Jonathan Eisen: Meet your microbes

34,385 views ใƒป 2015-07-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: Orr Schlesinger ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
I'm going to start with a little story.
1
12637
1455
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ.
00:14
So, I grew up in this neighborhood. When I was 15 years old,
2
14092
3112
ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 15,
00:17
I went from being what I think was a strapping young athlete,
3
17204
4551
ืชื•ืš 4 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืžืืชืœื˜ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื—ืกื•ืŸ,
00:21
over four months, slowly wasting away until
4
21755
3961
ืœืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™,
00:25
I was basically a famine victim
5
25716
1888
ืขื“ ืฉื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ ืžื•ื›ื” ืจืขื‘
00:27
with an unquenchable thirst.
6
27604
2024
ื‘ืขืœ ืฆืžืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™.
00:29
I had basically digested away my body.
7
29628
3609
ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื™ื›ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™.
00:33
And this all came to a head when I was on a backpacking trip,
8
33237
4294
ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืชืจืžื™ืœืื™ื,
00:37
my first one ever actually, on Old Rag Mountain
9
37531
2045
ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื”ืจ ืื•ืœื“ ืจืื’
00:39
in West Virginia, and was putting my face into puddles
10
39576
3984
ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”, ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช
00:43
of water and drinking like a dog.
11
43560
2256
ื•ืฉืชื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื‘.
00:45
That night, I was taken into the emergency room
12
45816
4512
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”, ื ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ
00:50
and diagnosed as a type 1 diabetic in full-blown ketoacidosis.
13
50328
3881
ื•ืื•ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื›ืจืช ืžืกื•ื’ 1 ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื•ืืกื™ื“ื•ื–ื™ืก.
00:54
And I recovered, thanks to the miracles of modern medicine,
14
54209
5935
ื”ื‘ืจืืชื™, ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
01:00
insulin and other things, and gained all my weight back and more.
15
60144
5456
ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:05
And something festered inside me after this happened.
16
65600
5511
ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ืง ืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืงืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
01:11
What I thought about was, what caused the diabetes?
17
71111
3513
ื”ืชืขืกืงืชื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœืกื›ืจืช ืฉืœื™?
01:14
You see, diabetes is an autoimmune disease
18
74624
1853
ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืกื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ืื•ื˜ื•-ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ืช
01:16
where your body fights itself, and at the time people thought
19
76477
3375
ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืš ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•
01:19
that somehow maybe exposure to a pathogen
20
79852
3041
ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
01:22
had triggered my immune system to fight the pathogen
21
82893
4472
ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื•
01:27
and then kill the cells that make insulin.
22
87365
2058
ื•ืื– ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
01:29
And this is what I thought for a long period of time,
23
89423
2310
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
01:31
and that's in fact what medicine and people have focused on quite a bit,
24
91733
4048
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขื˜,
01:35
the microbes that do bad things.
25
95781
2922
ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื.
01:38
And that's where I need my assistant here now.
26
98703
3068
ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœื™.
01:41
You may recognize her.
27
101771
2438
ืื•ืœื™ ืชื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื”.
01:44
So, I went yesterday, I apologize, I skipped a few of the talks,
28
104209
5680
ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ืœื›ืชื™, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ืœื’ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช,
01:49
and I went over to the National Academy of Sciences building,
29
109889
2241
ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื,
01:52
and they sell toys, giant microbes.
30
112130
5447
ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื.
01:57
And here we go!
31
117577
3385
ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื!
02:00
So you have caught flesh-eating disease if you caught that one.
32
120962
4755
ืืชื” ืชืคืกืช ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืื ืชืคืกืช ืืช ื–ื”.
02:05
I gotta get back out my baseball ability here.
33
125717
4428
ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื™.
02:10
(Laughter)
34
130145
3707
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:13
So, unfortunately or not surprisingly, most of the microbes
35
133852
6381
ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืขื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
02:20
they sell at the National Academy building are pathogens.
36
140233
3343
ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
02:23
Everybody focuses on the things that kill us,
37
143576
2969
ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืชื ื•,
02:26
and that's what I was focusing on.
38
146545
1647
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ืชื™ ื‘ื•.
02:28
And it turns out that we are covered in a cloud of microbes,
39
148192
4561
ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื,
02:32
and those microbes actually do us good much of the time,
40
152753
4520
ื•ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:37
rather than killing us.
