ— κ΄€ν•œ μž…λ¬Έμ„œμ΄λ©°
00:30
a flood of content that overwhelms students,
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λ°©λŒ€ν•œ λ‚΄μš©μœΌλ‘œ 학생듀을 λ‚œμ²˜ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€λ©°
00:33
and you have to ace it if you want to become a doctor or a dentist
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μ˜μ‚¬, μΉ˜κ³Όμ˜μ‚¬κ°€ 되고 μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄ μ‹œν—˜μ—μ„œ Aλ₯Ό λ§žμ•„μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
00:37
or a veterinarian.
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μˆ˜μ˜μ‚¬λ„μš”.
00:38
And that is why so many students perceive this science like this ...
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λ°”λ‘œ 그게 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 학생듀이 이 학문을 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ£ .
00:44
as an obstacle in their path,
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μ§„λ‘œμ˜ λ°©ν•΄λ¬Όμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
00:46
and they fear it and they hate it
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그듀은 λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜κ³ , μ‹«μ–΄ν•˜λ©°
00:48
and they call it a weed-out course.
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μ—†μ–΄μ Έμ•Ό ν•  학문이라 μ—¬κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
What a cruel thing for a subject to do to young people,
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ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ·Έ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μž”μΈν•œ κ³Όλͺ©μΈκ°€μš”.
00:53
weed them out.
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그것듀을 μ—†μ•€λ‹€λ‹ˆ
00:55
And this perception spread beyond college campuses long ago.
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그리고 이런 인식은 μ˜€λž˜μ „μ— λŒ€ν•™ 캠퍼슀 λ„ˆλ¨Έλ‘œ νΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
There is a universal anxiety about these two words.
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이 두 단어에 λŒ€ν•΄ 보편적인 μ—Όλ €κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
I happen to love this science,
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μ €λŠ” μš°μ—°νžˆ 이 학문을 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
01:07
and I think this position in which we have placed it
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이것을 λ†“μ•„μ˜¨ μžλ¦¬κ°€
01:09
is inexcusable.
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λ‹€λ₯Έκ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λŒ€μ²΄ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
It's not good for science, and it's not good for society,
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과학에도, μ‚¬νšŒμ—λ„ 쒋지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©°
01:15
and I don't think it has to be this way.
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이런 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄μ•Όν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€λ„ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
And I don't mean that this class should be easier. It shouldn't.
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유기 ν™”ν•™ κ°•μ˜κ°€ μ‰¬μ›Œμ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μ„œλ„ μ•ˆλ˜κ³ μš”.
01:23
But your perception of these two words
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 두 단어에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 생각이
01:28
should not be defined by the experiences of premed students
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μ˜λŒ€μƒμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μœΌλ‘œλ§Œ μ •μ˜λ˜μ–΄μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
who frankly are going through a very anxious time of their lives.
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μ†”μ§νžˆ μ§€κΈˆ 그듀은 μ‚Άμ—μ„œ 맀우 λΆˆμ•ˆν•œ μ‹œκΈ°λ₯Ό κ²ͺ고있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:37
So I'm here today because I believe
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 였늘 이 μžλ¦¬μ— μ„°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
that a basic knowledge of organic chemistry is valuable,
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유기 ν™”ν•™μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έ 지식이 κ°€μΉ˜μžˆκ³ ,
01:42
and I think that it can be made accessible to everybody,
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ λ‹€κ°€κ°€κΈ° μ‰¬μ›Œμ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
and I'd like to prove that to you today.
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그리고 였늘 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ 증λͺ…해보이고 μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
Would you let me try?
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ν•œλ²ˆ ν•΄λ³ΌκΉŒμš”?
01:51
Audience: Yeah!
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관객 : λ„€!
01:52
Jakob Magolan: All right, let's go for it.
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JM:μ’‹μ•„μš”, ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
01:55
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:57
Here I have one of these overpriced EpiPens.
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μ—¬κΈ° 맀우 κ°’λΉ„μ‹Ό 에피넀프린 μ£Όμ‚¬μ œ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
Inside it is a drug called epinephrine.
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이 μ•ˆμ—λŠ” μ—ν”Όλ„€ν”„λ¦°μ΄λΌλŠ” 약물이 λ“€μ–΄μžˆμ£ .
02:03
Epinephrine can restart the beat of my heart,
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에피넀프린은 제 심μž₯을 λ‹€μ‹œ λ›°κ²Œ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ 있고,
02:06
or it could stop a life-threatening allergic reaction.
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생λͺ…에 μœ„ν˜‘μ΄ λ˜λŠ” μ•ŒλŸ¬μ§€ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ©ˆμΆ”κ²Œ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
An injection of this right here will do it.
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이 λΆ€μœ„μ— 이것을 μ£Όμž…ν•˜λŠ” 것이 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
It would be like turning the ignition switch
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마치 점화 μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό λŒλ¦¬λŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
in my body's fight-or-flight machinery.
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제 λͺΈ μ•ˆμ˜ 투쟁 도피 κΈ°μ œμ—μ„œμš”.
02:17
My heart rate, my blood pressure would go up so blood could rush to my muscles.
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심μž₯박동과 ν˜ˆμ••μ€ λΉ¨λΌμ Έμ„œ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ΄ 근윑으둜 λŒμ§„ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
My pupils would dilate. I would feel a wave of strength.
