Jonathan Eisen: Meet your microbes

33,431 views ใƒป 2015-07-17

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Amy Ko ๊ฒ€ํ† : Seungbum Son
00:12
I'm going to start with a little story.
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๋จผ์ € ์งง์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
So, I grew up in this neighborhood. When I was 15 years old,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋™๋„ค์—์„œ ์ž๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ 15์‚ด์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
00:17
I went from being what I think was a strapping young athlete,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฑด์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ Š์€ ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ž์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
over four months, slowly wasting away until
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ์ฆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์›๋ž˜
00:25
I was basically a famine victim
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๊ธฐ๊ทผ์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ž์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„ค ๋‹ฌ์ด ๋„˜๊ฒŒ
00:27
with an unquenchable thirst.
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์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์‡ ์•ฝํ•ด์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชธ์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์šด๋™์„ ๊ณ„์† ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
I had basically digested away my body.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ๋ชธ์„ ํ˜น์‚ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
00:33
And this all came to a head when I was on a backpacking trip,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋‚ญ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
00:37
my first one ever actually, on Old Rag Mountain
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์ •์ ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ฃผ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
00:39
in West Virginia, and was putting my face into puddles
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์˜ฌ๋“œ ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์‚ฐ์— ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฌผ ์†์— ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
00:43
of water and drinking like a dog.
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๊ฐœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งˆ์…จ์–ด์š”.
00:45
That night, I was taken into the emergency room
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๊ทธ ๋‚  ๋ฐค, ์ €๋Š” ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค๋กœ ์‹ค๋ ค๊ฐ”๊ณ 
00:50
and diagnosed as a type 1 diabetic in full-blown ketoacidosis.
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1 ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋‹น๋‡จ์„ฑ ์บํ† ์• ์‹œ๋„์‹œ์Šค ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
And I recovered, thanks to the miracles of modern medicine,
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์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ์ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ €๋Š” ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:00
insulin and other things, and gained all my weight back and more.
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๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์›์ƒํƒœ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
And something festered inside me after this happened.
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๊ทธ ์ผ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ดด๋กญํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
What I thought about was, what caused the diabetes?
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
You see, diabetes is an autoimmune disease
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๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์€ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š”
01:16
where your body fights itself, and at the time people thought
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์ž๊ธฐ๋ฉด์—ญ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
01:19
that somehow maybe exposure to a pathogen
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋๋˜ ๊ฐ„์— ๋ณ‘๊ท ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ
01:22
had triggered my immune system to fight the pathogen
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ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:27
and then kill the cells that make insulin.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
01:29
And this is what I thought for a long period of time,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์™”์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:31
and that's in fact what medicine and people have focused on quite a bit,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฐ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
the microbes that do bad things.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
01:38
And that's where I need my assistant here now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์กฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ
01:41
You may recognize her.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
So, I went yesterday, I apologize, I skipped a few of the talks,
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์ €๋Š” ์–ด์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํšŒ์˜๋“ค์— ๋ถˆ์ฐธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:49
and I went over to the National Academy of Sciences building,
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๊ตญ๋‚ด๊ณผํ•™ํ˜‘ํšŒ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
and they sell toys, giant microbes.
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์žฅ๋‚จ๊ฐ์„ ํŒ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”
01:57
And here we go!
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
02:00
So you have caught flesh-eating disease if you caught that one.
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์ด๊ฑธ ์žก์œผ์‹  ๋ถ„์€ ์œก์‹์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์žก์œผ์‹  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
I gotta get back out my baseball ability here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ œ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:13
So, unfortunately or not surprisingly, most of the microbes
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋†€๋ž์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ฒŒ๋„, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ณผํ•™ ํ•™ํšŒ์—์„œ ํŒŒ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜
02:20
they sell at the National Academy building are pathogens.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
Everybody focuses on the things that kill us,
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๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:26
and that's what I was focusing on.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
And it turns out that we are covered in a cloud of microbes,
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๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์Œ“์—ฌ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:32
and those microbes actually do us good much of the time,
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๊ทธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข‹์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„
02:37
rather than killing us.
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๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ผ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
And so, we've known about this for some period of time.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„์ง€ ์ข€ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
People have used microscopes to look at the microbes that cover us,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์Œ“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
I know you're not paying attention to me, but ...