41
157273
1120
ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ื•.
02:38
And so, we've known about this for some period of time.
42
158393
3191
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
02:41
People have used microscopes to look at the microbes that cover us,
43
161584
3577
ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืžื›ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
02:45
I know you're not paying attention to me, but ...
44
165161
1792
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™, ืื‘ืœ...
02:46
(Laughter)
45
166953
2098
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:49
The microbes that cover us.
46
169051
1942
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืžื›ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
02:50
And if you look at them in the microscope,
47
170993
3160
ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
02:54
you can see that we actually have 10 times as many cells
48
174153
3404
ืชืจืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื™
02:57
of microbes on us as we have human cells.
49
177557
3468
ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืืฉืจ ืชืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
03:01
There's more mass in the microbes than the mass of our brain.
50
181025
4751
ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
03:05
We are literally a teeming ecosystem of microorganisms.
51
185776
4321
ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
03:10
And unfortunately, if you want to learn about the microorganisms,
52
190097
4600
ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื,
03:14
just looking at them in a microscope is not sufficient.
53
194697
2280
ืจืง ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
03:16
And so we just heard about the DNA sequencing.
54
196977
2580
ืื– ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ DNA.
03:19
It turns out that one of the best ways to look at microbes
55
199557
2528
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
03:22
and to understand them is to look at their DNA.
56
202085
2536
ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื, ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื” DNA ืฉืœื”ื.
03:24
And that's what I've been doing for 20 years,
57
204621
2142
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจ 20 ืฉื ื”,
03:26
using DNA sequencing, collecting samples from various places,
58
206763
3882
ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ DNA, ืื•ืกืฃ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
03:30
including the human body, reading the DNA sequence
59
210645
2904
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื, ืงื•ืจื ืืช ืจืฆืฃ ื” DNA
03:33
and then using that DNA sequencing to tell us about
60
213549
2620
ื•ืื– ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืคืจ
03:36
the microbes that are in a particular place.
61
216169
2166
ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื.
03:38
And what's amazing, when you use this technology,
62
218335
2863
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:41
for example, looking at humans, we're not just covered
63
221198
3160
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื
03:44
in a sea of microbes.
64
224358
1136
ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
03:45
There are thousands upon thousands of different kinds of microbes on us.
65
225494
5111
ื™ืฉ ืืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•.
03:50
We have millions of genes of microbes in our human
66
230605
5353
ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช
03:55
microbiome covering us.
67
235958
1647
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืื•ืชื ื•.
03:57
And so this microbial diversity differs between people,
68
237605
3505
ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื,
04:01
and what people have been thinking about in the last 10,
69
241110
3136
ื•ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘-10,
04:04
maybe 15 years is, maybe these microbes,
70
244246
3120
ืื•ืœื™ 15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
04:07
this microbial cloud in and on us,
71
247366
2048
ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœื™ื ื•,
04:09
and the variation between us, may be responsible
72
249414
3880
ื•ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื—ืจืื™
04:13
for some of the health and illness differences between us.
73
253294
3570
ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:16
And that comes back to the diabetes story I was telling you.
74
256864
3123
ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืจืช ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื.
04:19
It turns out that people now think that one of the triggers
75
259987
3406
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช
04:23
for type 1 diabetes is not fighting a pathogen,
76
263393
2381
ืฉืœ ืกื›ืจืช ืžืกื•ื’ 1 ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•ื,
04:25
but is in fact trying to -- miscommunicating with the microbes
77
265774
4391
ืืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ -- ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
04:30
that live in and on you.
78
270165
1497
ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื•ืขืœื™ื ื•.
04:31
And somehow maybe the microbial community that's
79
271662
2704
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช
04:34
in and on me got off, and then this triggered some sort
80
274366
4033
ืฉื—ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ื ืขืœืžื”, ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
04:38
of immune response and led to me killing the cells
81
278399
2239
ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจื’ ื”ืชืื™ื
04:40
that make insulin in my body.
82
280638
2221
ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™.
04:42
And so what I want to tell you about for a few minutes is,
83
282859
3096
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื”
04:45
what people have learned using DNA sequencing techniques
84
285955
3792
ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ DNA
04:49
in particular, to study the microbial cloud
85
289747
3659
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™
04:53
that lives in and on us.
86
293406
1574
ืฉื—ื™ ืขืœื™ื ื•.