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제 동곡은 ν™•μž₯되고, 힘의 물결을 λŠλ‚„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
Epinephrine has been the difference between life and death for many people.
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에피넀프린은 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ‚Άκ³Ό 죽음의 μ°¨μ΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
This is like a little miracle that you can hold in your fingers.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ†μœΌλ‘œ μ₯˜ 수 μžˆλŠ” μž‘μ€ 기적과도 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
Here is the chemical structure of epinephrine.
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이것은 μ—ν”Όλ„€ν”„λ¦°μ˜ ν™”ν•™κ΅¬μ‘°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
This is what organic chemistry looks like.
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이것이 μœ κΈ°ν™”ν•™μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
It looks like lines and letters ...
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마치 μ„ κ³Ό 문자처럼 보이죠.
02:43
No meaning to most people.
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λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 아무 μ˜λ―Έλ„ 없을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
I'd like to show you what I see when I look at that picture.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ μ œκ°€ μ € 그림을 λ³Ό λ•Œ μ•Œμ•„λ‚Έ 것을 μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
I see a physical object
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μ €λŠ” 물리적 ν˜•μ²΄λ₯Ό λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
that has depth and rotating parts,
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κΉŠμ΄μ™€ νšŒμ „ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄을 가진 ν˜•μ²΄ 말이죠.
02:55
and it's moving.
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그리고 움직이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
We call this a compound or a molecule,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 ν™”ν•©λ¬Ό λ˜λŠ” λΆ„μžλΌκ³  λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
and it is 26 atoms that are stitched together by atomic bonds.
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그리고 이것은 μ›μž κ²°ν•©μœΌλ‘œ ν•¨κ»˜ 묢여진 26개의 μ›μžλ“€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
The unique arrangement of these atoms gives epinephrine its identity,
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μ›μžλ“€μ˜ 이런 λ…νŠΉν•œ κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ” μ—ν”Όλ„€ν”„λ¦°μ—κ²Œ 정체성을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
but nobody has ever actually seen one of these,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 아무도 μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ 이 μ›μžλ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ³΄μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
because they're very small,
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그듀이 맀우 μž‘κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
so we're going to call this an artistic impression,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이걸 예술적 인상이라 λΆ€λ₯΄κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
and I want to explain to you how small this is.
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그리고 μ €λŠ” 이것이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μž‘μ€μ§€ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
In here, I have less than half a milligram of it dissolved in water.
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여기에, 0.5mg 보닀 적은 물에 μš©ν•΄λ˜λŠ” 물질이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
It's the mass of a grain of sand.
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λͺ¨λž˜ ν•œμ•Œ 크기죠.
03:28
The number of epinephrine molecules in here is one quintillion.
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이 μ•ˆμ˜ 에피넀프린 λΆ„μž μˆ˜λŠ” 100κ²½ λΆ„μ˜ 1μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
That's 18 zeroes.
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100경은 18개의 0을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
That number is hard to visualize.
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μƒμƒν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ μˆ«μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
Seven billion of us on this planet?
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μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ˜ 70μ–΅λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€?
03:40
Maybe 400 billion stars in our galaxy?
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 우리 μ€ν•˜μ˜ 4000μ–΅κ°œμ˜ 별듀?
03:45
You're not even close.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ κ°€κΉŒμ›Œμ§€μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
If you wanted to get into the right ballpark,
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μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λŒ€λž΅μ μΈ μ–‘λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμƒν•˜κ³  μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄,
03:48
you'd have to imagine every grain of sand
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λͺ¨λž˜ ν•œ μ•Œμ”© 상상해야 ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
on every beach, under all the oceans and lakes,
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ν•΄λ³€ μœ„, 바닀와 호수 밑에 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  κ±Έ 말이죠.
03:55
and then shrink them all so they fit in here.
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그리고 κ·Έ λͺ¨λ“  것을 λͺ¨μœΌλ©΄ 여기에 κ±Έλ§žμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
Epinephrine is so small we will never see it,
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에피넀프린은 μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ•„μ„œ μ ˆλŒ€λ‘œ 그것을 λ³Ό 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
not through any microscope ever,
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μ‹œμ€‘μ˜ μ–΄λ–€ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜λ”λΌλ„μš”.
04:05
but we know what it looks like,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ μƒκΉ€μƒˆλ₯Ό μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
because it shows itself through some sophisticated machines
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그것이 μ •κ΅ν•œ 기제λ₯Ό 톡해 μžμ‹ μ„ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
with fancy names
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ν™”λ €ν•œ μ΄λ¦„μœΌλ‘œ 말이죠
04:13
like "nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers."
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마치 "ν•΅ 자기 곡λͺ… λΆ„κ΄‘κΈ°" 같은 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œμš”.
04:17
So visible or not, we know this molecule very well.
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λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λˆˆμ— 보이든 μ•ˆλ³΄μ΄λ“ , μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λΆ„μžμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ•„μ£Ό 잘 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
We know it is made of four different types of atoms,
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이것이 λ„€ 가지 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ›μžλ“€λ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆμŒμ„ μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.
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μˆ˜μ†Œ, νƒ„μ†Œ, μ‚°μ†Œ 그리고 μ§ˆμ†Œλ‘œμš”.
04:25
These are the colors we typically use for them.
