David Mackay: A reality check on renewables

16,379 views ใƒป 2015-07-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
When the Industrial Revolution started,
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื”
00:15
the amount of carbon sitting underneath Britain in the form of coal
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืคื—ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื”ื” ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื
00:19
was as big as the amount of carbon sitting under Saudi Arabia
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื ืคื˜,
00:23
in the form of oil.
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00:25
This carbon powered the Industrial Revolution,
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ื•ืคื—ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
00:27
it put the "Great" in Great Britain,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" ืœืชื•ืืจ "ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”",
00:29
and led to Britain's temporary world domination.
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ื•ืื–, ื‘-1818, ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ืคื—ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื,
00:34
And then, in 1918, coal production in Britain peaked,
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00:38
and has declined ever since.
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ื•ืžืื– ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื”.
ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ืคื˜ ื•ื‘ื’ื–
00:41
In due course, Britain started using oil and gas from the North Sea,
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ืžื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000,
00:45
and in the year 2000,
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ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื•ื”ื’ื– ืžื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
00:47
oil and gas production from the North Sea also peaked,
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื”.
00:50
and they're now on the decline.
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00:54
These observations about the finiteness
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ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืชื
00:56
of easily accessible, local, secure fossil fuels,
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ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืงืœื™ื-ืœื’ื™ืฉื”, ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื,
ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืœืฉืืœื”, "ืžื” ื”ืœืื”?
01:01
is a motivation for saying, "Well, what's next?
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01:04
What is life after fossil fuels going to be like?
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ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืจืื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื“ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื?
ื”ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
01:07
Shouldn't we be thinking hard about how to get off fossil fuels?"
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ืื™ืš ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื“ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื?"
01:10
Another motivation, of course, is climate change.
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ืžื ื™ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:14
And when people talk about life after fossil fuels
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื“ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
01:16
and climate change action,
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ื•ืขืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”
01:18
I think there's a lot of fluff,
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ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืŸ 'ื˜ื™ื•ื— ื™ืจื•ืง', ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ื ืžื˜ืขื”,
01:21
a lot of greenwash, a lot of misleading advertising,
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01:24
and I feel a duty as a physicist to try to guide people around the claptrap
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™,
ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื”ื‘ืœื™ื, ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื
01:28
and help people understand the actions that really make a difference,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื™ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื•.
01:32
and to focus on ideas that do add up.
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01:37
Let me illustrate this
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ืืžื—ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื
01:38
with what physicists call a back-of-envelope calculation.
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"ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ืžืขื˜ืคื”".
01:42
We love back-of-envelope calculations.
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ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
ืืชื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืฉืืœื”, ืžืฉืจื‘ื˜ ื›ืžื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
01:44
You ask a question, write down some numbers,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”:
01:46
and get an answer.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžืื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืš ืœื•ืžืจ: "ื”ืžืž."
01:47
It may not be very accurate, but it may make you say, "Hmm."
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžืื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืš ืœื•ืžืจ: "ื”ืžืž."
01:50
So here's a question:
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื
01:52
Imagine if we said, "Oh yes, we can get off fossil fuels.
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ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื›ืŸ. ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืขื ื“ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
01:55
We'll use biofuels. Problem solved.
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ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ืœืงื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืคืชืจื”.
01:56
Transport ... We don't need oil anymore."
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ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืคื˜ ืœืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”."
01:59
Well, what if we grew the biofuels for a road
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื ื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ืœืงื™ื ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
02:05
on the grass verge at the edge of the road?
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ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ?
02:09
How wide would the verge have to be for that to work out?
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ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื—?
02:13
OK, so let's put in some numbers.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืฉื•ื ื›ืžื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
02:15
Let's have our cars go at 60 miles per hour.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืกืขื• ื‘-100 ืงืž"ืฉ.
02:17
Let's say they do 30 miles per gallon.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• 12 ืง"ืž ืœืœื™ื˜ืจ.
