Why glass towers are bad for city life -- and what we need instead | Justin Davidson

253,401 views ใƒป 2017-07-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zahi Zilberman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Imagine that when you walked in here this evening,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื, ืฉื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื ืœื›ืืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘
00:15
you discovered that everybody in the room looked almost exactly the same:
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื ืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ:
00:20
ageless, raceless,
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื™ืœ, ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืฆื,
00:22
generically good-looking.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ืคื” ืชื•ืืจ.
00:24
That person sitting right next to you
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ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ื›ื,
00:26
might have the most idiosyncratic inner life,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™,
00:28
but you don't have a clue
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ
00:29
because we're all wearing the same blank expression all the time.
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืืจืฉืช ืคื ื™ื.
00:34
That is the kind of creepy transformation that is taking over cities,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฆืžืจืจ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:39
only it applies to buildings, not people.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื.
00:43
Cities are full of roughness and shadow,
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ื”ืขืจื™ื ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœ ื•ื—ืกืคื•ืก,
00:49
texture and color.
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ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืžืจืงื.
00:50
You can still find architectural surfaces of great individuality and character
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืœืื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคื™
00:57
in apartment buildings in Riga
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื’ื” (ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื”)
00:59
and Yemen,
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ื•ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ,
01:02
social housing in Vienna,
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ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื‘ื•ื™ื ื”,
01:04
Hopi villages in Arizona,
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ื›ืคืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”,
01:07
brownstones in New York,
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
01:09
wooden houses in San Francisco.
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ื‘ืชื™ ืขืฅ ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•,
01:11
These aren't palaces or cathedrals.
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ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืงืชื“ืจืœื•ืช,
01:13
These are just ordinary residences
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ืื™ืœื• ืจืง ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื
01:15
expressing the ordinary splendor of cities.
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ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ืคืืจ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื.
01:19
And the reason they're like that is that the need for shelter
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ื›ืืœื•, ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืงืœื˜
01:22
is so bound up with the human desire for beauty.
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ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™.
01:28
Their rough surfaces give us a touchable city.
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืขื™ืจ "ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช".
01:32
Right? Streets that you can read
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื
01:34
by running your fingers over brick and stone.
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ืข"ื™ ืžื’ืข ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื”
01:37
But that's getting harder to do,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”,
01:40
because cities are becoming smooth.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื—ืœืงื•ืช.
01:43
New downtowns sprout towers
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขืจื™ื ืฆืฆื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื
01:45
that are almost always made of concrete and steel
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืœื˜ ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ
01:47
and covered in glass.
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ื•ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
01:50
You can look at skylines all over the world --
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื --
01:53
Houston,
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ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:55
Guangzhou,
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ื’ื•ืื ื’ื–ื•,
01:57
Frankfurt --
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ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ --
01:59
and you see the same army of high-gloss robots
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืฆื‘ื-ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืง,
02:02
marching over the horizon.
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ืฆื•ืขื“ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ืคืง.
02:05
Now, just think of everything we lose
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื
02:07
when architects stop using the full range of available materials.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™.
02:12
When we reject granite and limestone and sandstone
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ืจื ื™ื˜, ืื‘ืŸ ืกื™ื“ ื•ื—ื•ืœ
02:16
and wood and copper and terra-cotta and brick
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ืขืฅ, ื ื—ื•ืฉืช, ื—ืจืก ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื
02:18
and wattle and plaster,
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ืกื‘ื›ื” (ืขื•ืจ) ื•ื˜ื™ื—,
02:20
we simplify architecture
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”
02:23
and we impoverish cities.
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ื•ืžืจื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื.
02:25
It's as if you reduced all of the world's cuisines
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:29
down to airline food.
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ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื”.
02:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:32
Chicken or pasta?
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ืขื•ืฃ ืื• ืคืกื˜ื”?
02:35
But worse still,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”,
02:37
assemblies of glass towers like this one in Moscow
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ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”
02:41
suggest a disdain for the civic and communal aspects of urban living.
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ืžืฉื“ืจ ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:46
Right? Buildings like these are intended to enrich their owners and tenants,
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:51
but not necessarily the lives of the rest of us,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืจ,
02:53
those of us who navigate the spaces between the buildings.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
02:58
And we expect to do so for free.
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ื•ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
03:01
Shiny towers are an invasive species
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื”ื ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™
03:04
and they are choking our cities and killing off public space.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ื ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
03:09
We tend to think of a facade as being like makeup,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ืื™ืคื•ืจ,
03:12
a decorative layer applied at the end to a building that's effectively complete.