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이것은 일반적으둜 κ·Έκ²ƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μƒ‰κΉ”λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
Everything in our universe is made of little spheres
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우리 우주의 λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ€ μž‘μ€ κ΅¬λ“€λ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
that we call atoms.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›μžλΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒλ“€λ‘œμš”.
04:31
There's about a hundred of these basic ingredients,
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이 κΈ°λ³Έ μž¬λ£ŒλŠ” μ•½ 100가지 정도 μžˆλŠ”λ°
04:34
and they're all made from three smaller particles:
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그것듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ μ„Έ 개의 더 μž‘μ€ μž…μžλ“€λ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
protons, neutrons, electrons.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ–‘μ„±μž, μ€‘μ„±μž, μ „μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
We arrange these atoms into this familiar table.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ›μžλ“€μ„ 이 μΉœμˆ™ν•œ ν‘œμ— λ°°μ—΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
We give them each a name and a number.
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ 이름과 숫자λ₯Ό μ£Όλ©΄μ„œ 말이죠.
04:45
But life as we know it doesn't need all of these,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λͺ¨λ‘ μ•Œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, μ‚΄λ©΄μ„œ μ΄λŸ°κ²ƒλ“€μ΄ λͺ¨λ‘ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
just a smaller subset, just these.
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쒀더 μž‘μ€ λΆ€λΆ„ 집합일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
And there are four atoms in particular that stand apart from the rest
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특히 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ›μžλ“€κ³Ό λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ 4개의 μ›μžλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
as the main building blocks of life,
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μ‚Άμ˜ μ£Όμš”ν•œ κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œλ‘œμ„œμš”.
04:56
and they are the same ones that are found in epinephrine:
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그것듀은 μ—ν”Όλ„€ν”„λ¦°μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
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λ°”λ‘œ μˆ˜μ†Œ, νƒ„μ†Œ, μ§ˆμ†Œ, μ‚°μ†Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
Now what I tell you next is the most important part.
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이제 λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦΄ 것은 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
When these atoms connect to form molecules,
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이 μ›μžλ“€μ΄ λΆ„μžν˜•νƒœλ‘œ κ²°ν•©ν•  λ•Œ,
05:11
they follow a set of rules.
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일련의 법칙을 λ”°λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
Hydrogen makes one bond,
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μˆ˜μ†ŒλŠ” ν•œ 개의 결합을 λ§Œλ“€κ³ ,
05:15
oxygen always makes two,
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μ‚°μ†ŒλŠ” 항상 두 개λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ©°,
05:17
nitrogen makes three
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μ§ˆμ†ŒλŠ” 3개λ₯Ό,
05:18
and carbon makes four.
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νƒ„μ†ŒλŠ” 4개의 결합을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
That's it.
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λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έκ²λ‹ˆλ‹€!
05:22
HONC -- one, two, three, four.
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HONC 1,2,3,4.
05:25
If you can count to four, and you can misspell the word "honk,"
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 4κΉŒμ§€ μ…€ 수 있고, "honk" λΌλŠ” 단어λ₯Ό 잘λͺ» μ“΄λ‹€λ©΄
05:29
you're going to remember this for the rest of your lives.
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평생 이걸 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜κ²Œ 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:32
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
05:34
Now here I have four bowls with these ingredients.
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이제 μ €λŠ” κΈ°λ³Έμž¬λ£Œκ°€ λ‹΄κΈ΄ 4개의 그릇을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
We can use these to build molecules.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것듀을 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
Let's start with epinephrine.
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μ—ν”Όλ„€ν”„λ¦°μœΌλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν•΄ 보죠
05:43
Now, these bonds between atoms, they're made of electrons.
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μ›μžλ“€ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 이런 결합은 μ „μžλ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
Atoms use electrons like arms to reach out and hold their neighbors.
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μ›μžλŠ” νŒ”μ²˜λŸΌ 손을 λ»—κ³  이웃을 μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:51
Two electrons in each bond, like a handshake,
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마치 μ•…μˆ˜κ°™μ΄ 각 κ²°ν•©λ§ˆλ‹€ 두 개의 μ „μžκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
and like a handshake, they are not permanent.
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그리고 μ˜κ΅¬μ μ΄μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•…μˆ˜μ²˜λŸΌ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:56
They can let go of one atom and grab another.
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그듀은 ν•œ μ›μžλ₯Ό 놓아주고 λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
That's what we call a chemical reaction,
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그게 λ°”λ‘œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 화학결합이라 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
when atoms exchange partners and make new molecules.
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μ›μžλ“€μ΄ 짝을 λ°”κΎΈκ³ , μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ λ•Œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:03
The backbone of epinephrine is made mostly of carbon atoms,
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μ—ν”Όλ„€ν”„λ¦°μ˜ 근간은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ νƒ„μ†Œμ›μžλ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
and that's common.
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그리고 그것이 ν”ν•œ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
Carbon is life's favorite structural building material,
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νƒ„μ†ŒλŠ” 생λͺ…체가 κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” ꡬ쑰적 κ±΄μΆ•μžμž¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:10
because it makes a good number of handshakes
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ νƒ„μ†Œκ°€ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ λ§Žμ€ μ•…μˆ˜λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
with just the right grip strength.
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μ λ‹Ήν•œ μ•…λ ₯μœΌλ‘œμš”.
06:15
That's why we define organic chemistry as the study of carbon molecules.
