Laurie Garrett: What can we learn from the 1918 flu?

199,512 views ใƒป 2009-04-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oren Szekatch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
So the first question is, why do we need to
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
00:14
even worry about a pandemic threat?
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžืžื’ื™ืคื”?
00:17
What is it that we're concerned about?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ื•?
00:19
When I say "we," I'm at the Council on Foreign Relations.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช "ืื ื—ื ื•," ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆืืช.
00:22
We're concerned in the national security community,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื,
00:24
and of course in the biology community and the public health community.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.
00:27
While globalization has increased travel,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:29
it's made it necessary that everybody be everywhere,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
00:32
all the time, all over the world.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:34
And that means that your microbial hitchhikers are moving with you.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื˜ืจืžืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื˜ืจืžืค.
00:37
So a plague outbreak in Surat, India
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื” ื‘ืกื•ืจืื˜ ืฉื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
00:39
becomes not an obscure event, but a globalized event --
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ืื™ื ื” ื ืฉืืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ, ืืœื ืื™ืจื•ืข ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ --
00:42
a globalized concern that has changed the risk equation.
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ื“ืื’ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:45
Katrina showed us
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ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืชืจื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื ื•
00:47
that we cannot completely depend on government
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
00:49
to have readiness in hand, to be capable of handling things.
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช, ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:52
Indeed, an outbreak would be multiple Katrinas at once.
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ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื’ืคื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงืชืจื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
00:56
Our big concern at the moment is a virus called H5N1 flu --
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ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื ืงืจื ืฉืคืขืช H5N1.
00:59
some of you call it bird flu --
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช,
01:01
which first emerged in southern China, in the mid-1990s,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื.
01:04
but we didn't know about it until 1997.
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ืืš ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1997.
01:07
At the end of last Christmas only 13 countries had seen H5N1.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืจืง 13 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ H5N1.
01:11
But we're now up to 55 countries in the world,
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ืืš ืขืชื” ื™ืฉื ืŸ 55 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:13
have had this virus emerge,
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
01:15
in either birds, or people or both.
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ืื ื‘ืขื•ืคื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
01:18
In the bird outbreaks we now can see
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ื‘ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
01:20
that pretty much the whole world has seen this virus
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ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื”
01:23
except the Americas.
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ืœืžืขื˜ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:25
And I'll get into why we've so far been spared in a moment.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืกืš ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜.
01:29
In domestic birds, especially chickens,
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ื‘ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช,
01:31
it's 100 percent lethal.
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ื–ื” 100 ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืœื ื™.
01:33
It's one of the most lethal things we've seen
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจืื™ื ื•
01:35
in circulation in the world
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ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:37
in any recent centuries.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:39
And we've dealt with it by killing off lots and lots and lots of chickens,
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ื•ื˜ื™ืคืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื”ืจื™ื’ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
01:42
and unfortunately often not reimbursing the peasant farmers
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืœื ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื
01:45
with the result that there's cover-up.
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ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื•ื—.
01:47
It's also carried on migration patterns
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื’ื ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื ื“ื™ื“ื”
01:49
of wild migratory aquatic birds.
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ืฉืœ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
01:52
There has been this centralized event
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืจื›ื–ื™
01:54
in a place called Lake Chenghai, China.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืงืจื ืื’ื ืฆ'ื™ื ื’ืื™ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
01:56
Two years ago the migrating birds
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื
01:58
had a multiple event
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ื‘ื”ื ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
02:00
where thousands died because of a mutation occurring
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ืžืชื• ื‘ืืœืคื™ื”ื ืขืงื‘ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”
02:02
in the virus,
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ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ,
02:04
which made the species range broaden dramatically.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
02:07
So that birds going to Siberia, to Europe, and to Africa
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ, ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”
02:10
carried the virus, which had not previously been possible.
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ื ืฉืื• ืขื™ืžื ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
02:13
We're now seeing outbreaks in human populations --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืชื” ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
02:17
so far, fortunately, small events,
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ืขื“ ืขืชื”, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
02:20
tiny outbreaks, occasional clusters.
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ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื.
02:23
The virus has mutated dramatically in the last two years
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืขื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
02:26
to form two distinct families, if you will,
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช, ืื ืชืจืฆื•,
02:29
of the H5N1 viral tree
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ืžื”ืขืฅ ื”ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ H5N1
02:31
with branches in them,
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ืขื ืขื ืคื™ื,
02:33
and with different attributes that are worrying.
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ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืื•ื“.
02:35
So what's concerning us? Well, first of all,
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ืื– ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
02:37
at no time in history have we succeeded in making
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ื‘ืืฃ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
02:40
in a timely fashion, a specific vaccine
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืื™ื, ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™
02:42
for more than 260 million people.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 260 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:45
It's not going to do us very much good in a global pandemic.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
02:48
You've heard about the vaccine we're stockpiling.