04:54
And I want to tell you a story about a personal project.
87
294980
2464
ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืฉื™.
04:57
My first personal experience with studying the microbes
88
297444
2794
ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
05:00
on the human body actually came from a talk that I gave,
89
300238
4150
ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉื ืชืชื™,
05:04
right around the corner from here at Georgetown.
90
304388
1800
ืคื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื˜ืื•ืŸ.
05:06
I gave a talk, and a family friend who happened to be
91
306188
3017
ื ืชืชื™ ื”ืจืฆืื”, ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื”
05:09
the Dean of Georgetown Medical School was at the talk,
92
309205
2543
ื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื ื›ื— ื‘ื”,
05:11
and came up to me afterwards saying, they were doing
93
311748
2490
ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื
05:14
a study of ileal transplants in people.
94
314238
3350
ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ืขืงื•ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:17
And they wanted to look at the microbes after the transplants.
95
317588
3976
ื•ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช.
05:21
And so I started a collaboration with this person,
96
321564
3064
ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื™ืชื•,
05:24
Michael Zasloff and Thomas Fishbein, to look at the microbes
97
324628
3273
ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื–ืกืœื•ืฃ ื•ืชื•ืžืก ืคื™ืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
05:27
that colonized these ilea after they were transplanted into a recipient.
98
327901
4473
ืฉืื™ื›ืœืกื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื” ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.
05:32
And I can tell you all the details about the microbial study
99
332374
3142
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
05:35
that we did there, but the reason I want to tell you this story
100
335516
2250
ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
05:37
is something really striking that they did at the beginning
101
337766
3224
ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช
05:40
of this project.
102
340990
1023
ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
05:42
They take the donor ileum, which is filled with microbes from a donor
103
342013
4365
ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื, ืฉืžืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื,
05:46
and they have a recipient who might have a problem
104
346378
2283
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื•ืจื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื”
05:48
with their microbial community, say Crohn's disease,
105
348661
2625
ืขื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ืงืจื•ื”ืŸ,
05:51
and they sterilized the donor ileum.
106
351286
3560
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืฆืขื• ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื ืชืจื.
05:54
Cleaned out all the microbes, and then put it in the recipient.
107
354846
4295
ืฉื˜ืคื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ.
05:59
They did this because this was common practice
108
359141
2664
ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ
06:01
in medicine, even though it was obvious
109
361805
3129
ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ
06:04
that this was not a good idea.
110
364934
2138
ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:07
And fortunately, in the course of this project,
111
367072
3005
ื•ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜,
06:10
the transplant surgeons and the other people
112
370077
2563
ื”ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
06:12
decided, forget common practice. We have to switch.
113
372640
4421
ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืžื”ื ื•ื”ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
06:17
So they actually switched to leaving some of the microbial
114
377061
4145
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
06:21
community in the ileum. They leave the microbes with the donor,
115
381206
4000
ื‘ืžืขื™. ื”ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื,
06:25
and theoretically that might help the people who are
116
385206
3576
ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
06:28
receiving this ileal transplant.
117
388782
2089
ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืชืจื ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื–ื”.
06:30
And so, people -- this is a study that I did now.
118
390871
3302
ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื -- ื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
06:34
In the last few years there's been a great expansion
119
394173
2305
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”
06:36
in using DNA technology to study the microbes in and on people.
120
396478
4178
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช DNA ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื•ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
06:40
There's something called the Human Microbiome Project
121
400656
1808
ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™"
06:42
that's going on in the United States,
122
402464
1856
ืฉืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
06:44
and MetaHIT going on in Europe, and a lot of other projects.
123
404320
2534
ื• MetaHIT ืฉืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
06:46
And when people have done a variety of studies,
124
406854
3189
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
06:50
they have learned things such as, when a baby is
125
410043
3632
ืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืง
06:53
born, during vaginal delivery you get colonized by the
126
413675
2984
ื ื•ืœื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืขืœืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
06:56
microbes from your mother.
127
416659
1192
ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื”ืื.
06:57
There are risk factors associated with cesarean sections,
128
417851
3056
ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื™ืกืจื™,
07:00
some of those risk factors may be due to mis-colonization
129
420907
4031
ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืื›ืœื•ืก ื—ืกืจ
07:04
when you carve a baby out of its mother
130
424938
2392
ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื”ืื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
07:07
rather than being delivered through the birth canal.