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ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืžื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื ื”.
03:16
But just because a facade is superficial
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช
03:19
doesn't mean it's not also deep.
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”.
03:21
Let me give you an example
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื
03:24
of how a city's surfaces affect the way we live in it.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”.
03:27
When I visited Salamanca in Spain,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืกืœืžื ืงื” ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื“
03:29
I gravitated to the Plaza Mayor
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ื ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืคืœืืกื” ืžืื™ื•ืจ
03:32
at all hours of the day.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:33
Early in the morning, sunlight rakes the facades,
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื•ื”ืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช,
03:36
sharpening shadows,
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ืžื—ื“ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื,
03:38
and at night, lamplight segments the buildings
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
03:41
into hundreds of distinct areas,
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ืœืžืื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื,
03:44
balconies and windows and arcades,
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ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื,
03:46
each one a separate pocket of visual activity.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช.
03:50
That detail and depth, that glamour
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ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื˜, ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ
03:54
gives the plaza a theatrical quality.
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ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืคืœืื–ื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจืœื™ืช.
03:58
It becomes a stage where the generations can meet.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื‘ืžื” ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื.
04:01
You have teenagers sprawling on the pavers,
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืจื•ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืฆืคื•ืช,
04:05
seniors monopolizing the benches,
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ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืกืœื™ื,
04:08
and real life starts to look like an opera set.
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื’ืช ืื•ืคืจื”.
04:12
The curtain goes up on Salamanca.
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ื”ืžืกืš ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืกืœืžื ืงื”.
04:15
So just because I'm talking about the exteriors of buildings,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
04:20
not form, not function, not structure,
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ืœื ืฆื•ืจื”, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื• ืžื‘ื ื”,
04:24
even so those surfaces give texture to our lives,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื—ื–ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
04:29
because buildings create the spaces around them,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
04:32
and those spaces can draw people in
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ื•ื—ืœืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื™ื•,
04:35
or push them away.
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ืื• ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื.
04:37
And the difference often has to do with the quality of those exteriors.
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ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช.
04:40
So one contemporary equivalent of the Plaza Mayor in Salamanca
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ืื– ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืœืคืœืื–ื” ืžืื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืกืœืžื ืงื”
04:44
is the Place de la Dรฉfense in Paris,
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ื”ื™ื ืคืœืื–ืช ืœื” ื“ืคื ืก ืฉื‘ืคืจื™ืก,
04:47
a windswept, glass-walled open space
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ืžืชื—ื ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
04:51
that office workers hurry through
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ื•
04:53
on the way from the metro to their cubicles
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื• ืืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื
04:55
but otherwise spend as little time in as possible.
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ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืืช ื–ืžื ื ื‘ืžืชื—ื.
04:59
In the early 1980s, the architect Philip Johnson
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1980, ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ
05:03
tried to recreate a gracious European plaza in Pittsburgh.
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ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืฉื“ืจื” ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’.
05:07
This is PPG Place,
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ื”ืœื ื”ื™ื ื”- PPG (ืคื™ ืคื™ ื’'ื™),
05:09
a half acre of open space encircled by commercial buildings
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ื—ืฆื™ ื“ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืชื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื
05:14
made of mirrored glass.
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ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžืจืื•ืช.
05:15
And he ornamented those buildings with metal trim and bays
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ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืขื ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืžืžืชื›ืช
05:19
and Gothic turrets
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ื•ืฆืจื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืชื™
05:21
which really pop on the skyline.
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ืงื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืงื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
05:23
But at ground level,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
05:26
the plaza feels like a black glass cage.
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ื”ืคืœืื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื”.
05:29
I mean, sure, in summertime
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ
05:31
kids are running back and forth through the fountain
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช
05:34
and there's ice-skating in the winter,
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ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—,
05:36
but it lacks the informality of a leisurely hangout.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืกืจื” ื‘ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ื™ื ื•ื—.
05:39
It's just not the sort of place you really want to just hang out and chat.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื.
05:47
Public spaces thrive or fail for many different reasons.
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืงืžื™ื ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
05:51
Architecture is only one,
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ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ,
05:53
but it's an important one.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
05:55
Some recent plazas
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ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
05:57
like Federation Square in Melbourne
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื‘ื•ืจืŸ
06:00
or Superkilen in Copenhagen
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ืื• ืกื•ืคืจืงื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ
06:03
succeed because they combine old and new,
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื™ืฉืŸ,
06:07
rough and smooth,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืกืคืก ืœื—ืœืง,
06:09
neutral and bright colors,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื,
06:11
and because they don't rely excessively on glass.
