Why curiosity is the key to science and medicine | Kevin B. Jones

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

Science.

Znanost.

The very word for many of you conjures unhappy memories of boredom

Riječ koja mnogima priziva nesretne sjećanja na dosadu

in high school biology or physics class.

na satovima biologije ili fizike u srednjoj školi.

But let me assure that what you did there

Ali uvjeravam vas da ono što ste radili tamo

had very little to do with science.

nije imalo previše veze sa znanošću.

That was really the "what" of science.

To je zapravo bilo "što” od znanosti.

It was the history of what other people had discovered.

To je bila povijest onoga što su drugi ljudi otkrili.

What I'm most interested in as a scientist

Ono što me najviše zanima kao znanstvenika

is the "how" of science.

je “kako” u znanosti.

Because science is knowledge in process.

Zato što je znanost znanje u procesu.

We make an observation, guess an explanation for that observation,

Opazimo nešto, predložimo objašnjenje za to opažanje

and then make a prediction that we can test

i napravimo predviđanje koje možemo testirati

with an experiment or other observation.

pokusom ili drugim opažanjem.

A couple of examples.

Nekoliko primjera.

First of all, people noticed that the Earth was below, the sky above,

Prvo, ljudi su primjetili da je Zemlja ispod, nebo iznad

and both the Sun and the Moon seemed to go around them.

i da se čini da se Sunce i Mjesec kreću oko njih.

Their guessed explanation

Njihovo predloženo objašnjenje

was that the Earth must be the center of the universe.

je bilo da Zemlja mora biti središte svemira.

The prediction: everything should circle around the Earth.

Predviđanje: sve bi trebalo kružiti oko Zemlje.

This was first really tested

Ovo je prvotno stvarno ispitano

when Galileo got his hands on one of the first telescopes,

kada se Galileo dokopao jednog od prvih teleskopa,

and as he gazed into the night sky,

i gledajući noćno nebo

what he found there was a planet, Jupiter,

na njemu našao planet, Jupiter,

with four moons circling around it.

s četiri mjeseca koja su kružila oko njega.

He then used those moons to follow the path of Jupiter

Zatim je iskoristio te mjesece kako bi pratio putanju Jupitera

and found that Jupiter also was not going around the Earth

te je otkrio da Jupiter također ne kruži oko Zemlje

but around the Sun.

već i oko Sunca.

So the prediction test failed.

Tako je ispitivanje predviđanja bilo neuspješno.

And this led to the discarding of the theory

To je dovelo do napuštanja teorije

that the Earth was the center of the universe.

da je Zemlja središte svemira.

Another example: Sir Isaac Newton noticed that things fall to the Earth.

Drugi primjer: Sir Isaac Newton je primjetio da stvari padaju na Zemlju.

The guessed explanation was gravity,

Predloženo objašnjenje je bilo gravitacija,

the prediction that everything should fall to the Earth.

a predviđanje da bi sve trebalo pasti na Zemlju.

But of course, not everything does fall to the Earth.

Naravno, ne padaju sve stvari na Zemlju.

So did we discard gravity?

Jesmo li napustili gravitaciju?

No. We revised the theory and said, gravity pulls things to the Earth

Ne. Izmijenili smo teoriju i rekli, gravitacija vuče stvari prema Zemlji

unless there is an equal and opposite force in the other direction.

osim ako ne postoji jednaka i suprotna sila u drugom smjeru.

This led us to learn something new.

To nas je dovelo do novih saznanja.

We began to pay more attention to the bird and the bird's wings,

Počeli smo pridavati više pažnje ptici i ptičjim krilima,

and just think of all the discoveries

i samo pomislite koja su sva otkrića

that have flown from that line of thinking.

izletjela iz tog smjera razmišljanja.

So the test failures, the exceptions, the outliers

Tako neuspješna ispitivanja, iznimke, velike devijacije

teach us what we don't know and lead us to something new.

nas uče što ne znamo i vode nas nečem novom.

This is how science moves forward. This is how science learns.

To je način na koji znanost napreduje. Način na koji znanost uči.

Sometimes in the media, and even more rarely,

Ponekad u medijima i čak još rijeđe

but sometimes even scientists will say

ali ponekad će čak i znanstvenici reći

that something or other has been scientifically proven.

da je nešto znanstveno dokazano.

But I hope that you understand that science never proves anything

Ali nadam se da razumijete da znanost nikad ništa ne dokazuje

definitively forever.

definitivno zauvijek.