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ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืื•ื’ืจื™ื.
02:51
But nobody believes it will actually be particularly effective
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ืืš ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
02:53
if we have a real outbreak.
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ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
02:55
So one thought is:
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ืื– ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื
02:57
after 9/11, when the airports closed,
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ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžืœื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื ืกื’ืจื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ 9/11
02:59
our flu season was delayed by two weeks.
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ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื.
03:01
So the thought is, hey, maybe what we should do is just
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ืื– ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜
03:03
immediately -- we hear there is H5N1 spreading from human to human,
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ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช -- ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ H5N1 ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
03:07
the virus has mutated to be a human-to-human transmitter --
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื --
03:09
let's shut down the airports.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื ืžืœื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”.
03:11
However, huge supercomputer analyses,
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ืื•ืœื, ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืขืœ ,
03:15
done of the likely effectiveness of this,
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ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื›ื–ื”,
03:17
show that it won't buy us much time at all.
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ื•ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงื ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
03:19
And of course it will be hugely disruptive in preparation plans.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื”.
03:23
For example, all masks are made in China.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
03:26
How do you get them mobilized around the world
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื ื™ื™ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
03:28
if you've shut all the airports down?
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ืื ืกื’ืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื ืžืœื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”?
03:30
How do you get the vaccines moved around the world
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื ื™ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
03:32
and the drugs moved, and whatever may or not be available that would work.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
03:35
So it turns out that shutting down the airports is counterproductive.
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ืื– ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื ืžืœื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืชืคืขืœ ืœืจืขืชื ื•.
03:39
We're worried because this virus, unlike any other flu
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืฉืคืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
03:42
we've ever studied, can be transmitted by eating raw meat
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ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ืงืจื ื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื ื
03:46
of the infected animals.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื•ืขื•ืช.
03:48
We've seen transmission to wild cats and domestic cats,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืœื—ืชื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจ ื•ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช,
03:51
and now also domestic pet dogs.
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ื•ืขืชื” ื’ื ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืช.
03:54
And in experimental feedings to rodents and ferrets,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ื•ื—ืžื•ืกื™ื,
03:57
we found that the animals exhibit symptoms never seen with flu:
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช,
04:01
seizures, central nervous system disorders, partial paralysis.
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ืคืจื›ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื—ืœืงื™,
04:04
This is not your normal garden-variety flu.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
04:07
It mimics what we now understand
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืžื—ืงื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
04:09
about reconstructing the 1918 flu virus,
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืฉืœ 1918,
04:11
the last great pandemic,
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ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
04:13
in that it also jumped directly from birds to people.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืคื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
04:15
We had evolution over time,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
04:17
and this unbelievable mortality rate in human beings:
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ื•ืื—ื•ื– ืชืžื•ืชื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
04:21
55 percent of people who have become infected
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55 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื•
04:23
with H5N1 have, in fact, succumbed.
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ื‘- H5N1, ื ื›ื ืขื• ืœืžื—ืœื”.
04:27
And we don't have a huge number of people
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:29
who got infected and never developed disease.
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ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื•ืœื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืฆืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
04:32
In experimental feeding in monkeys
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื”ืื›ืœืช ืงื•ืคื™ื
04:34
you can see that it actually downregulates
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“
04:36
a specific immune system modulator.
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ืืคื ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
04:38
The result is that what kills you
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืชืš,
04:40
is not the virus directly, but your own immune system overreacting, saying,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช, ื”ืื•ืžืจืช,
04:43
"Whatever this is so foreign I'm going berserk."
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"ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื–ืจ, ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื’ืข."
04:46
The result: most of the deaths
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
04:48
have been in people under 30 years of age,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 30,
04:50
robustly healthy young adults.
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ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
04:53
We have seen human-to-human transmission
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื
04:55
in at least three clusters --
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช --
04:57
fortunately involving very intimate contact,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ื“ืจืš ืžื’ืข ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™,
05:00
still not putting the world at large at any kind of risk.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื”.
05:03
Alright, so I've got you nervous.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื’ืจืžืชื™ ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื.
05:05
Now you probably assume, well the governments are going to do something.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืฉืขืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
05:08
And we have spent a lot of money.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘.
05:10
Most of the spending in the Bush administration
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ
05:12
has actually been more related to the anthrax results
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ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ืจืงืก
05:16
and bio-terrorism threat.