02:19
That's the European average for new cars.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
02:22
Let's say the productivity of biofuel plantations
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ืœืงื™ื
02:25
is 1,200 liters of biofuel per hectare per year.
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ื”ื™ื 1,200 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ืœืง ืœื“ื•ื ื ืœืฉื ื”.
02:28
That's true of European biofuels.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ืœืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™.
ื•ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื 80 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
02:31
And let's imagine the cars are spaced 80 meters apart from each other,
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ื•ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘
02:34
and they're perpetually going along this road.
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ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
ืื•ืจืš ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœื ืžืฉื ื”, ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืืจื•ืš,
02:37
The length of the road doesn't matter,
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02:38
because the longer the road, the more biofuel plantation.
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ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ืขื™ ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ืœืง.
02:41
What do we do with these numbers?
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชื•
02:43
Take the first number, divide by the other three, and get eight kilometers.
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื 8 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
02:47
And that's the answer.
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžื˜ืข,
02:48
That's how wide the plantation would have to be,
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02:50
given these assumptions.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœื•ืžืจ, "ื”ืžืž,
02:53
And maybe that makes you say, "Hmm.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜."
02:56
Maybe this isn't going to be quite so easy."
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื›ื ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื”
03:00
And it might make you think,
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03:02
perhaps there's an issue to do with areas.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—, ื•ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ืืช
03:05
And in this talk, I'd like to talk about land areas, and ask:
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ,
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ื–ื•? ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื”
03:09
Is there an issue about areas?
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03:10
The answer is going to be yes, but it depends which country you are in.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืืจืฅ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ.
03:15
So let's start in the United Kingdom,
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช,
03:17
since that's where we are today.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:19
The energy consumption of the United Kingdom,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช,
ืกืš ื›ืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืœื ืจืง ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ืืœื ื”ื›ืœ,
03:22
the total energy consumption -- not just transport, but everything --
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ืื ื™ ืื›ืžืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ,
03:26
I like to quantify it in lightbulbs.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉ 125 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:28
It's as if we've all got 125 lightbulbs on all the time,
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03:31
125 kilowatt-hours per day per person
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125 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื” ืœื™ื•ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื“ื
03:35
is the energy consumption of the UK.
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ื•ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
03:38
So there's 40 lightbulbs' worth for transport,
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืœ-40 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”,
03:41
40 lightbulbs' worth for heating,
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40 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื,
ื•ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 40 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
03:43
and 40 lightbulbs' worth for making electricity,
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03:45
and other things are relatively small,
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ื•ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
03:47
compared to those three big fish.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:50
It's actually a bigger footprint if we take into account
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื” ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื™ื™ื‘ืื™ื
03:53
the embodied energy in the stuff we import into our country as well.
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, 90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
03:56
And 90 percent of this energy, today, still comes from fossil fuels,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื” ืžื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ืจืง 10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
04:01
and 10 percent, only, from other, greener -- possibly greener -- sources,
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ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ - - ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ -
ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:05
like nuclear power and renewables.
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ืื ื›ืŸ,
04:08
So.
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04:09
That's the UK.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
04:10
The population density of the UK is 250 people per square kilometer.
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ื”ื™ื 250 ื ืคืฉ ืœืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข,
ื›ืขืช ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
04:16
I'm now going to show you other countries by these same two measures.
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ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื
04:19
On the vertical axis, I'm going to show you how many lightbulbs --
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ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ -- ืžื”ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
04:22
what our energy consumption per person is.
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ืœื ืคืฉ, ื•ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ 125 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉ,
04:24
We're at 125 lightbulbs per person,
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ืžืจืื” ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช
04:27
and that little blue dot there is showing you the land area
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04:30
of the United Kingdom.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช,
04:32
The population density is on the horizontal axis,
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ื•ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืคืงื™,
ื•ืื ื• 250 ื ืคืฉ ืœืงืž"ืจ.
04:35
and we're 250 people per square kilometer.