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그것이 λ°”λ‘œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 유기 화학을 νƒ„μ†ŒλΆ„μž 연ꡬ라고 μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:20
Now, if we build the smallest molecules we can think of that follow our rules,
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κ·œμΉ™μ„ λ”°λ₯Έλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μž₯ μž‘μ€ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“ λ‹€λ©΄
06:25
they highlight our rules, and they have familiar names:
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λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ κ·œμΉ™μ„ κ°•μ‘°ν•˜λ©° μΉœμˆ™ν•œ 이름듀을 κ°–κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€..
06:28
water, ammonia and methane, H20 and NH3 and CH4.
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λ¬Ό, μ•”λͺ¨λ‹ˆμ•„와 메탄, H20, NH3와 CH4 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
The words "hydrogen," "oxygen" and "nitrogen" --
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단어 "μˆ˜μ†Œ", "μ‚°μ†Œ", 그리고 "μ§ˆμ†Œ" μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
we use the same words
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 같은 단어λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:38
to name these three molecules that have two atoms each.
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각각 λ‘κ°œμ˜ μ›μžλ₯Ό 가진 이 μ„Έ λΆ„μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 이름을 μ£ΌκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμš”.
06:41
They still follow the rules,
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그듀은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ κ·œμΉ™μ„ λ”°λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
because they have one, two and three bonds between them.
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κ·Έλ“€ 간에 ν•œκ°œ, λ‘κ°œ, 그리고 μ„Έκ°œμ˜ 결합을 κ°–κΈ° λ–„λ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
That's why oxygen gets called O2.
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그게 λ°”λ‘œ μ‚°μ†Œκ°€ O2λΌλŠ” 이름을 κ°–λŠ” μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
I can show you combustion.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ μ—°μ†Œλ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:51
Here's carbon dioxide, CO2.
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여기에 μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ, 즉 CO2κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
Above it, let's place water and oxygen, and beside it, some flammable fuels.
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이 μœ„μ—λŠ” λ¬Όκ³Ό μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό, μ˜†μ—λŠ” κ°€μ—°μ„± μ—°λ£Œλ₯Ό λ†“μ•„λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
06:58
These fuels are made of just hydrogen and carbon.
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이 μ—°λ£ŒλŠ” μˆ˜μ†Œμ™€ νƒ„μ†Œλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλ§Œ 이루어져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
That's why we call them hydrocarbons. We're very creative.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것듀을 νƒ„ν™”μˆ˜μ†ŒλΌκ³  λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
(Laughter)
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 맀우 μ°½μ˜μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. (μ›ƒμŒ)
07:05
So when these crash into molecules of oxygen,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이것듀이 μ‚°μ†ŒλΆ„μžμ™€ μΆ©λŒν•  λ•Œ,
07:07
as they do in your engine or in your barbecues,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ—”μ§„μ΄λ‚˜, λ°”λ² νμ—μ„œ κ·ΈλŸ¬λ“―μ΄
07:12
they release energy and they reassemble,
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그듀은 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό λ°©μΆœν•˜κ³  λ‹€μ‹œ λͺ¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
and every carbon atom ends up at the center of a CO2 molecule,
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그리고 λͺ¨λ“  νƒ„μ†Œ μ›μžλŠ” ν•œ CO2λΆ„μžμ˜ 쀑심에 μ„œκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
holding on to two oxygens,
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두 개의 μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό μž‘μœΌλ©΄μ„œμš”.
07:18
and all the hydrogens end up as parts of waters,
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그리고 λͺ¨λ“  μˆ˜μ†ŒλŠ” 물의 κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€κ³ ,
07:20
and everybody follows the rules.
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κ²°κ΅­ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ κ·œμΉ™μ„ λ”°λ₯΄κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
They are not optional,
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그것듀은 선택사항이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
and they're not optional for bigger molecules either,
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더 큰 λΆ„μžμ—κ²Œλ„ 그것듀은 선택사항이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
like these three.
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μ΄κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
07:29
This is our favorite vitamin
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이것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” λΉ„νƒ€λ―Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:31
sitting next to our favorite drug,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” μ•½λ¬Ό μ˜†μ— μžˆκΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
07:33
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:34
and morphine is one of the most important stories in medical history.
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λͺ¨λ₯΄ν•€μ€ μ˜ν•™ 역사상 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:38
It marks medicine's first real triumph over physical pain,
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윑체적 고톡을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„  μ˜ν•™μ˜ 첫 μ§„μ •ν•œ 승리λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λ©°.
07:41
and every molecule has a story,
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λͺ¨λ“  λΆ„μžλŠ” 각자의 이야기가 있고,
07:43
and they are all published.
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그것듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ μΆœνŒλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
They're written by scientists, and they're read by other scientists,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 썼고, λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ½μ–΄μ„œ
07:48
so we have handy representations to do this quickly on paper,
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빨리 쒅이에 κ·Έλ¦¬κΈ°μœ„ν•œ μ†μ‰¬μš΄ ν‘œν˜„μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:51
and I need to teach you how to do that.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
So we lay epinephrine flat on a page,
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μš°μ„  에피넀프린을 ν‰ν‰ν•˜κ²Œ ν•œ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— 놓고,
07:56
and then we replace all the spheres with simple letters,
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λͺ¨λ“  ꡬλ₯Ό κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ λ¬Έμžλ“€λ‘œ λ°”κΏ‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
and then the bonds that lie in the plane of the page,
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κ·ΈλŸ°λ‹€μŒ ν‰λ©΄μ˜ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— λ†“μ—¬μžˆλŠ” 결합듀은
08:01
they just become regular lines,
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κ·œμΉ™μ μΈ 선이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
and the bonds that point forwards and backwards,
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μ•ž λ’€λ₯Ό κ°€λ¦¬ν‚€λŠ” 결합듀은
08:05
they become little triangles,
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μž‘μ€ μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
either solid or dashed to indicate depth.