Hopefully science remains curious enough

Nadajmo se da će znanost ostati dovoljno znatiželjna

to look for

da traži

and humble enough to recognize

i dovoljno ponizna da prepozna

when we have found

kada smo našli

the next outlier,

sljedeću devijaciju

the next exception,

sljedeću iznimku,

which, like Jupiter's moons,

koja, kao Jupiterovi mjeseci,

teaches us what we don't actually know.

nas uči što zapravo ne znamo.

We're going to change gears here for a second.

Sada ćemo ovdje na trenutak promjeniti brzinu.

The caduceus, or the symbol of medicine,

Kaudacej, simbol medicine,

means a lot of different things to different people,

znači mnogo različitih stvari različitim ljudima,

but most of our public discourse on medicine

ali većina naše javne rasprave o medicini

really turns it into an engineering problem.

ju zapravo pretvara u inžinjerski problem.

We have the hallways of Congress,

Imamo hodnike Kongresa

and the boardrooms of insurance companies that try to figure out how to pay for it.

i odbore osiguravajućih kuća koji pokušavaju odgonetnuti kako ju platiti.

The ethicists and epidemiologists

Etičari i epidemiolozi

try to figure out how best to distribute medicine,

pokušavaju odgonetnuti kako najbolje rasporediti medicinu,

and the hospitals and physicians are absolutely obsessed

a bolnice i doktori su poptpuno opsjednuti

with their protocols and checklists,

sa svojim protokolima i popisima,

trying to figure out how best to safely apply medicine.

pokušavajući shvatiti kako najbolje sigurno primjenjivati medicinu.

These are all good things.

Ovo su sve dobre stvari.

However, they also all assume

Međutim, također pretpostavljaju

at some level

na nekoj razini

that the textbook of medicine is closed.

da je udžbenik medicine završen.

We start to measure the quality of our health care

Počinjemo mjeriti kvalitetu našeg zdravstva

by how quickly we can access it.

brzinom kojom mu možemo pristupiti.

It doesn't surprise me that in this climate,

Ne iznenađuje me da u ovoj klimi

many of our institutions for the provision of health care

mnoge naše institucije za pružanje zdravstvene njege

start to look a heck of a lot like Jiffy Lube.

počinju jako izgledati kao Jiffy Lube.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

The only problem is that when I graduated from medical school,

Jedini problem je što kad sam završio medicinski fakultet

I didn't get one of those little doohickeys

nisam dobio jednu od onih malih zvrčki

that your mechanic has to plug into your car

koju mehaničar mora uključiti u vaš auto

and find out exactly what's wrong with it,

kako bi saznao što točno nije u redu s njim,

because the textbook of medicine

zato što udžbenik medicine

is not closed.

nije završen.

Medicine is science.

Medicina je znanost.

Medicine is knowledge in process.

Medicina je znanje u procesu.

We make an observation,

Opazimo nešto,

we guess an explanation of that observation,

predložimo objašnjenje za to opažanje,

and then we make a prediction that we can test.

i potom napravimo predviđanje koje možemo ispitivati.

Now, the testing ground of most predictions in medicine

Poligon ispitivanja većine predviđanja u medicini

is populations.

su populacije.

And you may remember from those boring days in biology class

I možda se sjećate sa onih dosadnih sati biologije

that populations tend to distribute

da populacije imaju tendenciju distribucije

around a mean

oko srednje vrijednosti

as a Gaussian or a normal curve.

kao Gausova ili krivulja normalne distribucije.

Therefore, in medicine,

Stoga, u medicini,

after we make a prediction from a guessed explanation,

nakon što napravimo predviđanje iz predloženog objašnjenja,

we test it in a population.

testiramo ga u populaciji.

That means that what we know in medicine,

To znači da ono što znamo u medicini,

our knowledge and our know-how,

naše znanje i načine kako,

comes from populations

dolazi iz populacija

but extends only as far

ali doseže samo toliko daleko

as the next outlier,

kolika je sljedeća devijacija,

the next exception,

sljedeća iznimka,

which, like Jupiter's moons,

koja, kao i Jupiterovi mjeseci,

will teach us what we don't actually know.

će nas naučiti što zapravo ne znamo.

Now, I am a surgeon

Ja sam kirurg

who looks after patients with sarcoma.

koji se brine za pacijente sa sarkomom.

Sarcoma is a very rare form of cancer.

Sarkom je vrlo rijedak oblik raka.

It's the cancer of flesh and bones.

To je rak mesa i kostiju.

And I would tell you that every one of my patients is an outlier,

I rekao bih vam da je svaki od mojih pacijenata devijacija,

is an exception.

da je iznimka.