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ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
04:38
Let's add European countries in blue,
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04:40
and you can see there's quite a variety.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:43
I should emphasize, both of these axes are logarithmic;
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ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ื”ื ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ื™ื. ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืงื˜ืข ืืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“
04:46
as you go from one gray bar to the next gray bar,
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ืœืงื˜ืข ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื, ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื“ื 10.
04:48
you're going up a factor of 10.
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04:51
Next, let's add Asia in red,
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ื›ืขืช ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ืืกื™ื”, ื‘ืื“ื•ื,
04:53
the Middle East and North Africa in green,
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ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง,
04:57
sub-Saharan Africa in blue,
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ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืช ื”ืกื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
05:00
black is South America,
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ื“ืจื•ื-ืืžืจื™ืงื” - ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
ืกื’ื•ืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช,
05:04
purple is Central America,
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05:06
and then in pukey-yellow, we have North America,
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ื•ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืžื’ืขื™ืœ - ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
05:09
Australia and New Zealand.
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ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื•-ื–ื™ืœื ื“.
05:12
You can see the great diversity of population densities
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ
ื•ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื ืคืฉ.
05:15
and of per capita consumptions.
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05:18
Countries are different from each other.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•.
05:20
Top left, we have Canada and Australia, with enormous land areas,
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ืืœื• ืงื ื“ื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืขื ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื
ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื“ ืœื ืคืฉ,
05:24
very high per capita consumption -- 200 or 300 lightbulbs per person --
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200 ืื• 300 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉ,
05:28
and very low population densities.
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ื•ืฆืคื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:32
Top right: Bahrain has the same energy consumption
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื ืคืฉ
ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื ื“ื”,
05:35
per person, roughly, as Canada --
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05:37
over 300 lightbulbs per person,
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ืžืขืœ 300 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉ,
05:39
but their population density is a factor of 300 times greater,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคื™ 300,
05:42
1,000 people per square kilometer.
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1,000 ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืœืงืž"ืจ.
05:44
Bottom right: Bangladesh has the same population density as Bahrain,
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ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ืคื™ 100 ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืื“ื.
05:49
but consumes 100 times less per person.
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ืœืžื˜ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
05:53
Bottom left: well, there's no one.
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05:55
But there used to be a whole load of people.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:57
Here's another message from this diagram.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืจ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
05:59
I've added on little blue tails behind Sudan, Libya,
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ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ื–ื ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”, ืœื•ื‘,
06:03
China, India, Bangladesh.
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ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ื ื’ืœื”-ื“ืฉ.
06:04
That's 15 years of progress.
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ืืœื” 15 ืฉื ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ืžื”.
06:06
Where were they 15 years ago, and where are they now?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:09
And the message is,
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ื•ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื”,
06:10
most countries are going to the right, and they're going up.
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ื•ื’ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช,
ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื” -- ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื”
06:13
Up and to the right: bigger population density
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06:15
and higher per capita consumption.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื ืคืฉ.
06:17
So, we may be off in the top right-hand corner, slightly unusual,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืื™-ืฉื ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”,
ืงืฆืช ืžืฉื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื
06:21
the United Kingdom accompanied by Germany,
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื™ืคืŸ, ื“ืจื•ื-ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื”ื•ืœื ื“,
06:24
Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช,
06:26
and a bunch of other slightly odd countries,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
06:28
but many other countries are coming up and to the right to join us.
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ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื•,
06:32
So we're a picture, if you like,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ืฉืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
06:34
of what the future energy consumption
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06:36
might be looking like in other countries, too.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
06:40
I've also added in this diagram now some pink lines
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ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ื’ื ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื
06:43
that go down and to the right.
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ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”.
06:45
Those are lines of equal power consumption per unit area,
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ืืœื• ืงื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉื•ื•ื”
ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืื–ื•ืจ, ืฉืžื“ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข.
06:49
which I measure in watts per square meter.
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06:51
So, for example, the middle line there, 0.1 watts per square meter,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืงื• ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข,
0.1 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืž"ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
06:55
is the energy consumption per unit area of Saudi Arabia,
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ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”, ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœ,
06:59
Norway, Mexico in purple, and Bangladesh 15 years ago.