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ื•ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
05:18
But a lot of money has been thrown out at the local level and at the federal level
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื ื–ืจืง ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืœืจืžื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช
05:21
to look at infectious diseases.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
05:23
End result: only 15 states
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ืจืง 15 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
05:25
have been certified to be able to do mass distribution
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ื”ื•ืกืžื›ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืฆื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช
05:27
of vaccine and drugs in a pandemic.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื’ืคื”.
05:30
Half the states would run out of hospital beds
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ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืžืฆืื• ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืœื ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
05:32
in the first week, maybe two weeks.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื.
05:34
And 40 states already have an acute nursing shortage.
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ื•ืœืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืื—ื™ื•ืช.
05:37
Add on pandemic threat, you're in big trouble.
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ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื–ื” ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื”, ื•ืืชื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช.
05:39
So what have people been doing with this money?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื• ืขื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”?
05:41
Exercises, drills, all over the world.
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ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืชืจื’ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
05:43
Let's pretend there's a pandemic.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื’ืคื”.
05:45
Let's everybody run around and play your role.
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ื‘ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœืจื•ืฅ ืกื—ื•ืจ ืกื—ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฉื—ืงื• ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
05:47
Main result is that there is tremendous confusion.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื ื•ืจืื™.
05:50
Most of these people don't actually know what their job will be.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื.
05:53
And the bottom line, major thing that has come through
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ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ื›ืœ
05:55
in every single drill: nobody knows who's in charge.
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ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืฉื ืขืฉื”, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™.
05:58
Nobody knows the chain of command.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“.
06:00
If it were Los Angeles, is it the mayor, the governor,
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’ืœืก, ื”ืื ื–ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื”ืื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ,
06:03
the President of the United States, the head of Homeland Security?
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ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘, ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™?
06:06
In fact, the federal government says it's a guy called
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื
06:08
the Principle Federal Officer,
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ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™
06:11
who happens to be with TSA.
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”.
06:13
The government says
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื•ืžืจืช
06:14
the federal responsibility will basically be
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ื›ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืชืชืžืงื“
06:17
about trying to keep the virus out, which we all know is impossible,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื™,
06:20
and then to mitigate the impact
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ื•ืื– ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”
06:22
primarily on our economy.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
06:25
The rest is up to your local community.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื ืฉืืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
06:27
Everything is about your town, where you live.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:30
Well how good a city council you have,
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื›ื?
06:32
how good a mayor you have -- that's who's going to be in charge.
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื›ื, ื–ื” ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™.
06:36
Most local facilities would all be competing
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ืชื—ืจื•
06:38
to try and get their hands on their piece
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื”ื ืขืœ
06:40
of the federal stockpile of a drug called Tamiflu,
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ืžืื’ืจ ืคื“ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื˜ืืžื™ืคืœื•,
06:43
which may or may not be helpful -- I'll get into that --
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ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื -- ืื ื™ ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” --
06:45
of available vaccines, and any other treatments,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
06:48
and masks, and anything that's been stockpiled.
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ื•ืžืกื›ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืื’ืจ.
06:51
And you'll have massive competition.
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
06:54
Now we did purchase a vaccine, you've probably all heard about it,
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ื›ืขืช ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขืชื›ื ื›ื™ ืจื›ืฉื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
06:56
made by Sanofi-Aventis.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ืกืื ื•ืคื™-ืื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืก.
06:58
Unfortunately it's made against the current form of H5N1.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”- H5N1.
07:01
We know the virus will mutate. It will be a different virus.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืฉื•ื ื”.
07:04
The vaccine will probably be useless.
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ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช.
07:07
So here's where the decisions come in.
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
07:09
You're the mayor of your local town.
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ืืชื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš.
07:11
Let's see, should we order that all pets be kept indoors?
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื”, ื”ืื ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช?
07:14
Germany did that when H5N1 appeared in Germany last year,
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ H5N1 ืฆืฅ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”,
07:17
in order to minimize the spread
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืฆื”
07:19
between households by household cats, dogs and so on.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ื, ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
07:23
What do we do when we don't have any containment rooms
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื—ื“ืจื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ื›ืœืœ
07:27
with reverse air that will allow the healthcare workers
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ืขื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจ, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
07:29
to take care of patients?
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ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื?
07:31
These are in Hong Kong; we have nothing like that here.
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ืืœื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’. ืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ื›ืืŸ.
07:33
What about quarantine?
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ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืกื’ืจ?
07:35
During the SARS epidemic in Beijing quarantine did seem to help.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืกืืจืก ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’, ื”ืกื’ืจ ื›ืŸ ืขื–ืจ.
07:38
We have no uniform policies
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”
07:40
regarding quarantine across the United States.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘.
07:42
And some states have differential policies, county by county.
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ื•ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
07:46
But what about the no-brainer things? Should we close all the schools?