There is no surgery I have ever performed for a sarcoma patient

Nijedna operacija koju sam izveo na pacijentu sa sarkomom

that has ever been guided by a randomized controlled clinical trial,

nije bila vođena randomiziranim kontroliranim ispitivanjem

what we consider the best kind of population-based evidence in medicine.

što smatramo najboljom vrstom dokaza temeljenog na populaciji u medicini.

People talk about thinking outside the box,

Ljudi pričaju o razmišljanju izvan okvira,

but we don't even have a box in sarcoma.

ali kod sarkoma nemamo ni okvir.

What we do have as we take a bath in the uncertainty

Ono što imamo dok se kupamo u neizvjesnosti,

and unknowns and exceptions and outliers that surround us in sarcoma

i nepoznanicama, i iznimkama, i devijacijama koje nas okružuju u sarkomu

is easy access to what I think are those two most important values

jest lagan pristup stvarima za koje mislim da su dvije najvažnije vrijednosti

for any science:

za bilo koju znanost:

humility and curiosity.

poniznost i znatiželja.

Because if I am humble and curious,

Zato što ako sam ponizan i znatiželjan,

when a patient asks me a question,

kada me pacijent nešto pita,

and I don't know the answer,

a ja ne znam odgovor,

I'll ask a colleague

pitat ću kolegu

who may have a similar albeit distinct patient with sarcoma.

koji možda ima sličnog, iako jedinstvenog pacijenta sa sarkomom.

We'll even establish international collaborations.

Čak ćemo uspostaviti međunarodne suradnje.

Those patients will start to talk to each other through chat rooms

Pacijenti će početi razgovarati kroz sobe za čavrljavenje

and support groups.

i grupe potpore.

It's through this kind of humbly curious communication

Kroz ovakvu vrstu ponizno znatiželjne komunikacije

that we begin to try and learn new things.

počinjemo i pokušavama učiti nove stvari.

As an example, this is a patient of mine

Primjerice, ovo je moj pacijent

who had a cancer near his knee.

koji je imao rak blizu koljena.

Because of humbly curious communication

Zbog ponizno znatiželjne komunikacije

in international collaborations,

i međunarodnih suradnji,

we have learned that we can repurpose the ankle to serve as the knee

naučili smo da možemo prenamjeniti gležanj da služi kao koljeno

when we have to remove the knee with the cancer.

kada smo primorani odstraniti koljeno s rakom.

He can then wear a prosthetic and run and jump and play.

On tada može nositi protezu, trčati, skakati i igrati se.

This opportunity was available to him

Ova prilika je za njega bila dragocjena

because of international collaborations.

zbog međunarodnih suradnji.

It was desirable to him

Bila mu je poželjna

because he had contacted other patients who had experienced it.

jer je kontaktirao druge pacijente koji su to iskusili.

And so exceptions and outliers in medicine

Tako iznimke i devijacije u medicini

teach us what we don't know, but also lead us to new thinking.

nas uče ono što ne znamo, ali također dovode i do novog razmišljanja.

Now, very importantly,

Sad, vrlo važno,

all the new thinking that outliers and exceptions lead us to in medicine

svo novo razmišljanje kojem nas devijacije i iznimke vode u medicini

does not only apply to the outliers and exceptions.

nije primjenjivo samo na devijacije i iznimke.

It is not that we only learn from sarcoma patients

Nije da od pacijenata sa sarkomom učimo samo

ways to manage sarcoma patients.

kako se brinuti o pacijentima sa sarkomom.

Sometimes, the outliers

Ponekad, devijacije

and the exceptions

i iznimke

teach us things that matter quite a lot to the general population.

nas nauče stvari koje su vrlo bitne u općoj populaciji.

Like a tree standing outside a forest,

Kao stablo koje stoji izvan šume,

the outliers and the exceptions draw our attention

devijacije i iznimke privlače našu pozornost

and lead us into a much greater sense of perhaps what a tree is.

i vode nas u veće razumjevanje onoga što je možda stablo.

We often talk about losing the forests for the trees,

Često govorimo o neprimjećivanje šume među stablima,

but one also loses a tree

ali također možemo izgubiti stablo

within a forest.

unutar šume.

But the tree that stands out by itself

Ali stablo koje stoji samo

makes those relationships that define a tree,

čini odnose koji definiraju stablo,

the relationships between trunk and roots and branches,

odnose između debla i korjenja i grana

much more apparent.

mnogo vidljivijima.