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ื•ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื”,
07:04
Half of the world's population lives in countries
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ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช
07:07
that are already above that line.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืœืงื• ื”ื–ื”.
07:11
The United Kingdom is consuming 1.25 watts per square meter.
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ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจื›ืช 1.25
ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืž"ืจ.
07:16
So is Germany, and Japan is consuming a bit more.
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:21
So, let's now say why this is relevant.
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ื•ื›ืขืช
ืื•ืžืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
07:25
Why is it relevant?
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07:26
Well, we can measure renewables in the same units
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
07:29
and other forms of power production in the same units.
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ื•ื’ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืช ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช,
07:32
Renewables is one of the leading ideas
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ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื
07:35
for how we could get off our 90 percent fossil-fuel habit.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœ-90% ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
07:39
So here come some renewables.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื
07:41
Energy crops deliver half a watt per square meter
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ืชื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข
07:43
in European climates.
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ื‘ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื.
07:46
What does that mean?
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ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ? ื•ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
07:47
You might have anticipated that result,
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ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ืœืงื™ื
07:49
given what I told you about the biofuel plantation a moment ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข.
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื 1.25 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืž"ืจ.
07:53
Well, we consume 1.25 watts per square meter.
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07:56
What this means is,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืชื›ืกื•
07:57
even if you covered the whole of the United Kingdom with energy crops,
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืขื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
08:00
you couldn't match today's energy consumption.
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
08:04
Wind power produces a bit more -- 2.5 watts per square meter.
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ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
2.5 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืž"ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ืคื™ 2
08:08
But that's only twice as big as 1.25 watts per square meter.
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ืž-1.25 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืž"ืจ,
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ
08:13
So that means if you wanted, literally, to produce total energy consumption
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ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข
08:17
in all forms, on average, from wind farms,
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ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื•ื—, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
08:19
you need wind farms half the area of the UK.
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08:23
I've got data to back up all these assertions, by the way.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืื’ื‘.
08:27
Next, let's look at solar power.
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ื”ืœืื”. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช.
ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื’ื•ืช,
08:30
Solar panels, when you put them on a roof,
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08:32
deliver about 20 watts per square meter in England.
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ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื›-20 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืž"ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
08:37
If you really want to get a lot from solar panels,
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืฉืžืฉ
ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื•ืืจื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช
08:40
you need to adopt the traditional Bavarian farming method,
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ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืกื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ
08:43
where you leap off the roof,
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08:44
and coat the countryside with solar panels, too.
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ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืฉืžืฉ.
08:47
Solar parks, because of the gaps between the panels, deliver less.
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ืคืืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื,
ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืจืš 5 ื•ื•ืื˜
08:50
They deliver about 5 watts per square meter of land area.
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ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข.
08:53
And here's a solar park in Vermont, with real data,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจืžื•ื ื˜ ื•ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืืžืช
ื”ื•ื ืžืคื™ืง 4.2 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืž"ืจ.
08:57
delivering 4.2 watts per square meter.
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09:00
Remember where we are, 1.25 watts per square meter,
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ 1.25 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืž"ืจ.
09:02
wind farms 2.5, solar parks about five.
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื•ื— 2.5, ืคืืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 5.
09:06
So whichever of those renewables you pick,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืชื‘ื—ืจื•,
09:10
the message is, whatever mix of those renewables you're using,
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ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉืชื ืฆืœื•, ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืชืคืขืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
09:13
if you want to power the UK on them,
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ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ื›ืžื•
09:16
you're going to need to cover something like
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09:18
20 percent or 25 percent of the country
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20 ืื• 25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืืจืฅ
ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื”.
09:21
with those renewables.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข:
09:23
I'm not saying that's a bad idea; we just need to understand the numbers.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
ืื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื "ืื ื˜ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื", ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
09:26
I'm absolutely not anti-renewables. I love renewables.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื "ืคืจื•-ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ". [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:29
But I'm also pro-arithmetic.