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ืืš ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืžืืœื™ื•? ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ?
07:49
Well then what about all the workers? They won't go to work
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื? ื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ืœื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
07:51
if their kids aren't in school.
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ืื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ.
07:53
Encouraging telecommuting? What works?
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ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช? ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
07:55
Well the British government did a model of telecommuting.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืฉืชื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช.
07:58
Six weeks they had all people in the banking industry
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื
08:01
pretend a pandemic was underway.
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ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืคื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื’ืคื”.
08:03
What they found was, the core functions --
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช,
08:05
you know you still sort of had banks,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื,
08:07
but you couldn't get people to put money in the ATM machines.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜.
08:10
Nobody was processing the credit cards.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™.
08:12
Your insurance payments didn't go through.
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ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืขื‘ืจื•.
08:14
And basically the economy would be in a disaster state of affairs.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืชื”ืคืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช.
08:17
And that's just office workers, bankers.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืจืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืง.
08:21
We don't know how important hand washing is for flu --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืจื—ื™ืฆืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉืคืขืช --
08:24
shocking. One assumes it's a good idea to wash your hands a lot.
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ืžื–ืขื–ืข. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
08:27
But actually in scientific community there is great debate
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขื–
08:29
about what percentage of flu transmission between people
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื”ื• ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
08:32
is from sneezing and coughing
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ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืชืขื˜ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ
08:34
and what percentage is on your hands.
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ื•ืžื”ื• ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
08:36
The Institute of Medicine tried to look at the masking question.
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ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืกื›ื•ืช.
08:40
Can we figure out a way, since we know we won't have enough masks
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืกื›ื•ืช
08:42
because we don't make them in America anymore,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
08:44
they're all made in China --
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
08:46
do we need N95? A state-of-the-art, top-of-the-line,
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”- N95? ืžืกื›ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
08:49
must-be-fitted-to-your-face mask?
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืคื ื™ื™ืš?
08:52
Or can we get away with some different kinds of masks?
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ืื• ื”ืื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื™ืขื‘ื“ื•?
08:55
In the SARS epidemic, we learned in Hong Kong
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ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืกืืจืก, ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’
08:57
that most of transmission was because
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ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
08:59
people were removing their masks improperly.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืงื™ื ื”.
09:01
And their hand got contaminated with the outside of the mask,
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ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื–ื“ื”ืžื• ื›ืฉื ื’ืขื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื›ื”,
09:03
and then they rubbed their nose. Bingo! They got SARS.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื’ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืืฃ. ื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื•! ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืกืืจืก.
09:06
It wasn't flying microbes.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื.
09:09
If you go online right now, you'll get so much phony-baloney information.
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ืื ืชื‘ื“ืงื• ื›ืขืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ืชืจืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืืžื™ืŸ.
09:12
You'll end up buying -- this is called an N95 mask. Ridiculous.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืงื ื• -- ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ืžืกื›ืช ื” - N95. ืžื’ื•ื—ืš.
09:17
We don't actually have a standard
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืงืŸ
09:19
for what should be the protective gear for the first responders,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ื• ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
09:22
the people who will actually be there on the front lines.
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ืืœื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช.
09:25
And Tamiflu. You've probably heard of this drug,
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ื•ื˜ืืžื™ืคืœื•. ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•,
09:27
made by Hoffmann-La Roche, patented drug.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ - ืœื” ืจื•ืฉ', ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื” ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜.
09:30
There is some indication
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืžืฆืื™ื
09:32
that it may buy you some time in the midst of an outbreak.
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ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืชืงื ื” ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช.
09:35
Should you take Tamiflu for a long period of time,
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ืื ืชื™ืงื—ื• ื˜ืืžื™ืคืœื• ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš,
09:37
well, one of the side effects is suicidal ideations.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืช.
09:40
A public health survey analyzed the effect
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ืกืงืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื ื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”
09:44
that large-scale Tamiflu use would have,
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ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ืืžื™ืคืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื”
09:46
actually shows it counteractive
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ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืžื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”
09:48
to public health measures, making matters worse.
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ืœืคื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:51
And here is the other interesting thing:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ:
09:53
when a human being ingests Tamiflu, only 20 percent
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืขื›ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืืžื™ืคืœื•, ืจืง 20 ืื—ื•ื–
09:55
is metabolized appropriately
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš
09:57
to be an active compound in the human being.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืš ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื.
09:59
The rest turns into a stable compound,
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ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,
10:03
which survives filtration into the water systems,
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ืฉืฉื•ืจื“ ื•ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
10:06
thereby exposing the very aquatic birds that would carry flu
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืืœ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช
10:09
and providing them a chance
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ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
10:11
to breed resistant strains.