131
427330
2825
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ื“ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”.
07:10
And a variety of other studies have shown that the
132
430155
3449
ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืจืื•
07:13
microbial community that lives in and on us
133
433604
1807
ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœื™ื ื•
07:15
helps in development of the immune system,
134
435411
2263
ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
07:17
helps in fighting off pathogens, helps in our metabolism,
135
437674
4945
ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
07:22
and determining our metabolic rate, probably
136
442619
3080
ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื•, ื›ื ืจืื”
07:25
determines our odor, and may even shape our behavior
137
445699
3175
ืฉื”ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืื ื• ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
07:28
in a variety of ways.
138
448874
1936
ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
07:30
And so, these studies have documented or suggested
139
450810
3056
ืื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืื• ื”ืฆื™ืขื•
07:33
out of a variety of important functions for the microbial community,
140
453866
4287
ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืžืœืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช,
07:38
this cloud, the non-pathogens that live in and on us.
141
458153
4537
ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืœื-ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขื™ืžื ื•.
07:42
And one area that I think is very interesting,
142
462690
3584
ื•ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
07:46
which many of you may have now that we've thrown
143
466274
2666
ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื–ืจืงื ื•
07:48
microbes into the crowd, is something that I would call "germophobia."
144
468940
3930
ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ืœ, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื "ื’ืจืžื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”" (ืคื—ื“ ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื)
07:52
So people are really into cleanliness, right?
145
472870
2959
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘"ืงื˜ืข" ืฉืœ ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:55
We have antibiotics in our kitchen counters,
146
475829
1979
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืœืคืงื™ื ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื—,
07:57
people are washing every part of them all of the time,
147
477808
3096
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
08:00
we pump antibiotics into our food, into our communities,
148
480904
5026
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•,
08:05
we take antibiotics excessively.
149
485930
2441
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช.
08:08
And killing pathogens is a good thing if you're sick,
150
488371
3839
ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
08:12
but we should understand that when we pump chemicals
151
492210
3264
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
08:15
and antibiotics into our world, that we're also killing
152
495474
2897
ื•ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื’ื
08:18
the cloud of microbes that live in and on us.
153
498371
2295
ืืช ื”ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื™ ืขืœื™ื ื•.
08:20
And excessive use of antibiotics, in particular in children,
154
500666
3000
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ืคืจื– ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
08:23
has been shown to be associated with, again, risk factors
155
503666
3229
ื™ื•ื—ืก ื›ื‘ืจ, ืฉื•ื‘, ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
08:26
for obesity, for autoimmune diseases, for a variety
156
506895
4256
ืœื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
08:31
of problems that are probably due to disruption
157
511151
1904
ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื”ืคืจืขื”
08:33
of the microbial community.
158
513055
3104
ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:36
So the microbial community can go wrong
159
516159
3352
ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
08:39
whether we want it to or not,
160
519511
1712
ืื ื ืจืฆื” ื‘ื–ื” ืื• ืœื,
08:41
or we can kill it with antibiotics,
161
521223
2248
ืื• ืฉื ื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช,
08:43
but what can we do to restore it?
162
523471
2096
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ?
08:45
I'm sure many people here have heard about probiotics.
163
525567
3112
ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื ืฉืžืขื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
08:48
Probiotics are one thing that you can try and do to restore
164
528679
3008
ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืงื
08:51
the microbial community that is in and on you.
165
531687
2424
ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื•ืขืœื™ื ื•.
08:54
And they definitely have been shown to be effective in some cases.
166
534111
3472
ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื.
08:57
There's a project going on at UC Davis where people are using
167
537583
3097
ื™ืฉื ื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘-ื™ื•.ืกื™. ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
09:00
probiotics to try and treat, prevent,
168
540680
2895
ื‘ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ, ืœืžื ื•ืข,
09:03
necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants.
169
543575
2512
ื“ืœืงืช ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ืžืง ืืฆืœ ืคื’ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื˜ืจื ื–ืžื ื.
09:06
Premature infants have real problems with their microbial community.
170
546087
3408
ืคื’ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื˜ืจื ื–ืžื ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
09:09
And it may be that probiotics can help prevent
171
549495
2520
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื• ืฉืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข
09:12
the development of this horrible necrotizing enterocolitis
172
552015
3136
ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงืช ืžืขื™ ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ื›ื–ืืช
09:15
in these premature infants.