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
06:15
Now, I'm not against glass.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื ื’ื“ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช,
06:19
It's an ancient and versatile material.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืชื™ืง ื•ืขืžื™ื“
06:23
It's easy to manufacture and transport
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ืฉืงืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ,
06:27
and install and replace
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ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ
06:29
and clean.
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ื•ืœื ืงื•ืช.
06:31
It comes in everything from enormous, ultraclear sheets
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ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื
06:34
to translucent bricks.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื”.
06:37
New coatings make it change mood
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ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—
06:39
in the shifting light.
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ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”.
06:41
In expensive cities like New York, it has the magical power
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื”
06:44
of being able to multiply real estate values by allowing views,
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ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืขืจืš ื ื›ืก ืข"ื™ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช,
06:48
which is really the only commodity that developers have to offer
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ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข
06:51
to justify those surreal prices.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื–ื•ื™ื™ื.
06:56
In the middle of the 19th century,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
06:58
with the construction of the Crystal Palace in London,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
07:00
glass leapt to the top of the list of quintessentially modern substances.
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ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
07:06
By the mid-20th century,
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ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
07:07
it had come to dominate the downtowns of some American cities,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืขืจื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
07:11
largely through some really spectacular office buildings
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื
07:14
like Lever House in midtown Manhattan, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ "ืœื‘ืจ" ื‘ืžื™ื“ื˜ืื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ, ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื–ืงื™ื“ืžื•ืจ, ืื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืก ื•ืžืจื™ืœ.
07:19
Eventually, the technology advanced to the point
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืœืจืžื”
07:22
where architects could design structures so transparent
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ืฉืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื” ืฉืงื•ืฃ
07:25
they practically disappear.
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ืขืœื.
07:28
And along the way,
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ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš,
07:29
glass became the default material of the high-rise city,
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ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช,
07:34
and there's a very powerful reason for that.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืจื‘ื”.
07:37
Because as the world's populations converge on cities,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืขืจื™ื,
07:41
the least fortunate pack into jerry-built shantytowns.
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ืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™.
07:45
But hundreds of millions of people need apartments and places to work
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
07:49
in ever-larger buildings,
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื,
07:50
so it makes economic sense to put up towers
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื
07:53
and wrap them in cheap and practical curtain walls.
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ื•ืœืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืขื˜ื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™ ื•ื–ื•ืœ.
07:57
But glass has a limited ability
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืœื”
08:00
to be expressive.
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื‘ืขื”.
08:03
This is a section of wall framing a plaza
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืงื™ืจ ืฉืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืคืœืื–ื”
08:05
in the pre-Hispanic city of Mitla, in southern Mexico.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืคืจื”-ื”ื™ืกืคืื ื™ืช ืžื™ื˜ืœื”, ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
08:10
Those 2,000-year-old carvings
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ื”ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 2,000 ืฉื ื”
08:11
make it clear that this was a place of high ritual significance.
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ืžืจืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
08:17
Today we look at those and we can see a historical and textural continuity
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืจืงืžื™ืช
08:22
between those carvings, the mountains all around
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
08:25
and that church which is built on top of the ruins
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ืžืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช
08:29
using stone plundered from the site.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช.
08:32
In nearby Oaxaca, even ordinary plaster buildings
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ื‘ืื•ืื—ืืงื” (ืžื“ื™ื ื”) ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ื˜ื™ื— ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
08:35
become canvasses for bright colors, political murals
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืงื ื‘ืก ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™,
08:39
and sophisticated graphic arts.
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ื•ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช.
08:42
It's an intricate, communicative language
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืคืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
08:46
that an epidemic of glass would simply wipe out.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืžื—ืง.
08:49
The good news is that architects and developers
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ืฉืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืคืชื—ื™ื
08:52
have begun to rediscover the joys of texture
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืจืงื
08:55
without backing away from modernity.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช.
08:58
Some find innovative uses for old materials like brick
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ื—ืœืง ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื
09:03
and terra-cotta.
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ื•ื˜ึถืจึธื” ืงื•ึนื˜ึธื”
09:05
Others invent new products like the molded panels that Snรธhetta used
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ืกื ื•ื—ื˜ื”
09:10
to give the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•
09:13
that crinkly, sculptural quality.
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ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืกืœืช ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืžื˜ืช.
09:16
The architect Stefano Boeri even created living facades.
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ืกื˜ืคื ื• ื‘ื•ืืจื™ ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช.