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ืœืคืชื— ื–ื ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
10:13
And we now have seen Tamiflu-resistant strains
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื˜ืืžื™ืคืœื•
10:16
in both Vietnam in person-to-person transmission,
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ื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื, ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื
10:19
and in Egypt in person-to-person transmission.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื.
10:21
So I personally think that our life expectancy
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
10:24
for Tamiflu as an effective drug
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ืฉืœ ื˜ืืžื™ืคืœื• ื›ืชืจื•ืคื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”
10:27
is very limited -- very limited indeed.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช -- ื‘ืืžืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช.
10:29
Nevertheless most of the governments
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
10:31
have based their whole flu policies
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ื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
10:33
on building stockpiles of Tamiflu.
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ืขืœ ืื’ื™ืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืืžื™ืคืœื•.
10:35
Russia has actually stockpiled enough
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืื’ืจื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช
10:37
for 95 percent of all Russians.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ 95 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื.
10:39
We've stockpiled enough for 30 percent.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื’ืจื ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืœ- 30 ืื—ื•ื–.
10:41
When I say enough, that's two weeks worth.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืžืกืคืงืช, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื.
10:43
And then you're on your own because
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
10:45
the pandemic is going to last for 18 to 24 months.
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ืฉื”ืžื’ืคื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›- 18 ืขื“ 24 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:47
Some of the poorer countries
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:49
that have had the most experience with H5N1 have built up stockpiles;
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ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”- H5N1 ืื’ืจื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช,
10:52
they're already expired. They are already out of date.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ. ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš.
10:55
What do we know from 1918,
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืž- 1918,
10:57
the last great pandemic?
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ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”?
10:59
The federal government abdicated most responsibility.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ื•ื™ืชืจื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื”.
11:02
And so we ended up with this wild patchwork of regulations
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื• ืขื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช
11:05
all over America.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘.
11:07
Every city, county, state did their own thing.
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ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ, ื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื–, ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืขืฉืชื” ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื”.
11:09
And the rules
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื
11:11
and the belief systems were wildly disparate.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคื• ืžื•ืคืจื–.
11:14
In some cases all schools, all churches,
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช,
11:17
all public venues were closed.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื•.
11:19
The pandemic circulated three times in 18 months
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื’ืคื” ื‘- 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
11:22
in the absence of commercial air travel.
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ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
11:24
The second wave was the mutated, super-killer wave.
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ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:27
And in the first wave we had enough healthcare workers.
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ื‘ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
11:30
But by the time the second wave hit
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ืืš ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื’ืœ ื”ื›ื”
11:32
it took such a toll among the healthcare workers
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ื”ื•ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
11:35
that we lost most of our doctors and nurses that were on the front lines.
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ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช.
11:39
Overall we lost 700,000 people.
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• 700,000 ืื™ืฉ.
11:41
The virus was 100 percent lethal to pregnant women
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื” 100 ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
11:44
and we don't actually know why.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืžื“ื•ืข.
11:46
Most of the death toll was 15 to 40 year-olds --
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืกืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื 15 ืœ- 40 --
11:49
robustly healthy young adults.
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ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
11:51
It was likened to the plague.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืžื’ืคื”.
11:53
We don't actually know how many people died.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•.
11:55
The low-ball estimate is 35 million.
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ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ 35 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
11:58
This was based on European and North American data.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื•ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
12:01
A new study by Chris Murray at Harvard
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ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื›ืจื™ืก ืžื•ืจื™ ื‘ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“
12:03
shows that if you look at the databases that were kept
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ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ืฉืžืจื•
12:05
by the Brits in India,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
12:07
there was a 31-fold greater death rate among the Indians.
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ืฉืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 31.
12:11
So there is a strong belief that in places of poverty
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ืื– ื™ืฉื ื” ืืžื•ื ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื
12:14
the death toll was far higher.
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
12:16
And that a more likely toll
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ื•ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:18
is somewhere in the neighborhood of 80 to 100 million people
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”- 80 ืขื“ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ
12:20
before we had commercial air travel.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
12:23
So are we ready?
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ืื– ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื?
12:25
As a nation, no we're not.
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ื›ืื•ืžื”, ืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื.
12:27
And I think even those in the leadership
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื• ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื”
12:29
would say that is the case,
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ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
12:31
that we still have a long ways to go.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื”.
12:33
So what does that mean for you? Well the first thing is,
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
12:35
I wouldn't start building up personal stockpiles of anything --
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืื’ื•ืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ,
12:38
for yourself, your family, or your employees --
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื›ื, ืื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
12:42
unless you've really done your homework.