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09:30
(Laughter)
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09:32
Concentrating solar power in deserts delivers larger powers per unit area,
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ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืง
ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืื–ื•ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ
09:36
because you don't have the problem of clouds.
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืขื ื ื™ื,
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืคื™ืง 14 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืž"ืจ,
09:39
So, this facility delivers 14 watts per square meter;
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09:42
this one 10 watts per square meter;
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ื–ื” - 10 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืž"ืจ,
09:44
and this one in Spain, 5 watts per square meter.
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ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ืกืคืจื“, 5 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืž"ืจ.
09:46
Being generous to concentrating solar power,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™,
ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ืชืŸ 20 ื•ื•ืื˜
09:49
I think it's perfectly credible it could deliver 20 watts per square meter.
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ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข. ื–ื” ื ื—ืžื“.
09:52
So that's nice.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช.
09:54
Of course, Britain doesn't have any deserts.
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09:56
Yet.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:58
(Laughter)
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09:59
So here's a summary so far:
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ:
ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื, ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™.
10:03
All renewables, much as I love them, are diffuse.
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10:05
They all have a small power per unit area,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืื–ื•ืจ,
10:07
and we have to live with that fact.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื•.
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื
10:10
And that means, if you do want renewables to make a substantial difference
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ื™ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
10:15
for a country like the United Kingdom
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ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
10:17
on the scale of today's consumption,
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10:19
you need to be imagining renewable facilities that are country-sized.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืคืงื” ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ื‘ืกื“ืจ-ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืืจืฆื™, ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,
10:23
Not the entire country,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื”. ื—ืœืง ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
10:25
but a fraction of the country, a substantial fraction.
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10:29
There are other options for generating power as well,
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ
ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
10:32
which don't involve fossil fuels.
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10:33
So there's nuclear power, and on this ordinance survey map,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ื‘ืžืคืช ืืชืจื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื–ื•
ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— "ืกื™ื™ื–ื•ื•ืœ ื‘ื™"
10:37
you can see there's a Sizewell B inside a blue square kilometer.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
10:40
That's one gigawatt in a square kilometer,
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ื–ื” ื’'ื™ื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜ ืื—ื“ ืœืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข,
10:42
which works out to 1,000 watts per square meter.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ 1,000 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข.
10:45
So by this particular metric,
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ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
10:47
nuclear power isn't as intrusive as renewables.
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ืื™ื ื• ื›ื” ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:53
Of course, other metrics matter, too,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
10:55
and nuclear power has all sorts of popularity problems.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
10:58
But the same goes for renewables as well.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ื”ื ื” ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื•
11:01
Here's a photograph of a consultation exercise in full swing
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ืงื•ืง ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•,
11:03
in the little town of Penicuik just outside Edinburgh,
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11:06
and you can see the children of Penicuik celebrating
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ ืคื ื™ืงื•ืง ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื
ืืช ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื—.
11:09
the burning of the effigy of the windmill.
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11:11
So --
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืื ื˜ื™-ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ
11:12
(Laughter)
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11:13
People are anti-everything,
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11:15
and we've got to keep all the options on the table.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช.
11:18
What can a country like the UK do on the supply side?
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ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื”?
11:21
Well, the options are, I'd say, these three:
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ 3 ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช:
11:24
power renewables,
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ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
11:26
and recognizing that they need to be close to country-sized;
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ-ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืืจืฆื™; ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
11:29
other people's renewables,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืก ืจื‘ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
11:31
so we could go back and talk very politely
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11:33
to the people in the top left-hand side of the diagram and say,
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ืฉื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
"ืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
11:36
"Uh, we don't want renewables in our backyard,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืืฆืœื›ื?"
11:38
but, um, please could we put them in yours instead?"
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11:41
And that's a serious option.
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ื•ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
11:43
It's a way for the world to handle this issue.
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11:46
So countries like Australia, Russia, Libya, Kazakhstan,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืœื•ื‘, ืงื–ื—ืกื˜ืŸ,
11:50
could be our best friends for renewable production.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
11:55
And a third option is nuclear power.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
11:57
So that's some supply-side options.