173
555151
1665
ื‘ืคื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
09:16
But probiotics are sort of a very, very simple solution.
174
556816
3991
ืื•ืœื, ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
09:20
Most of the pills that you can take or the yogurts that you can eat
175
560807
3355
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช, ืื• ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ
09:24
have one or two species in them, maybe five species in them,
176
564162
4787
ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื–ืŸ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื–ื ื™ื,
09:28
and the human community is thousands upon thousands of species.
177
568949
3666
ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืœืคื™ ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื ื™ื.
09:32
So what can we do to restore our microbial community
178
572615
3928
ืื– ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
09:36
when we have thousands and thousands of species on us?
179
576543
3199
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืœืคื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื?
09:39
Well, one thing that animals seem to do is,
180
579742
2706
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
09:42
they eat poo -- coprophagia.
181
582448
4014
ื”ื•ื ืื›ื™ืœืช ืฆื•ืื” -- ืงื•ืคืจื•ืคื’ื™ื”.
09:46
And it turns out that many veterinarians,
182
586462
4609
ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจื™ื,
09:51
old school veterinarians in particular,
183
591071
2009
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืœื” ืžื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื”,
09:53
have been doing something called "poo tea,"
184
593080
2716
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื "ืชื” ืฆื•ืื”",
09:55
not booty, but poo tea, to treat colic and other
185
595796
5805
ืœื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืืœื ืชื” ืฆื•ืื”, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ
10:01
ailments in horses and cows and things like that,
186
601601
3623
ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
10:05
where you make tea from the poo from a healthy
187
605224
3948
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืชื” ืžืฆื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”
10:09
individual animal and you feed it to a sick animal.
188
609172
3149
ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื” ืœื—ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
10:12
Although, unless you have a fistulated cow with a big hole in its side,
189
612321
4440
ืื‘ืœ, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš ื•ื—ืœื•ืœ ืขื ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื”ื•
10:16
and you can put your hand into its rumen,
190
616761
2539
ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”,
10:19
it's hard to imagine that the delivery of microbes
191
619300
3408
ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
10:22
directly into the mouth and through the entire
192
622708
2929
ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื”, ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ
10:25
top of the digestive tract is the best delivery system,
193
625637
3648
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:29
so you may have heard in people they are now doing
194
629285
4120
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
10:33
fecal transplants, where rather than delivering
195
633405
4650
ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืื”, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ
10:38
a couple of probiotic microbes through the mouth,
196
638055
2432
ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื”,
10:40
they are delivering a community of probiotics,
197
640487
3453
ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
10:43
a community of microbes from a healthy donor,
198
643940
2480
ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืชื•ืจื ื‘ืจื™ื,
10:46
through the other end.
199
646420
2137
ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
10:48
And this has turned out to be very effective in fighting
200
648557
3330
ื–ื• ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”
10:51
certain intransigent infectious diseases
201
651887
2366
ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืขื™ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
10:54
like Clostridium difficile infections that can stay
202
654253
3839
ื›ืžื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ืคื™ืกื™ืœ, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ
10:58
with people for years and years and years.
203
658092
2097
ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
11:00
Transplants of the feces, of the microbes from the feces,
204
660189
4863
ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืื”, ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื”ืฆื•ืื”,
11:05
from a healthy donor has actually been shown to cure
205
665052
2865
ืžืชื•ืจื ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืคื
11:07
systemic C. dif infections in some people.
206
667917
2861
ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ืคื™ืกื™ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
11:10
Now what these transplants, these fecal transplants, or
207
670778
5842
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืื”
11:16
the poo tea suggest to me, and many other people
208
676620
4459
ื•ืžืชื” ื”ืฆื•ืื”, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™
11:21
have come up with this same idea, is that
209
681079
1744
ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื•ื
11:22
the microbial community in and on us, it's an organ.
210
682823
3888
ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื“ ืื™ื‘ืจ.
11:26
We should view it as a functioning organ, part of ourselves.
211
686711
5007
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืชืคืงื“, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
11:31
We should treat it carefully and with respect,
212
691718
3991
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
11:35
and we do not want to mess with it, say by C-sections
213
695709
3980
ื•ืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš ืื™ืชื•, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื™ืกืจื™
11:39
or by antibiotics or excessive cleanliness,
214
699689
4908
ืื• ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืื• ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื–ื,
11:44
without some real good justification.