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ืืœื ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ืจืจืชื ื”ื›ืœ.
12:45
What mask works, what mask doesn't work.
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช? ืื™ื–ื” ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
12:47
How many masks do you need?
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ื›ืžื” ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื?
12:49
The Institute of Medicine study felt that
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ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืืžืจ
12:51
you could not recycle masks.
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ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืžืกื›ื•ืช.
12:53
Well if you think it's going to last 18 months,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžืฉืš 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
12:56
are you going to buy 18 months worth of masks
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ- 18 ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
12:58
for every single person in your family?
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื›ื?
13:01
We don't know -- again with Tamiflu,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ืืžื™ืคืœื•,
13:05
the number one side effect of Tamiflu is
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ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืืžื™ืคืœื• ื”ื™ื
13:07
flu-like symptoms.
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ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื›ืžื•-ืฉืคืขืช.
13:09
So then how can you tell
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ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ
13:11
who in your family has the flu
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ืœืžื™ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื›ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช
13:13
if everybody is taking Tamiflu?
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ืื ื›ื•ืœื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื˜ืืžื™ืคืœื•?
13:16
If you expand that out to think of a whole community,
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ืื ืชืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
13:19
or all your employees in your company,
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
13:22
you begin to realize how limited
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ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช
13:24
the Tamiflu option might be.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื˜ืืžื™ืคืœื•.
13:26
Everybody has come up to me and said,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื• ืืœื™ ื•ืืžืจื•,
13:28
well I'll stockpile water or, I'll stockpile food, or what have you.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืืื’ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืื•, ืื ื™ ืืื’ื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
13:32
But really? Do you really have a place
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช? ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืงื•ื
13:35
to stockpile 18 months worth of food? Twenty-four months worth of food?
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ืœืื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืชืกืคื™ืง ืœ- 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื? ืœ- 24 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื?
13:38
Do you want to view the pandemic threat
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื™ื•ื ื”ืžื’ืคื”
13:40
the way back in the 1950s
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื
13:42
people viewed the civil defense issue,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—,
13:44
and build your own little bomb shelter for pandemic flu?
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ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืงืœื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช?
13:47
I don't think that's rational.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
13:49
I think it's about having to be prepared
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื
13:51
as communities, not as individuals --
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ื›ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ืœื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื,
13:53
being prepared as nation,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื›ืื•ืžื”,
13:55
being prepared as state, being prepared as town.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื›ืขื™ืจ.
13:58
And right now most of the preparedness
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ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืชื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
14:00
is deeply flawed.
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ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ืกืจ.
14:02
And I hope I've convinced you of that,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืฉื™ื›ื ืขืชื™ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื–ื”,
14:04
which means that the real job is go out and
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
14:06
say to your local leaders,
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
14:08
and your national leaders,
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ื•ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
14:10
"Why haven't you solved these problems?
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"ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืคืชืจืชื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
14:12
Why are you still thinking that
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
14:14
the lessons of Katrina do not apply to flu?"
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ืฉืœืงื—ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืชืจื™ื ื” ืื™ื ื ืชืงืคื™ื ืœืฉืคืขืช?"
14:17
And put the pressure where the pressure needs to be put.
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ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
14:21
But I guess the other thing to add is,
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจืช ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื
14:23
if you do have employees, and you do have a company,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื”,
14:25
I think you have certain responsibilities
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
14:28
to demonstrate that you are thinking ahead for them,
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ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
14:30
and you are trying to plan.
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ื•ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
14:32
At a minimum the British banking plan showed that
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื ื•
14:36
telecommuting can be helpful.
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
14:38
It probably does reduce exposure
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืชื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื”
14:40
because people are not coming into the office and coughing on each other,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื•ืžืฉืชืขืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
14:43
or touching common objects
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ืื• ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื—ืคืฆื™ื,
14:46
and sharing things via their hands.
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ื•ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื.
14:48
But can you sustain your company that way?
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ืืš ื”ืื ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•?
14:52
Well if you have a dot-com, maybe you can.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื“ื•ื˜ ืงื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ืœื•.
14:55
Otherwise you're in trouble.
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ืื—ืจืช ืืชื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช.
14:58
Happy to take your questions.
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ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื— ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื›ื ืฉืืœื•ืช.
15:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:04
Audience member: What factors determine the duration of a pandemic?
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ืงื”ืœ: ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื”?
15:09
Laurie Garret: What factors determine the duration of a pandemic, we don't really know.
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ืœื•ืจื™ ื’ืจื ื˜: ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
15:13
I could give you a bunch of flip, this, that, and the other.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืช ืœืš ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ.
15:16
But I would say that honestly we don't know.