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:46
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:49
The microbes that cover us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„
02:50
And if you look at them in the microscope,
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด
02:54
you can see that we actually have 10 times as many cells
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ด ๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„
02:57
of microbes on us as we have human cells.
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๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
There's more mass in the microbes than the mass of our brain.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
We are literally a teeming ecosystem of microorganisms.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฐ”๊ธ€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
And unfortunately, if you want to learn about the microorganisms,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ˆ๋์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:14
just looking at them in a microscope is not sufficient.
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
And so we just heard about the DNA sequencing.
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DNA ์—ผ๊ธฐ ์„œ์—ด๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ํ…๋ฐ
03:19
It turns out that one of the best ways to look at microbes
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๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๊ณ 
03:22
and to understand them is to look at their DNA.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๋ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
And that's what I've been doing for 20 years,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ 20๋…„๋™์•ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
using DNA sequencing, collecting samples from various places,
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DNA ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ
03:30
including the human body, reading the DNA sequence
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ , DNA ์—ผ๊ธฐ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
and then using that DNA sequencing to tell us about
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:36
the microbes that are in a particular place.
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DNA ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ฃ .
03:38
And what's amazing, when you use this technology,
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ,
03:41
for example, looking at humans, we're not just covered
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณผ๋•Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋กœ
03:44
in a sea of microbes.
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๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์Œ“์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
There are thousands upon thousands of different kinds of microbes on us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์œ„์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
We have millions of genes of microbes in our human
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์—๋Š”
03:55
microbiome covering us.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
And so this microbial diversity differs between people,
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๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ 
04:01
and what people have been thinking about in the last 10,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ 10๋…„ ํ˜น์€ 15๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
04:04
maybe 15 years is, maybe these microbes,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด
04:07
this microbial cloud in and on us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์™€ ๊ณ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:09
and the variation between us, may be responsible
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๊ทธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜
04:13
for some of the health and illness differences between us.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์งˆํ™˜์— ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
And that comes back to the diabetes story I was telling you.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ž๋ฉด,
04:19
It turns out that people now think that one of the triggers
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ 1์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
04:23
for type 1 diabetes is not fighting a pathogen,
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๋ณ‘๊ท ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:25
but is in fact trying to -- miscommunicating with the microbes
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์‹ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์™€ ๊ณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜
04:30
that live in and on you.
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์†Œํ†ต๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
And somehow maybe the microbial community that's
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ๋ชธ ์†์— ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด
04:34
in and on me got off, and then this triggered some sort
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๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ์‹œ์ผœ
04:38
of immune response and led to me killing the cells
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์‹ ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ
04:40
that make insulin in my body.
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์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
And so what I want to tell you about for a few minutes is,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€,
04:45
what people have learned using DNA sequencing techniques
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์†๊ณผ ์•ˆ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜
04:49
in particular, to study the microbial cloud
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด DNA ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ
04:53
that lives in and on us.
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
And I want to tell you a story about a personal project.
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์ œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
My first personal experience with studying the microbes
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€
05:00
on the human body actually came from a talk that I gave,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ง€ํƒ€์šด๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ชฝ์—์„œ ํ–ˆ๋˜
05:04
right around the corner from here at Georgetown.
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์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
I gave a talk, and a family friend who happened to be
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์กฐ์ง€ํƒ€์šด๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๋Œ€ํ•™์žฅ์ด
05:09
the Dean of Georgetown Medical School was at the talk,
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๊ทธ ์—ฐ์„ค์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
and came up to me afterwards saying, they were doing
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์—ฐ์„ค์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ํ•™์žฅ์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ๋กœ ์™€์„œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
05:14
a study of ileal transplants in people.
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ํšŒ์žฅ(ๅ›ž่…ธ) ์ด์‹์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
And they wanted to look at the microbes after the transplants.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด์‹์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
And so I started a collaboration with this person,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํด ์žฌ์Šฌ๋กœํ”„, ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ํ”ผ์‰ฌ๋ฐ”์ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
05:24
Michael Zasloff and Thomas Fishbein, to look at the microbes
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์ด์‹์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•œ ํ›„์— ํšŒ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„
05:27
that colonized these ilea after they were transplanted into a recipient.