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ืื– ืืœื• ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืกืคืงื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.
11:59
In addition to the supply levers that we can push --
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ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืžื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ,
12:02
and remember, we need large amounts,
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ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
12:05
because at the moment, we get 90 percent of our energy from fossil fuels --
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ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”,
ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื 90% ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
12:08
in addition to those levers,
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ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
12:09
we could talk about other ways of solving this issue.
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ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ,
12:13
Namely, we could reduce demand, and that means reducing population --
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
12:16
I'm not sure how to do that --
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- ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš -
ืื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื ืคืฉ.
12:18
or reducing per capita consumption.
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12:21
So let's talk about three more big levers
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ 3 ื”ืžื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
12:23
that could really help on the consumption side.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
12:25
First, transport.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื
12:27
Here are the physics principles
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12:28
that tell you how to reduce the energy consumption of transport.
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”,
12:31
People often say, "Technology can answer everything.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืื”, ื›ืŸ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชืคืชื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœ.
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœื™-ืจื›ื‘ ืคื™ 100 ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื"
12:34
We can make vehicles that are 100 times more efficient."
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืจืื” ืœื›ื.
12:37
And that's almost true. Let me show you.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื ืง ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื–ื”
12:39
The energy consumption of this typical tank here
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12:41
is 80 kilowatt hours per hundred person kilometers.
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ื”ื™ื 80 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื” ืœ-100 ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื/ืง"ืž.
ื–ื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช.
12:45
That's the average European car.
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12:49
Eighty kilowatt hours.
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80 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื”. ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•
12:50
Can we make something 100 times better
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื™ 100 ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™?
12:52
by applying the physics principles I just listed?
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12:54
Yes. Here it is. It's the bicycle.
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ื›ืŸ. ื”ื ื” ื–ื”. ืืœื• ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ืคื™ 80 ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
12:56
It's 80 times better in energy consumption,
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ื•ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ืœืง, ื‘ื“ื’ื ื™-ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
12:59
and it's powered by biofuel, by Weetabix.
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13:01
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
13:03
And there are other options in between,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื•ืœื™
13:05
because maybe the lady in the tank would say,
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื ืง ืชืืžืจ, "ืœื, ืœื, ืœื,
13:07
"No, that's a lifestyle change. Don't change my lifestyle, please."
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"ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืืœ ืชืฉื ื• ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™."
ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืจื›ื‘ืช,
13:10
We could persuade her to take a train, still a lot more efficient than a car,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
13:14
but that might be a lifestyle change.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
ืื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืžืืœ.
13:16
Or there's the EcoCAR, top-left.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื™ืจ ืื—ื“,
13:18
It comfortably accommodates one teenager and it's shorter than a traffic cone,
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ื”ื™ื ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืก ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื—ื“,
13:21
and it's almost as efficient as a bicycle,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื
13:23
as long as you drive it at 15 miles per hour.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘-24 ืงืž"ืฉ.
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืืœื”, ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:27
In between, perhaps some more realistic options
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ื‘ืžื ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”, ืžื ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ื›ืœื™-ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,
13:29
on the transport lever are electric vehicles,
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ืื– ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข,
13:32
so electric bikes and electric cars in the middle,
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13:34
perhaps four times as energy efficient as the standard petrol-powered tank.
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ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืคื™ 4 ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื˜ืžืง ื”ืžื•ื ืข ื‘ื ืคื˜.
13:40
Next, there's the heating lever.
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ื”ืœืื”: ืžื ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื.
13:42
Heating is a third of our energy consumption in Britain,
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ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
13:46
and quite a lot of that is going into homes
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ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื
ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื.
13:48
and other buildings,
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13:49
doing space heating and water heating.
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13:51
So here's a typical crappy British house.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™.
ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ืขื ื”"ืคืจืืจื™" ืฉื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช.
13:54
It's my house, with a Ferrari out front.