215
704597
3217
ืœืœื ื”ืฆื“ืงื”.
11:47
And what the DNA sequencing technologies are allowing people to do now
216
707814
3640
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ DNA ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
11:51
is do detailed studies of, say, 100 patients who have Crohn's disease
217
711454
6952
ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืžืื” ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ืงืจื•ื”ืŸ
11:58
and 100 people who don't have Crohn's disease.
218
718406
2535
ื•ืžืื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื”.
12:00
Or 100 people who took antibiotics when they were little,
219
720941
3833
ืื• ืฉืœ ืžืื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
12:04
and 100 people who did not take antibiotics.
220
724774
2424
ื•ืžืื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืงื—ื• ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
12:07
And we can now start to compare the community of microbes
221
727198
4080
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื•ืช
12:11
and their genes and see if there are differences.
222
731278
3303
ื•ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
12:14
And eventually we may be able to understand if they're not
223
734581
3402
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื
12:17
just correlative differences, but causative.
224
737983
2624
ืจืง ืžืชืืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื.
12:20
Studies in model systems like mouse and other animals
225
740607
3470
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ื›ืžื• ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
12:24
are also helping do this, but people are now using
226
744077
3209
ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
12:27
these technologies because they've gotten very cheap,
227
747286
2304
ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืื•ื“ ื–ื•ืœื•ืช,
12:29
to study the microbes in and on a variety of people.
228
749590
3914
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
12:33
So, in wrapping up, what I want to tell you about is,
229
753504
4590
ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื”,
12:38
I didn't tell you a part of the story of coming down with diabetes.
230
758094
3207
ืœื ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกื›ืจืช.
12:41
It turns out that my father was an M.D.,
231
761301
2764
ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืคื,
12:44
actually studied hormones. I told him many times
232
764065
4472
ืฉืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื. ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื
12:48
that I was tired, thirsty, not feeling very good.
233
768537
4790
ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ืฆืžืื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™.
12:53
And he shrugged it off, I think he either thought
234
773327
2879
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ื›ืชืคื™ื•, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘
12:56
I was just complaining a lot, or it was the typical
235
776206
3279
ืฉืกืชื ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื• ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช
12:59
M.D. "nothing can be wrong with my children."
236
779485
2619
ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื, "ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™..."
13:02
We even went to the International Society of Endocrinology
237
782104
3221
ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื›ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
13:05
meeting as family in Quebec.
238
785325
2130
ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืง.
13:07
And I was getting up every five minutes to pee,
239
787455
5494
ืื ื™ ืงืžืชื™ ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืŸ,
13:12
and drinking everybody's water at the table,
240
792949
2435
ื•ืฉืชื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
13:15
and I think they all thought I was a druggie.
241
795384
2934
ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกื•ืžื.
13:18
(Laughter)
242
798318
1720
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:20
But the reason I'm telling you this is that
243
800038
1976
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”
13:22
the medical community, my father as an example,
244
802014
3000
ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™,
13:25
sometimes doesn't see what's right in front of their eyes.
245
805014
3567
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืฃ.
13:28
The microbial cloud, it is right in front of us.
246
808581
3985
ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™, ื ืžืฆื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•.
13:32
We can't see it most of the time. It's invisible.
247
812566
2800
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”.
13:35
They're microbes. They're tiny.
248
815366
1471
ื”ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื.
13:36
But we can see them through their DNA,
249
816837
2952
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืจืš ื”-DNA ืฉืœื”ื,
13:39
we can see them through the effects that they have on people.
250
819789
3249
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
13:43
And what we need now
251
823038
1618
ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
13:44
is to start thinking about this microbial community in the context
252
824656
3669
ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ
13:48
of everything in human medicine.
253
828325
2513
ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
13:50
It doesn't mean that it affects every part of us,
254
830838
3067
ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื ื•,
13:53
but it might.
255
833905
1399
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
13:55
What we need is a full field guide to the microbes
256
835304
3925
ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
13:59
that live in and on people, so that we can understand
257
839229
3393
ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
14:02
what they're doing to our lives.
258
842622
3272
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
14:05
We are them. They are us.
259
845894
3071
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื. ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื•.
14:08
Thank you.
260
848965
1328
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:10
(Applause)
261
850293
1985
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7