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๋ณด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต๋™์ž‘์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
And I can tell you all the details about the microbial study
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ธ์„ธํžˆ
05:35
that we did there, but the reason I want to tell you this story
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์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
05:37
is something really striking that they did at the beginning
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:40
of this project.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
They take the donor ileum, which is filled with microbes from a donor
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:46
and they have a recipient who might have a problem
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํฌ๋ก ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
05:48
with their microbial community, say Crohn's disease,
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๊ธฐ์ฆ ๋ฐ›์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
and they sterilized the donor ileum.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ฆ๋ฐ›์€ ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ์†Œ๋…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
Cleaned out all the microbes, and then put it in the recipient.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ์ด์‹ ๋ฐ›์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ์ด์‹ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
They did this because this was common practice
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•Œ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:01
in medicine, even though it was obvious
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€์Šต์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:04
that this was not a good idea.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋Œ€๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
And fortunately, in the course of this project,
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์šด์ด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
06:10
the transplant surgeons and the other people
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์ด์‹์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
06:12
decided, forget common practice. We have to switch.
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ํ”ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
So they actually switched to leaving some of the microbial
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํšŒ์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„
06:21
community in the ileum. They leave the microbes with the donor,
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๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋†“๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜
06:25
and theoretically that might help the people who are
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ ๋†“์•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํšŒ์žฅ์„
06:28
receiving this ileal transplant.
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์ด์‹๋ฐ›์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ์ฃ 
06:30
And so, people -- this is a study that I did now.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
In the last few years there's been a great expansion
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์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ชธ ์†๊ณผ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„
06:36
in using DNA technology to study the microbes in and on people.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด DNA ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
There's something called the Human Microbiome Project
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” '์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ' ๋ฅผ
06:42
that's going on in the United States,
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์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
06:44
and MetaHIT going on in Europe, and a lot of other projects.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํžˆํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
06:46
And when people have done a variety of studies,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฉด,
06:50
they have learned things such as, when a baby is
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
born, during vaginal delivery you get colonized by the
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์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ ๋•Œ, ์งˆ๋ถ„๋งŒ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์—„๋งˆ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ
06:56
microbes from your mother.
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์ธํ•ด ์•„๊ธฐํ•œํ…Œ๋„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ฃ .
06:57
There are risk factors associated with cesarean sections,
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์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
07:00
some of those risk factors may be due to mis-colonization
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๊ทธ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
07:04
when you carve a baby out of its mother
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์‚ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
07:07
rather than being delivered through the birth canal.
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์—„๋งˆ์˜ ๋ฑƒ ์†์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
And a variety of other studies have shown that the
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์†๊ณผ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”
07:13
microbial community that lives in and on us
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด
07:15
helps in development of the immune system,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘๊ท ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
07:17
helps in fighting off pathogens, helps in our metabolism,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์™€์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:22
and determining our metabolic rate, probably
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:25
determines our odor, and may even shape our behavior
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ฒด์ทจ๋„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ
07:28
in a variety of ways.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์ง€์š”.
07:30
And so, these studies have documented or suggested
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
07:33
out of a variety of important functions for the microbial community,
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๋น„๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์ฒด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„
07:38
this cloud, the non-pathogens that live in and on us.
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ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
And one area that I think is very interesting,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:46
which many of you may have now that we've thrown
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฅผ
07:48
microbes into the crowd, is something that I would call "germophobia."
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” '๋ณ‘๊ท  ๊ณตํฌ์ฆ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
So people are really into cleanliness, right?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํ•จ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:55
We have antibiotics in our kitchen counters,
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๋ถ€์—Œ ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:57
people are washing every part of them all of the time,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ถ€์—Œ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋‹ฆ๊ณ ,
08:00
we pump antibiotics into our food, into our communities,
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์†์—์„œ๋„, ์Œ์‹์—๋„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๊ตฌ ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
we take antibiotics excessively.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
And killing pathogens is a good thing if you're sick,
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์•„ํ”„๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ณ‘๊ท ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
08:12
but we should understand that when we pump chemicals
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
08:15
and antibiotics into our world, that we're also killing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์†๊ณผ ๊ณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„
08:18
the cloud of microbes that live in and on us.