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그리고 깊이λ₯Ό ν‘œμ‹œκΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μž…μ²΄λ‚˜ νŒŒμ„ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
We don't actually draw these carbons.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 이 νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό 그리지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
We save time by just hiding them.
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그것듀을 μˆ¨κΉ€μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ‹œκ°„μ„ μ ˆμ•½ν•  수 있죠.
08:14
They're represented by corners between the bonds,
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그듀은 κ²°ν•©μ˜ ꡬ석에 ν‘œν˜„λ˜λ©°,
08:18
and we also hide every hydrogen that's bonded to a carbon.
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심지어 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” νƒ„μ†Œμ™€ κ²°ν•©λœ λͺ¨λ“  μˆ˜μ†Œλ₯Ό μˆ¨κΈ°κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
We know they're there
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그것듀이 κ±°κΈ° μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:23
whenever a carbon is showing us any fewer than four bonds.
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νƒ„μ†Œκ°€ 4κ°œλ³΄λ‹€ 적은 결합을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 어디든지 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
The last thing that's done is the bonds between OH and NH.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 것은 OH와 NH κ°„μ˜ κ²°ν•©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:31
We just get rid of those to make it cleaner,
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깨끗이 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, 단지 μ œκ±°ν• μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:33
and that's all there is to it.
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그리고 그게 λ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:35
This is the professional way to draw molecules.
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이것이 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό κ·Έλ¦¬λŠ” 전문적인 λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
This is what you see on Wikipedia pages.
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이게 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μœ„ν‚€ν”Όλ””μ•„ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ—μ„œ λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:42
It takes a little bit of practice, but I think everyone here could do it,
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적은 μ–‘μ˜ μ—°μŠ΅μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:46
but for today, this is epinephrine.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ˜€λŠ˜μ€ μ—ν”Όλ„€ν”„λ¦°μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:49
This is also called adrenaline. They're one and the same.
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μ•„λ“œλ ˆλ‚ λ¦°μ΄λΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λŠ”λ° λ™μΌν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
It's made by your adrenal glands.
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이것은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λΆ€μ‹ μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:54
You have this molecule swimming through your body right now.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λͺΈμ„ μˆ˜μ˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
It's a natural molecule.
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뭐 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ λΆ„μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:59
This EpiPen would just give you a quick quintillion more of them.
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에피넀프린 μ£Όμ‚¬κΈ°λŠ” κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ 100경을 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ£Όμž…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:05
We can extract epinephrine
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 에피넀프린을 μΆ”μΆœν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
from the adrenal glands of sheep or cattle,
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μ–‘μ΄λ‚˜ μ†Œλ—΄μ˜ λΆ€μ‹ μ—μ„œμš”.
09:11
but that's not where this stuff comes from.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 물건은 κ±°κΈ°μ„œ 온 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:14
We make this epinephrine in a factory
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 에피넀프린을 곡μž₯μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
by stitching together smaller molecules that come mostly from petroleum.
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λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜ μ„μœ μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” μž‘μ€ λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ λ¬Άμ–΄μ„œμš”.
09:23
And this is 100 percent synthetic.
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그리고 이것은 100% ν•©μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:25
And that word, "synthetic," makes some of us uncomfortable.
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"ν•©μ„±"μ΄λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” 우리λ₯Ό κΊΌλ¦ΌμΉ™ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:29
It's not like the word "natural," which makes us feel safe.
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μ•ˆμ‹¬μ„ λŠλΌλŠ” "μžμ—°μ μΈ "μ΄λΌλŠ” 단어가 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
But these two molecules, they cannot be distinguished.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 두 λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ ꡬ뢄할 μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:38
We're not talking about two cars that are coming off an assembly line here.
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μžλ™μ°¨ λ‘λŒ€κ°€ μ‘°λ¦½λΌμΈμ—μ„œ μƒμ‚°λ˜λŠ” κ±Έ λ§ν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ°¨μ—λŠ” 긁힌 자ꡭ이 μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
09:42
A car can have a scratch on it,
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09:44
and you can't scratch an atom.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ›μžμ— 긁힌 μžκ΅­μ„ λ‚Ό 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
These two are identical in a surreal, almost mathematical sense.
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이 λ‘κ°€μ§€λŠ” μ΄ˆν˜„μ‹€μ μ΄κ³  μˆ˜ν•™μ  μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œ λ™μΌν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
At this atomic scale, math practically touches reality.
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μ›μžμ  규λͺ¨μ—μ„œ, μˆ˜ν•™μ€ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ ν˜„μ‹€μ— λ‹ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
And a molecule of epinephrine ...
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그리고 μ—ν”Όλ„€ν”„λ¦°μ˜ λΆ„μžλŠ”
09:56
it has no memory of its origin.