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13:56
(Laughter)
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13:57
What can we do to it?
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ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื–ื”?
13:59
Well, the laws of physics are written up there,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”,
14:02
which describe how the power consumption for heating
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื -- ืื™ืš ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
14:07
is driven by the things you can control.
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ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜.
14:09
The things you can control are the temperature difference
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื”ื ื”ืคืจืฉื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
14:12
between the inside and the outside.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช
14:14
There's this remarkable technology called a thermostat:
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ื‘ืฉื "ืชืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜".
ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืืœื”,
14:17
you grasp it, rotate it to the left,
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14:18
and your energy consumption in the home will decrease.
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ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช.
ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”. ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช "ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื".
14:21
I've tried it. It works. Some people call it a lifestyle change.
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14:24
(Laughter)
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื
14:25
You can also get the fluff men in to reduce the leakiness
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14:29
of your building -- put fluff in the walls, fluff in the roof,
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ -- ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืชืงืจื”,
ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื“ืœืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื›ื•'.
14:32
a new front door, and so forth.
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ื•ื”ืžืฆืขืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ.
14:35
The sad truth is, this will save you money.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืข, ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘. ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืขืจ ื”ื•ื
14:38
That's not sad, that's good.
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14:39
But the sad truth is,
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14:40
it'll only get about 25 percent of the leakiness of your building
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ื—ืกื•ื ืจืง 25% ืžื“ืœื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
14:43
if you do these things, which are good ideas.
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ืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื
14:46
If you really want to get a bit closer to Swedish building standards
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื›ื–ื”,
14:49
with a crappy house like this,
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14:51
you need to be putting external insulation on the building,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”
14:54
as shown by this block of flats in London.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
14:58
You can also deliver heat more efficiently using heat pumps,
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ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืข"ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื
15:01
which use a smaller bit of high-grade energy like electricity
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ืฉืžื ืฆืœื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉืžืœ
ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ื ืžื”ื’ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช.
15:05
to move heat from your garden into your house.
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15:08
The third demand-side option I want to talk about,
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
15:11
the third way to reduce energy consumption is: read your meters.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืžื“ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
15:14
People talk a lot about smart meters,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
15:16
but you can do it yourself.
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ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื”, ืชืงืจืื• ืืช ืžื“ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ,
15:17
Use your own eyes and be smart.
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15:19
Read your meter, and if you're anything like me, it'll change your life.
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
ื”ื ื” ื’ืจืฃ ืฉื”ื›ื ืชื™.
15:23
Here's a graph I made.
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15:24
I was writing a book about sustainable energy,
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช,
15:26
and a friend asked me,
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ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™, "ืื– ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช?"
15:27
"How much energy do you use at home?"
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15:29
I was embarrassed; I didn't actually know.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืš ืื•ืชื™. ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™.
15:31
And so I started reading the meter every week.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืžื“ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช
15:34
The old meter readings are shown in the top half of the graph,
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ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืฃ, ื•ืื—ืจ, ืฉื ืช 2007
15:37
and then 2007 is shown in green at the bottom.
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ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง ืœืžื˜ื”, ื•ืื– ื›ื‘ืจ
15:40
That was when I was reading the meter every week.
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ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ืžื“ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืฉืชื ื•,
15:42
And my life changed,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช
15:43
because I started doing experiments and seeing what made a difference.
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ืžื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข, ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื’ื– ืฉืœื™
15:46
My gas consumption plummeted,
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ื™ืจื“ื” ืคืœืื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขืกืง
15:48
because I started tinkering with the thermostat
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ืขื ื”ืชืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜ ื•ืขื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื,
15:50
and the timing on the heating system,
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ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื– ืฉืœื™.
15:52
and I knocked more than half off my gas bills.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืขื ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœื™,
15:54
There's a similar story for my electricity consumption,
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ื ื™ืชืงืชื™ ืืช ื ื’ื ื™ ื”ื“ื™-ื•ื™-ื“ื™, ืืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•,
15:57
where switching off the DVD players, the stereos,
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16:01
the computer peripherals that were on all the time,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ืœืงื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื“ืœืงืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš,
16:04
and just switching them on when I needed them,
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ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœื™.