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์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
And excessive use of antibiotics, in particular in children,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ํŠนํžˆ
08:23
has been shown to be associated with, again, risk factors
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๋งŒ, ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ
08:26
for obesity, for autoimmune diseases, for a variety
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
of problems that are probably due to disruption
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„
08:33
of the microbial community.
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ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
So the microbial community can go wrong
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋“  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋“ , ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€
08:39
whether we want it to or not,
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์ž˜๋ชป ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
08:41
or we can kill it with antibiotics,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
but what can we do to restore it?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:45
I'm sure many people here have heard about probiotics.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ท ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
Probiotics are one thing that you can try and do to restore
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์ƒ๊ท ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชธ ์†์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„
08:51
the microbial community that is in and on you.
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๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
And they definitely have been shown to be effective in some cases.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„๋ช… ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
There's a project going on at UC Davis where people are using
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต Davis ์บ ํผ์Šค์—์„œ๋Š”
09:00
probiotics to try and treat, prevent,
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์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„๊ดด์‚ฌ์„ฑ์žฅ์—ผ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
09:03
necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants.
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์ƒ๊ท ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
Premature infants have real problems with their microbial community.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
And it may be that probiotics can help prevent
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์ƒ๊ท ์ œ๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„์˜ ๋”์ฐํ•œ
09:12
the development of this horrible necrotizing enterocolitis
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์‹ ์ƒ์•„๊ดด์‚ฌ์„ฑ์žฅ์—ผ์˜ ์•…ํ™”๋ฅผ
09:15
in these premature infants.
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๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
But probiotics are sort of a very, very simple solution.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ท ์ œ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
Most of the pills that you can take or the yogurts that you can eat
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ์•ฝ์ด๋‚˜ ๋จน๋Š” ์š”๊ฑฐํŠธ๋Š”
09:24
have one or two species in them, maybe five species in them,
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‚˜ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜, ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
09:28
and the human community is thousands upon thousands of species.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
So what can we do to restore our microbial community
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์„๋•Œ
09:36
when we have thousands and thousands of species on us?
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:39
Well, one thing that animals seem to do is,
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
09:42
they eat poo -- coprophagia.
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๋ณ€์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค - ์‹๋ถ„์ฆ์ด์ฃ .
09:46
And it turns out that many veterinarians,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด,
09:51
old school veterinarians in particular,
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
09:53
have been doing something called "poo tea,"
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"๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฐจ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
not booty, but poo tea, to treat colic and other
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์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ,"๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฐจ"๋Š” ๋ง๊ณผ ์†Œ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง์Šน์˜
10:01
ailments in horses and cows and things like that,
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์‚ฐํ†ต์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์“ฐ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:05
where you make tea from the poo from a healthy
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
10:09
individual animal and you feed it to a sick animal.
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์•„ํ”ˆ ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
Although, unless you have a fistulated cow with a big hole in its side,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ ์†์„ ๋น„์šฐ๊ณ 
10:16
and you can put your hand into its rumen,
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์†Œ์˜ ์ œ1๋ฐ˜์ถ”์œ„์— ์†์„ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ,
10:19
it's hard to imagine that the delivery of microbes
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ ์†Œํ™”๊ณ„ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ€์„
10:22
directly into the mouth and through the entire
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์ „๋ถ€ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋„๋ก ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
10:25
top of the digestive tract is the best delivery system,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
so you may have heard in people they are now doing
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
10:33
fecal transplants, where rather than delivering
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์ƒ๊ท  ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž…์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ
10:38
a couple of probiotic microbes through the mouth,
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
10:40
they are delivering a community of probiotics,
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์ƒ๊ท  ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
10:43
a community of microbes from a healthy donor,
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๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์‹  ์ ์ด
10:46
through the other end.
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์žˆ์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
And this has turned out to be very effective in fighting
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํด๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋“ ๋””ํ”ผ์‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ท ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ฐ™์ด
10:51
certain intransigent infectious diseases
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•ด ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณจ์น˜์•„ํ”ˆ
10:54
like Clostridium difficile infections that can stay
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์ „์—ผ์„ฑ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ
10:58
with people for years and years and years.