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기원에 λŒ€ν•œ 기얡이 거의 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:58
It just is what it is,
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그게 닀이며,
09:59
and once you have it,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ²½ν—˜ν•΄λ³΄λ©΄
10:01
the words "natural" and "synthetic," they don't matter,
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"μžμ—°μ μΈ" 및 "ν•©μ„±μ˜" λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” μ€‘μš”μΉ˜ μ•Šκ²Œ 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:06
and nature synthesizes this molecule just like we do,
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그리고 μžμ—°μ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜λ“―μ΄ 이 λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ ν•©μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:09
except nature is much better at this than we are.
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μžμ—°μ΄ μš°λ¦¬λ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 μž˜ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒλ§Œ λΉΌκ³ μš”.
10:11
Before there was life on earth,
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지ꡬ상에 생λͺ…이 있기 μ „μ—λŠ”,
10:14
all the molecules were small, simple:
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λͺ¨λ“  λΆ„μžλŠ” μž‘κ³ , κ°„λ‹¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:17
carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen,
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이산화 νƒ„μ†Œ, λ¬Ό, μ§ˆμ†Œ,
κ·Έμ € λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 것듀.
10:20
just simple things.
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10:21
The emergence of life changed that.
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생λͺ…μ˜ μΆœν˜„μ΄ 그것을 λ°”κΏ”λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
Life brought biosynthetic factories that are powered by sunlight,
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생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” ν–‡λΉ›μœΌλ‘œ μž‘λ™λ˜λŠ” 생합성 곡μž₯을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆκ³ ,
10:26
and inside these factories, small molecules crash into each other
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이 곡μž₯ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ, μž‘μ€ λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œ μΆ©λŒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:29
and become large ones: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids,
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그리고 더 큰 λΆ„μžκ°€ 됬죠. λ°”λ‘œ νƒ„μˆ˜ν™”λ¬Ό, λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ, ν•΅μ‚°,
10:33
multitudes of spectacular creations.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λˆˆλΆ€μ‹  μž‘ν’ˆλ“€.
10:37
Nature is the original organic chemist,
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μžμ—°μ€ 졜초의 μœ κΈ°ν™”ν•™μžμ˜€κ³ ,
10:40
and her construction also fills our sky with the oxygen gas we breathe,
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆμ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μˆ¨μ‰¬λŠ” μ‚°μ†Œλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ˜μ„ μ±„μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:44
this high-energy oxygen.
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이런 κ³ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ‚°μ†Œλ‘œμš”.
10:47
All of these molecules are infused with the energy of the sun.
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이 λͺ¨λ“  λΆ„μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ νƒœμ–‘ μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ λΆˆμ–΄λ„£μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:50
They store it like batteries.
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마치 λ°°ν„°λ¦¬μ²˜λŸΌ νƒœμ–‘μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ €μž₯ν•˜μ£ .
10:52
So nature is made of chemicals.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μžμ—°μ€ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€λ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:56
Maybe you guys can help me to reclaim this word, "chemical,"
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ œκ°€ "화학적" μ΄λΌλŠ” 단어λ₯Ό λ˜μ°Ύλ„λ‘ 도와주싀 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
because it has been stolen from us.
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ μžμ—°μ΄ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œμ„œ λΉΌμ•—μ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
11:01
It doesn't mean toxic, and it doesn't mean harmful,
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독성이 μžˆλ‹€κ±°λ‚˜, ν•΄λ‘­λ‹€κ±°λ‚˜,
11:04
and it doesn't mean man-made or unnatural.
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μΈκ³΅μ μ΄λ‚˜ λΉ„μ •μƒμ μ΄λΌλŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
It just means "stuff," OK?
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단지 "물질" 을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€, μ•„μ…¨μ£ ?
11:10
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
11:11
You can't have chemical-free lump charcoal.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆμ΄ μ—†λŠ” μˆ―μ„ λͺ» μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
That is ridiculous.
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정말 μ›ƒκΈ°λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:17
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
11:18
And I'd like to do one more word.
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ν•œκ°€μ§€ λ‹¨μ–΄λ§Œ 더 해보고 μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:20
The word "natural" doesn't mean "safe,"
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"μžμ—°μ μΈ" μ΄λΌλŠ” 단어가 "μ•ˆμ „"을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:23
and you all know that.
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:26
Plenty of nature's chemicals are quite toxic,
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μžμ—°μ˜ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆ λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜κ°€ κ½€ λ…μ„±μ˜ 띄고,
11:30
and others are delicious,
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그렇지 μ•Šμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 것듀은 λ§›μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
and some are both ...
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” λ‘˜λ‹€ 이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
11:36
toxic and delicious.
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독성과 λ§›μžˆλŠ” κ±° λͺ¨λ‘ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:38
The only way to tell whether something is harmful
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무언가 ν•΄λ‘œμš΄μ§€ μ•„λ‹Œμ§€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 방법은
μ‹œν—˜ν•΄ λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:41
is to test it,
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11:43
and I don't mean you guys.
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ μ‹œν—˜ν•΄λ³΄λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:45
Professional toxicologists: we have these people.
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전문적인 λ…λ¬Όν•™μž, μš°λ¦¬μ—κ² 이듀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:48
They're well-trained,
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그듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ 잘 ν›ˆλ ¨λœ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄κ³ ,
11:50
and you should trust them like I do.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ œκ°€ κ·Έλ ‡λ“― 그듀을 λ―Ώμ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:52
So nature's molecules are everywhere,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ μžμ—°μ˜ λΆ„μžλŠ” 어디에도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:54
including the ones that have decomposed
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λΆ€νŒ¨ν•œκ²ƒμ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•΄μ„œ
11:56
into these black mixtures that we call petroleum.