16:06
knocked another third off my electricity bills, too.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืชื™ืืจืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื
16:10
So we need a plan that adds up.
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16:11
I've described for you six big levers.
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ืืช 6 ื”ืžื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื›ื™ ืื ื•
16:14
We need big action,
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16:15
because we get 90 percent of our energy from fossil fuels,
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ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื 90% ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
16:18
and so you need to push hard on most, if not all, of these levers.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘, ืื ืœื ื›ืœ, ื”ืžื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช,
16:23
Most of these levers have popularity problems,
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16:25
and if there is a lever you don't like the use of,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื ืขื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœื™ื•,
16:29
well, please do bear in mind that means you need even stronger effort
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื›ื
ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
16:33
on the other levers.
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16:35
So I'm a strong advocate of having grown-up conversations
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื•ื’ืจ
16:38
that are based on numbers and facts.
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื
16:40
And I want to close with this map that just visualizes for you
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ื‘ืžืคื” ืฉืชืžื—ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื
16:44
the requirement of land and so forth
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ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื›ื•', ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืจืง
16:48
in order to get just 16 lightbulbs per person
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ืœ-16 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื ืคืฉ
ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-4 ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
16:51
from four of the big possible sources.
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16:54
So, if you wanted to get 16 lightbulbs --
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ืื– ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-16 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉ, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•,
16:57
remember, today our total energy consumption is 125 lightbulbs' worth --
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืกืš ื›ืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ-125 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ 16 ืžื”ืจื•ื—, ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
17:02
if you wanted 16 from wind,
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17:04
this map visualizes a solution for the UK.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” 160 ื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื•ื—,
17:07
It's got 160 wind farms, each 100 square kilometers in size,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 100 ืงืž"ืจ,
17:11
and that would be a twentyfold increase over today's amount of wind.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ 20
ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
17:15
Nuclear power: to get 16 lightbulbs per person,
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ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-16 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉ, ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื
17:18
you'd need two gigawatts at each of the purple dots on the map.
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2 ื’'ื™ื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
ื–ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ 4
17:21
That's a fourfold increase over today's levels of nuclear power.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื”: ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-16 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉ ืชื–ื“ืงืงื•
17:26
Biomass: to get 16 lightbulbs per person,
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17:28
you'd need a land area something like three and a half Wales' worth,
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ืœืฉื˜ื— ืื“ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืก ืคื™ 3.5,
ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจืช,
17:33
either in our country, or in someone else's country,
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17:36
possibly Ireland, possibly somewhere else.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
17:38
(Laughter)
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17:39
And a fourth supply-side option:
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ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ , ื›ื•ื— ืกื•ืœืืจื™ ืžืจื•ื›ื–
17:41
concentrating solar power in other people's deserts.
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ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
17:44
If you wanted to get 16 lightbulbs' worth,
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 16 ื ื•ืจื•ืช,
ืื– ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”
17:47
then we're talking about these eight hexagons
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17:50
down at the bottom right.
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ื›ืืŸ, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”.
ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”
17:51
The total area of those hexagons is two Greater London's worth
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ื”ื•ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืกื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
17:55
of someone else's Sahara,
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17:57
and you'll need power lines all the way across Spain and France
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื“
ื•ืฆืจืคืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื” ืœืกืืจื™.
18:00
to bring the power from the Sahara to Surrey.
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18:04
(Laughter)
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18:05
We need a plan that adds up.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช.
18:08
We need to stop shouting and start talking.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฆืขื•ืง ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
18:12
And if we can have a grown-up conversation,
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ื•ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื•ื’ืจ,
18:16
make a plan that adds up and get building,
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ืœื ืกื— ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช,
18:18
maybe this low-carbon revolution will actually be fun.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื•
ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืคื™ืช. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื›ื.
18:21
Thank you very much for listening.
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
18:23
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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