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ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
Transplants of the feces, of the microbes from the feces,
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์˜ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:05
from a healthy donor has actually been shown to cure
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํด๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋“ ๋””ํ”ผ์‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ท ์ด ํผ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š”
11:07
systemic C. dif infections in some people.
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ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
Now what these transplants, these fecal transplants, or
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:16
the poo tea suggest to me, and many other people
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์ €์™€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ
11:21
have come up with this same idea, is that
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์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์†๊ณผ ๊ณ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”
11:22
the microbial community in and on us, it's an organ.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
We should view it as a functioning organ, part of ourselves.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
We should treat it carefully and with respect,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ ,
11:35
and we do not want to mess with it, say by C-sections
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ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ
11:39
or by antibiotics or excessive cleanliness,
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ํด๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋“ ๋””ํ”ผ์‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ท ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ, ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ
11:44
without some real good justification.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ง๊ฐ€๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
11:47
And what the DNA sequencing technologies are allowing people to do now
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๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ DNA ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
11:51
is do detailed studies of, say, 100 patients who have Crohn's disease
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์ € ์ž์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 100๋ช…์˜
11:58
and 100 people who don't have Crohn's disease.
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ํฌ๋ก ๋ณ‘ํ™˜์ž์™€ ํฌ๋ก ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ 100๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:00
Or 100 people who took antibiotics when they were little,
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ํ˜น์€ ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ, ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋ฐ›์€ 100๋ช…๊ณผ
12:04
and 100 people who did not take antibiotics.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ 100๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:07
And we can now start to compare the community of microbes
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
12:11
and their genes and see if there are differences.
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๊ทธ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
And eventually we may be able to understand if they're not
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด,
12:17
just correlative differences, but causative.
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์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
Studies in model systems like mouse and other animals
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์‹คํ—˜์šฉ ์ฅ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„
12:24
are also helping do this, but people are now using
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
12:27
these technologies because they've gotten very cheap,
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋น„์šฉ์ด
12:29
to study the microbes in and on a variety of people.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
So, in wrapping up, what I want to tell you about is,
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์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
12:38
I didn't tell you a part of the story of coming down with diabetes.
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๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์–˜๊ธฐํ• ๋•Œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
12:41
It turns out that my father was an M.D.,
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์ œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”
12:44
actually studied hormones. I told him many times
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์˜ํ•™๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜
12:48
that I was tired, thirsty, not feeling very good.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชฉ๋งˆ๋ฅด๊ณ , ์ปจ๋””์…˜์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
And he shrugged it off, I think he either thought
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์…จ์–ด์š”. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—”
12:56
I was just complaining a lot, or it was the typical
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์˜ํ•™๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
12:59
M.D. "nothing can be wrong with my children."
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" ๋‚ด ์ž์‹์ด ์•„ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์…จ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:02
We even went to the International Society of Endocrinology
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ€˜๋ฒก์—์„œ ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„ํ•™ ๋ชจ์ž„์—
13:05
meeting as family in Quebec.
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๊ฐ„ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
And I was getting up every five minutes to pee,
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์ €๋Š” ์†Œ๋ณ€์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 5๋ถ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ ,
13:12
and drinking everybody's water at the table,
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ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
and I think they all thought I was a druggie.
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์ค‘๋…์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:20
But the reason I'm telling you this is that
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
13:22
the medical community, my father as an example,
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์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋„ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ด์‹œ์ฃ ,
13:25
sometimes doesn't see what's right in front of their eyes.
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๊ฐ€๋” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ˆˆ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
The microbial cloud, it is right in front of us.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ ์•ž์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:32
We can't see it most of the time. It's invisible.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜์—†์ฃ . ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:35
They're microbes. They're tiny.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
But we can see them through their DNA,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
13:39
we can see them through the effects that they have on people.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
And what we need now
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
13:44
is to start thinking about this microbial community in the context
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ง€์–ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ
13:48
of everything in human medicine.
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
It doesn't mean that it affects every part of us,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
13:53
but it might.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
What we need is a full field guide to the microbes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ชธ ์†์ด๋‚˜ ์œ„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š”
13:59
that live in and on people, so that we can understand
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋„๊ฐ์ด๊ณ  , ๋„๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด
14:02
what they're doing to our lives.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
We are them. They are us.
259
845894
3071
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
Thank you.
260
848965
1328
๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
(Applause)
261
850293
1985
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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