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
15:19
Clearly the bottom line is
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ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื
15:21
the virus eventually attenuates,
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ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื•ื—ืช,
15:24
and ceases to be a lethal virus to humanity,
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ื•ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
15:29
and finds other hosts.
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ื•ืžื•ืฆื ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
15:31
But we don't really know how and why that happens.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
15:33
It's a very complicated ecology.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืกื‘ื•ื›ื”.
15:36
Audience member: What kind of triggers are you looking for?
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ืงื”ืœ: ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื˜ืจื™ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ืžื—ืคืฉืช?
15:39
You know way more than any of us.
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ืืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
15:41
To say ahh, if this happens then we are going to have a pandemic?
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ืœื•ืžืจ ืื”ื”, ืื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื– ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืžื’ืคื”?
15:45
LG: The moment that you see any evidence
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ืœื•ืจื™ ื’ืจื ื˜: ื‘ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืขื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
15:47
of serious human-to-human to transmission.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื.
15:50
Not just intimately between family members
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”
15:52
who took care of an ailing sister or brother,
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ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ืื— ืื• ืื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
15:56
but a community infected --
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ืืœื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื” --
15:58
spread within a school,
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ื”ื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ,
16:00
spread within a dormitory, something of that nature.
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ื”ื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
16:03
Then I think that there is universal agreement
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช
16:06
now, at WHO all the way down:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื•ืžื˜ื”.
16:08
Send out the alert.
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ืชืฉืžื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื”.
16:12
Audience member: Some research has indicated that statins can be helpful.
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ืงื”ืœ: ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืกื˜ื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
16:16
Can you talk about that?
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ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”?
16:18
LG: Yeah. There is some evidence that taking Lipitor
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ืœื•ืจื™ ื’ืจื ื˜: ื›ืŸ. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืœื™ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจ
16:20
and other common statins for cholesterol control
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ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ
16:23
may decrease your vulnerability
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื
16:27
to influenza.
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ืœืฉืคืขืช.
16:29
But we do not completely understand why.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžื”.
16:32
The mechanism isn't clear.
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ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
16:34
And I don't know that there is any way
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ื“ืจืš
16:39
responsibly for someone to start
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ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ
16:42
medicating their children
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ืœืชืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื•
16:44
with their personal supply of Lipitor or something of that nature.
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ืžื”ืžืœืื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
16:48
We have absolutely no idea what that would do.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื.
16:50
You might be causing some very dangerous outcomes
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืืชื ืชื’ืจืžื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
16:53
in your children, doing such a thing.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื, ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื›ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื”.
16:56
Audience member: How far along are we in being able to determine
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ืงื”ืœ: ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
16:58
whether someone is actually carrying, whether somebody has this
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืฉื, ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ื”
17:00
before the symptoms are full-blown?
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ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื?
17:02
LG: Right. So I have for a long time said
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ืœื•ืจื™ ื’ืจื ื˜: ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื– ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืื ื™ ื˜ืขื ืชื™
17:05
that what we really needed was a rapid diagnostic.
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
17:08
And our Centers for Disease Control
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ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื‘ืงืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช
17:11
has labeled a test they developed
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ืชื™ื™ื’ื• ืžื‘ื“ืง ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• --
17:14
a rapid diagnostic.
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ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
17:16
It takes 24 hours in a very highly developed laboratory,
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ืœื•ืงื— ืœื–ื” 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ืžืื•ื“,
17:20
in highly skilled hands.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
17:22
I'm thinking dipstick.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืžืงืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.
17:24
You could do it to your own kid. It changes color.
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ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื™ืœื“ื›ื. ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืฆื‘ืข.
17:26
It tells you if you have H5N1.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ H5N1.
17:28
In terms of where we are in science
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข
17:32
with DNA identification capacities and so on,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื“.ื .ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
17:36
it's not that far off.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื–ื”.
17:38
But we're not there. And there hasn't been the kind of investment to get us there.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื. ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื.
17:43
Audience member: In the 1918 flu I understand that
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ืงื”ืœ: ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืคืขืช ืฉืœ 1918
17:46
they theorized that there was some attenuation
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ื”ื ืฉื™ืขืจื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ
17:50
of the virus when it made the leap into humans.
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
17:52
Is that likely, do you think, here?
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ื”ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชืš, ื›ืืŸ?
17:54
I mean 100 percent death rate
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ 100 ืื—ื•ื–
17:58
is pretty severe.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ.