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μ„μœ λΌ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 검은 ν˜Όν•©λ¬ΌκΉŒμ§€ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:58
We refine these molecules.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ μ •μ œν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:01
There's nothing unnatural about them.
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ λΉ„μ •μƒμ μ΄λΌλŠ” 것은 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:03
We purify them.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것듀을 μ •ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:06
Now, our dependence on them for energy --
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이제, 그것듀에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ˜μ‘΄λ„λŠ”
12:09
that means that every one of those carbons gets converted into a molecule of CO2.
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νƒ„μ†Œλ“€μ€‘ ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ CO2λΆ„μžλ‘œ λ³€ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:13
That's a greenhouse gas that is messing up our climate.
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그게 λ°”λ‘œ 우리 κΈ°ν›„λ₯Ό μ–΄μ§€λŸ½νžˆλŠ” μ˜¨μ‹€κ°€μŠ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:16
Maybe knowing this chemistry will make that reality easier to accept
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μ•„λ§ˆ 화학을 μ•„λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ ν˜„μ‹€μ„ 받아듀이기 μ‰½κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
for some people, I don't know,
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일뢀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ”μš”, μž˜μ€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ
12:21
but these molecules are not just fossil fuels.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이런 λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ ν™”μ„μ—°λ£Œλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:24
They're also the cheapest available raw materials
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그것듀은 λ˜ν•œ κ°€μž₯ μ‹Ό μ›μžμž¬λ‘œ
12:27
for doing something that we call synthesis.
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합성을 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:30
We're using them like pieces of LEGO.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것을 레고의 쑰각처럼 μ΄μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:33
We have learned how to connect them or break them apart with great control.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—°κ²°ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ ν›Œλ₯­νžˆ ν†΅μ œν•΄ λΆ„ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 법을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:37
I have done a lot of this myself,
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저도 많이 ν•΄λ΄€μ§€λ§Œ,
12:39
and I still think it's amazing it's even possible.
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μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€λ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹¨ 사싀이 λ†€λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
What we do is kind of like assembling LEGO
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 건 레고 μ‘°λ¦½κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:44
by dumping boxes of it into washing machines,
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κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ μƒμžλ₯Ό 세탁기에 λ„£μ–΄λ²„λ¦¬λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
12:47
but it works.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:49
We can make molecules that are exact copies of nature, like epinephrine,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 에피넀프린 같은 μ •ν™•ν•œ μžμ—°μ˜ 볡제 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μˆ˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:53
or we can make creations of our own from scratch, like these two.
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ν˜Ήμ€ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‘˜ 같이 ν μ§‘μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 창쑰물을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:57
One of these eases the symptoms of multiple sclerosis;
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이듀 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” λ‹€λ°œμ„± 경화증 증상을 μ™„ν™”μ‹œμΌœ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:01
the other one cures a type of blood cancer that we call T-cell lymphoma.
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λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ T세포림프쒅 이라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” ν˜ˆμ•‘ 암을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:05
A molecule with the right size and shape, it's like a key in a lock,
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μ λ‹Ήν•œ 크기와 λͺ¨μ–‘을 가진 λΆ„μžλŠ” 마치 μžλ¬Όμ‡  μ•ˆμ˜ μ—΄μ‡  κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:09
and when it fits, it interferes with the chemistry of a disease.
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λΌμ›Œμ§€λ©΄, μ§ˆλ³‘μ˜ ν™”ν•™ μž‘μš©μ„ λ°©ν•΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:13
That's how drugs work.
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약이 μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ›λ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:15
Natural or synthetic,
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μžμ—°μ μ΄λ“ , 인곡적이든,
13:17
they're all just molecules that happen to fit snugly somewhere important.
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λͺ¨λ‘ μ–΄λ”˜κ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 곳에 μ ν•©ν•˜κ²Œ λ§žλŠ” λΆ„μžμΌ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:20
But nature is much better at making them than we are,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μžμ—°μ΄ μš°λ¦¬λ³΄λ‹€ 더 잘 λ§Œλ“€ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:23
so hers look more impressive than ours,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 것이 μš°λ¦¬κ²ƒλ³΄λ‹€ 더 μΈμƒκΉŠμ€ κ±°μ§€μš”.
13:25
like this one.
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마치 μ΄κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
13:27
This is called vancomycin.
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이것은 λ°˜μ½”λ§ˆμ΄μ‹ μ΄λΌ λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:29
She gave this majestic beast two chlorine atoms
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μžμ—°μ€ 이 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 것을 λ‘κ°œμ˜ μ—Όμ†Œ λΆ„μžμ— μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·€κ±Έμ΄ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:32
to wear like a pair of earrings.
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13:34
We found vancomycin in a puddle of mud in a jungle in Borneo in 1953.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 1953λ…„ 보λ₯΄λ„€μ˜€μ˜ μ •κΈ€ μ§„ν™μ—μ„œ λ°”μ½”λ§ˆμ΄μ‹ μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:39
It's made by a bacteria.