Even if that tree is crooked

Čak i ako je stablo nakrivljeno

or even if that tree has very unusual relationships

ili čak ako stablo ima vrlo neobične odnose

between trunk and roots and branches,

između debla i korjenja i grana

it nonetheless draws our attention

svejedno privlači našu pozornost

and allows us to make observations

i dopušta nam da napravimo promatranja

that we can then test in the general population.

koja možemo potom testirati u općoj populaciji.

I told you that sarcomas are rare.

Rekao sam vam da su sarkomi rijetki.

They make up about one percent of all cancers.

Oni čine samo oko jedan posto svih rakova.

You also probably know that cancer is considered a genetic disease.

Također vjerojatno znate da se rak smatra genetičkom bolešću.

By genetic disease we mean that cancer is caused by oncogenes

Genetičkom bolešću mislimo da je rak uzrokovan onkogenima

that are turned on in cancer

koji se uključeni u raku

and tumor suppressor genes that are turned off to cause cancer.

i tumor supresorskim genima koji su isključeni u nastanku raka.

You might think that we learned about oncogenes

Možda mislite da smo naučili o onkogenima

and tumor suppressor genes from common cancers

i tumor supresorskim genima iz čestih rakova

like breast cancer and prostate cancer

kao što su rak dojke i rak prostate

and lung cancer,

i rak pluća,

but you'd be wrong.

ali bili bi ste u krivu.

We learned about oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

Naučili smo o onkogenima i tumor supresorskim genima

for the first time

po prvi put

in that itty-bitty little one percent of cancers called sarcoma.

u tom malenom jednom postotku rakova zvanih sarkomi.

In 1966, Peyton Rous got the Nobel Prize

1966. Peyton Rous je dobio Nobelovu nagradu

for realizing that chickens

za otkriće da kod kokoši

had a transmissible form of sarcoma.

postoji zarazni oblik sarkoma.

Thirty years later, Harold Varmus and Mike Bishop discovered

Trideset godina poslije Harold Varmus i Mike Bishop su otkrili

what that transmissible element was.

koji je to zarazni element.

It was a virus

To je bio virus

carrying a gene,

Koji nosi gen,

the src oncogene.

src onkogen.

Now, I will not tell you that src is the most important oncogene.

Neću vam reći da je src najvažniji onkogen.

I will not tell you

Neću vam reći

that src is the most frequently turned on oncogene in all of cancer.

da je src najčešće uključeni onkogen u svim rakovima.

But it was the first oncogene.

Ali to je bio prvi onkogen.

The exception, the outlier

Iznimka, devijacija

drew our attention and led us to something

privukao je našu pozornost i doveo nas do nečega

that taught us very important things about the rest of biology.

što nas je naučilo vrlo važne stvari o ostatku biologije.

Now, TP53 is the most important tumor suppressor gene.

TP53 je najvažni tumor supresorski gen

It is the most frequently turned off tumor suppressor gene

I najčešće je isključen tumor supresorski gen

in almost every kind of cancer.

u gotovo svakoj vrsti raka.

But we didn't learn about it from common cancers.

Ali nismo naučili o njemu iz učestalih rakova.

We learned about it when doctors Li and Fraumeni

Naučili smo o njemu kada su doktori Li i Fraumeni

were looking at families,

proučavali obitelji,

and they realized that these families

i shvatili da te obitelji

had way too many sarcomas.

imaju previše sarkoma.

I told you that sarcoma is rare.

Rekao sam vam da je sarkom rijedak.

Remember that a one in a million diagnosis,

Zapamtite da jedna na milijun dijagnoza

if it happens twice in one family,

ako se dogodi dvaput u obitelji,

is way too common in that family.

previše je učestala u toj obitelji.

The very fact that these are rare

Sama činjenica da su oni rijetki

draws our attention

privlači našu pozornost

and leads us to new kinds of thinking.

dovodi nas do novih načina razmišljanja.

Now, many of you may say,

Mnogi od vas će možda reći

and may rightly say,

i mnogi ispravno kažu,

that yeah, Kevin, that's great,

da, Kevine, to je super

but you're not talking about a bird's wing.

ali ti ne pričaš o ptičjim krilima.

You're not talking about moons floating around some planet Jupiter.

Ti ne pričaš o mjesecima koji plutaju oko nekog planeta Jupitera.

This is a person.

Ovo je osoba.

This outlier, this exception, may lead to the advancement of science,

Ova devijacija, ova iznimka, može dovesti do napretka znanosti,

but this is a person.

ali to je osoba.

And all I can say

I sve što mogu reći

is that I know that all too well.

je da to i predobro znam.

I have conversations with these patients with rare and deadly diseases.

Razgovaram s tim pacijentima koji imaju rijetke i smrtonosne bolesti.

I write about these conversations.

Pišem o tim razgovorima.