18:00
LG: Um yeah. So we don't actually know
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ืœื•ืจื™ ื’ืจื ื˜: ืืž, ื›ืŸ. ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
18:04
what the lethality was
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืžืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื•ืช
18:07
of the 1918 strain to wild birds
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ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1918 ืœืขื•ืคื•ืช ืคืจื
18:11
before it jumped from birds to humans.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืคืฅ ืžืขื•ืคื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
18:13
It's curious that there is no evidence
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขื“ื•ืช
18:15
of mass die-offs of chickens
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ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช
18:17
or household birds across America
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ืื• ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
18:20
before the human pandemic happened.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
18:22
That may be because those events
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื–ื” ื›ืš ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื•
18:24
were occurring on the other side of the world
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
18:26
where nobody was paying attention.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื.
18:28
But the virus clearly
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ืืš ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ
18:32
went through one round around the world
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ืขืฉื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
18:34
in a mild enough form
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™
18:36
that the British army in World War I
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
18:39
actually certified that it was not a threat
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ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื
18:42
and would not affect the outcome of the war.
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ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
18:45
And after circulating around the world
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
18:47
came back in a form that was tremendously lethal.
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
18:52
What percentage of infected people were killed by it?
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ืžื”ื ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ืžืชื• ืžืžื ื•?
18:55
Again we don't really know for sure.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
18:58
It's clear that if you were malnourished to begin with,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงืชื,
19:00
you had a weakened immune system,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉืช,
19:02
you lived in poverty in India or Africa,
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ื—ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
19:05
your likelihood of dying was far greater.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
19:08
But we don't really know.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
19:11
Audience member: One of the things I've heard is that
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ืงื”ืœ: ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ื”ื•ื
19:13
the real death cause when you get a flu is the associated pneumonia,
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ืฉืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฉืคืขืช ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ืœื“ืœืงืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช.
19:16
and that a pneumonia vaccine
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ื•ื›ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช
19:18
may offer you 50 percent better chance of survival.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืš ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื–.
19:22
LG: For a long time, researchers in emerging diseases
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ืœื•ืจื™ ื’ืจื ื˜: ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
19:26
were kind of dismissive of the pandemic flu threat
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ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื™ื•ื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช
19:28
on the grounds that
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ืขืœ ืฉื•ื
19:30
back in 1918 they didn't have antibiotics.
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ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1918 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
19:32
And that most people who die of regular flu --
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ืžืฉืคืขืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”,
19:35
which in regular flu years
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ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืคืขืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช
19:37
is about 360,000 people worldwide,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 360,000 ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
19:40
most of them senior citizens --
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
19:42
and they die not of the flu but because the flu gives an assault to their immune system.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžืชื• ืžื”ืฉืคืขืช ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžืชืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
19:46
And along comes pneumococcus
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ื•ืื– ืžื’ื™ืข ืคื ืื•ืžื•ืงื•ืงื•ืก,
19:48
or another bacteria, streptococcus
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ืื• ืกื•ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืื—ืจ, ืกืืจืคื˜ื•ืงื•ืงื•ืก,
19:50
and boom, they get a bacterial pneumonia.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื, ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
19:52
But it turns out that in 1918 that was not the case at all.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1918 ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ.
19:55
And so far in the H5N1 cases in people,
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ื•ืขื“ ืขืชื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ H5N1,
19:58
similarly bacterial infection
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ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ื–ื”ื”
20:00
has not been an issue at all.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
20:02
It's this absolutely phenomenal disruption of the immune system
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
20:07
that is the key to why people die of this virus.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
20:10
And I would just add
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืื•ืžืจ
20:12
we saw the same thing with SARS.
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ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ืกืืจืก.
20:14
So what's going on here is your body says,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื’ื•ืคื›ื ื”ืื•ืžืจ,
20:17
your immune system sends out all its sentinels and says,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืงื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืื•ืžืจืช,
20:21
"I don't know what the heck this is.
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
20:23
We've never seen anything even remotely like this before."
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ."
20:26
It won't do any good to bring in the sharpshooters
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืื ื ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœืคื™ื
20:29
because those antibodies aren't here.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
20:31
And it won't do any good to bring in the tanks and the artillery
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”
20:34
because those T-cells don't recognize it either.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืชืื™ T ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
20:37
So we're going to have to go all-out thermonuclear response,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืืœืฅ ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื” ืขื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชืจืžื•-ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
20:40
stimulate the total cytokine cascade.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื.
20:43
The whole immune system swarms into the lungs.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื ื•ื”ืจืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช.
20:46
And yes they die, drowning in their own fluids, of pneumonia.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืชื™ื, ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื, ืžื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช.
20:49
But it's not bacterial pneumonia.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
20:51
And it's not a pneumonia that would respond to a vaccine.
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ื•ื–ื• ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืชื’ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
20:55
And I think my time is up. I thank you all for your attention.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ืžื ื™ ืชื. ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”.
20:58
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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