09:20
This is his Vertical Forest, a pair of apartment towers in Milan,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™, ื–ื•ื’ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื•,
09:24
whose most visible feature is greenery.
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ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื‘ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ื™ึถืจึถืง.
09:27
And Boeri is designing a version of this for Nanjing in China.
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ื‘ื•ืืจื™ ื’ื ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื’ื™ืจืกื ื›ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืื ื’'ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
09:32
And imagine if green facades were as ubiquitous as glass ones
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืื ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
09:37
how much cleaner the air in Chinese cities would become.
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ื›ืžื” ื ืงื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
09:41
But the truth is that these are mostly one-offs,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืืœื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื,
09:44
boutique projects,
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09:45
not easily reproduced at a global scale.
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ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™.
09:49
And that is the point.
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
09:52
When you use materials that have a local significance,
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ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
09:55
you prevent cities from all looking the same.
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ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”
09:58
Copper has a long history in New York --
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ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง --
10:01
the Statue of Liberty,
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ืคืกืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
10:03
the crown of the Woolworth Building --
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ื”ื›ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืœื•ื•ืจืช' --
10:06
but it fell out of fashion for a long time
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืžื–ืžืŸ
10:09
until SHoP Architects used it to cover the American Copper Building,
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ืขื“ ืฉืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ "SHoP" ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื” ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
10:13
a pair of twisting towers on the East River.
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ื–ื•ื’ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžืคื•ืชืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ ืจื™ื‘ืจ.
10:16
It's not even finished
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”
10:18
and you can see the way sunset lights up that metallic facade,
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืžืขื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืชื™ืช,
10:22
which will weather to green as it ages.
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ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ืจื•ืงื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
10:25
Buildings can be like people.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื ืฉื™ื.
10:27
Their faces broadcast their experience.
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ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
10:31
And that's an important point,
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
10:32
because when glass ages,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื ืช,
10:35
you just replace it,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
10:37
and the building looks pretty much the same way it did before
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ
ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจืก.
10:40
until eventually it's demolished.
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10:41
Almost all other materials have the ability
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
10:44
to absorb infusions of history and memory,
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ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
10:48
and project it into the present.
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ื•ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื•ื•ื”.
10:52
The firm Ennead
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ื”ืคื™ืจืžื” "ืื ื™ื“"
10:54
clad the Utah Natural History Museum in Salt Lake City in copper and zinc,
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ื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืกื•ืœื˜ ืœื™ื™ืง ืกื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื•ืื‘ืฅ,
10:59
ores that have been mined in the area for 150 years
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ืขืคืจื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืจื• ืžื–ื” 150 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
11:05
and that also camouflage the building against the ochre hills
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื ืžื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช
11:09
so that you have a natural history museum
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
11:11
that reflects the region's natural history.
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ืฉืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื.
11:15
And when the Chinese Pritzker Prize winner Wang Shu
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืคืจื™ืฆืงืจ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื•ื ื’ ืฉื•
11:18
was building a history museum in Ningbo,
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ื‘ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•,
11:21
he didn't just create a wrapper for the past,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืฆืจ ืจืง ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืœืขื‘ืจ,
11:24
he built memory right into the walls
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฆื‘ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช
11:27
by using brick and stones and shingles
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืจืขืคื™ื
11:31
salvaged from villages that had been demolished.
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ืฉื ื™ืฆืœื• ืžื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจืกื•.
11:36
Now, architects can use glass
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ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
11:39
in equally lyrical and inventive ways.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
11:41
Here in New York, two buildings,
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ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
11:43
one by Jean Nouvel and this one by Frank Gehry
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื’'ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืข"ื™ ืคืจื ืง ื’ืจื™
11:46
face off across West 19th Street,
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ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื“ืจื” 19,
11:49
and the play of reflections that they toss back and forth
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”
11:52
is like a symphony in light.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ.
11:56
But when a city defaults to glass
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืขื™ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
11:59
as it grows,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื”,
12:00
it becomes a hall of mirrors,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืื•ืœื ืžืจืื•ืช,
12:02
disquieting and cold.
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ืงืจ ื•ืžื“ืื™ื’.
12:05
After all, cities are places of concentrated variety
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืจื•ื›ื–
12:11
where the world's cultures and languages and lifestyles
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื
12:16
come together and mingle.
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ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉื™ื.
12:18
So rather than encase all that variety
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
12:22
and diversity in buildings of crushing sameness,
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ื•ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืฅ
12:26
we should have an architecture that honors the full range of the urban experience.
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ืช ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™
12:31
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
12:33
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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