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이것은 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ— μ˜ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:42
We can't synthesize this cost-efficiently in a lab.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 λΉ„μš©νš¨μœ¨μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:45
It's too complicated for us, but we can harvest it from its natural source,
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λ§Œλ“€κΈ°λŠ” 맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μžμ—°μ—μ„œλŠ” 얻을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:50
and we do, because this is one of our most powerful antibiotics.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ°€μž₯ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ ν•­μƒμ œμ€‘ ν•˜λ‚˜μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:54
And new molecules are reported in our literature every day.
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그리고 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄ 맀일 λ¬Έν—Œμ— λ³΄κ³ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:57
We make them or we find them in every corner of this planet.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 지ꡬ λͺ¨λ“  κ³³μ—μ„œ 그것을 λ§Œλ“€μˆ˜λ„ 찾을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:01
And that's where drugs come from,
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약이 λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” 곳이고,
14:03
and that's why your doctors have amazing powers ...
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ λ†€λΌμš΄ νž˜μ„ κ°–λŠ” μ΄μœ μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:05
(Laughter)
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14:07
to cure deadly infections and everything else.
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치λͺ…적인 감염과 λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμš”.
14:09
Being a physician today is like being a knight in shining armor.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ˜μ‚¬λž€ λΉ›λ‚˜λŠ” κ°‘μ˜·μ„ μž…μ€ 기사가 λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:13
They fight battles with courage and composure,
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그듀은 μš©κ°ν•˜κ³  μΉ¨μ°©ν•˜κ²Œ μ „νˆ¬λ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:16
but also with good equipment.
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쒋은 μž₯비도 κ°€μ§€κ³ μš”.
14:18
So let's not forget the role of the blacksmith in this picture,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ 이 사진속 λŒ€μž₯μž₯이의 역학을 μžŠμ§€ λ§™μ‹œλ‹€.
14:22
because without the blacksmith, things would look a little different ...
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λŒ€μž₯μž₯이가 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄, 상황이 쑰금 달라보일 ν…Œλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
14:26
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:28
But this science is bigger than medicine.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 과학은 μ˜ν•™λ³΄λ‹€ 더 ν½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:30
It is oils and solvents and flavors, fabrics, all plastics,
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기름, μš©μ•‘, ν–₯κΈ°, 직물, ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±
14:36
the cushions that you're sitting on right now --
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ§€κΈˆ μ•‰μ•„μžˆλŠ” μΏ μ…˜λ“€κΉŒμ§€λ„
14:39
they're all manufactured, and they're mostly carbon,
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그것듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ 제쑰되고 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ νƒ„μ†ŒλΌμ„œ
14:41
so that makes all of it organic chemistry.
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거의 λͺ¨λ‘ μœ κΈ°ν™”ν•™μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:43
This is a rich science.
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ ν’λΆ€ν•œ κ³Όν•™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:45
I left out a lot today:
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였늘 많이 λΉ λœ¨λ Έλ„€μš”.
14:47
phosphorus and sulfur and the other atoms,
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인 그리고 ν™©, λ‹€λ₯Έ μ›μžλ“€,
14:51
and why they all bond the way they do,
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그리고 μ™œ 그듀은 κ·ΈλŸ°μ‹μœΌλ‘œ κ²°ν•©λ˜μžˆλŠ”μ§€,
14:54
and symmetry
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κ· ν˜•,
14:55
and non-bonding electrons,
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κ²°ν•©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μ „μž,
14:57
and atoms that are charged,
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μ „ν•˜λ₯Ό λ λŠ” μ›μžλ“€
14:58
and reactions and their mechanisms, and it goes on and on and on,
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λ°˜μ‘κ³Ό 기제, 그리고 계속 μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³ 
15:01
and synthesis takes a long time to learn.
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합성은 λ°°μš°λŠ”λ° μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:03
But I didn't come here to teach you guys organic chemistry --
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μ €λŠ” μœ κΈ°ν™”ν•™μ„ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ
15:06
I just wanted to show it to you,
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보여주고 μ‹Άμ–΄μ„œ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:08
and I had a lot of help with that today from a young man named Weston Durland,
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그리고 W.D μ—κ²Œ 도움을 λ°›κ³  있으며
15:13
and you've already seen him.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이미 κ·Έλ₯Ό λ΄€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·ΈλŠ” ν™”ν•™ λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒμ΄λ©°,
15:16
He's an undergraduate student in chemistry,
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μš°μ—°νžˆ C.Gλ₯Ό κ½€ μž˜ν•˜κ²Œ λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:18
and he also happens to be pretty good with computer graphics.
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15:21
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
15:23
So Weston designed all the moving molecules
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ””μžμΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:27
that you saw today.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 였늘 λ³Έ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:29
He and I wanted to demonstrate through the use of graphics like these
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그와 μ €λŠ” 이 κ·Έλž˜ν”½μ„ 톡해 보여주고 μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:32
to help someone talk about this intricate science.
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 과학에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§ν•˜λŠ”κ±Έ 돕기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œμš”
15:35
But our main goal was just to show you
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리의 주된 λͺ©μ μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:37
that organic chemistry is not something to be afraid of.
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유기 화학이 λ‘λ €μ›Œν• λ§Œν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
15:41
It is, at its core, a window
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이것은 쀑심적인 μ°½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:44
through which the beauty of the natural world looks richer.
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μžμ—°μ„Έκ³„ λ―Έλ₯Ό 더 ν’λΆ€νžˆ 보이도둝 ν•˜λ©΄μ„œμš”.
15:48
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:49
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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