These conversations are terribly fraught.

Ti su razgovori užasno opterećeni.

They're fraught with horrible phrases

Opterećeni su sa strašnim izrazima

like "I have bad news" or "There's nothing more we can do."

poput “Imam loše vijesti” ili “Tu više ništa ne možemo napraviti”

Sometimes these conversations turn on a single word:

Nekada se ovi razgovori svode na jednu jedinu riječ:

"terminal."

“Terminalni.”

Silence can also be rather uncomfortable.

Tišina također može biti vrlo neugodna.

Where the blanks are in medicine

Gdje praznine u medicini

can be just as important

mogu biti jednako važne

as the words that we use in these conversations.

kao i rječi koje koristimo u ovim razgovorima.

What are the unknowns?

Što su nepoznanice?

What are the experiments that are being done?

Što su pokusi koji se izvode.

Do this little exercise with me.

Napravite sa mnom ovu malu vježbu.

Up there on the screen, you see this phrase, "no where."

Gore na ekranu vidite frazu “no where” (nema gdje)

Notice where the blank is.

Primjetite gdje je praznina.

If we move that blank one space over

Ako pomaknete tu prazninu za samo jedno mjesto

"no where"

“no where” (nema gdje)

becomes "now here,"

postaje “now here”, (sada ovdje)

the exact opposite meaning,

potpuno suprotno značenje,

just by shifting the blank one space over.

samo pomicanjem praznine za jedno mjesto.

I'll never forget the night

Nikad neću zaboraviti noć

that I walked into one of my patients' rooms.

kada sam ušetao u sobu jednog svojeg pacijenta.

I had been operating long that day

Taj dan sam bio dugo operirao

but I still wanted to come and see him.

ali sam svejedno htio doći i vidjeti ga.

He was a boy I had diagnosed with a bone cancer a few days before.

On je bio dječak s dijagnosticiranim rakom kosti nekoliko dana prije.

He and his mother had been meeting with the chemotherapy doctors

Njegova majka se bila sastajala s doktorima za kemoterapiju

earlier that day,

ranije toga dana,

and he had been admitted to the hospital to begin chemotherapy.

i on je bio primljen u bolnicu kako bi se započela kemoterapija.

It was almost midnight when I got to his room.

Bila je skoro ponoć kada sam došao u sobu.

He was asleep, but I found his mother

Spavao je, ali sam našao njegovu majku

reading by flashlight

kako čita uz lampu

next to his bed.

kraj njegovog kreveta.

She came out in the hall to chat with me for a few minutes.

Izašla je u hodnik kako bi nakratko popričala sa mnom.

It turned out that what she had been reading

Ispostavilo se da ono što je čitala

was the protocol that the chemotherapy doctors

bio protokol koji su doktori za kemoterapiju

had given her that day.

dali tog dana.

She had memorized it.

Zapamtila ga je.

She said, "Dr. Jones, you told me

Rekla je “Dr. Jones, rekli ste mi

that we don't always win

da ne pobijedimo uvijek

with this type of cancer,

s ovim tipom raka,

but I've been studying this protocol, and I think I can do it.

ali proučavala sam ovaj protokol i mislim da možemo uspjeti.

I think I can comply with these very difficult treatments.

Mislim da mogu pristati na ove teške tretmane.

I'm going to quit my job. I'm going to move in with my parents.

Dat ću otkaz, uselit ću se svojim roditeljima

I'm going to keep my baby safe."

I brinut ću se da moje dijete bude sigurno.”

I didn't tell her.

Nisam joj rekao.

I didn't stop to correct her thinking.

Nisam ju ispravio u njenom razmišljanju.

She was trusting in a protocol

Vjerovala je protokolu

that even if complied with,

koji i kada ga se drži,

wouldn't necessarily save her son.

Ne mora nužno spasiti njezinog sina.

I didn't tell her.

Nisam joj rekao.

I didn't fill in that blank.

Nisam ispunio tu prazninu.

But a year and a half later

Ali godinu i pol poslije

her boy nonetheless died of his cancer.

njezin dječak je ipak umro od raka.

Should I have told her?

Jesam li joj trebao reći?

Now, many of you may say, "So what?

Mnogi će od vas možda reći, “Pa što?

I don't have sarcoma.

Nemam sarkom.

No one in my family has sarcoma.

Nitko u mojoj obitelji nema sarkom.

And this is all fine and well,

I ovo je sve u redu i dobro,

but it probably doesn't matter in my life."

ali vjerojatno nije previše važno za moj život.”

And you're probably right.

I vjerojatno bi bili u pravu.

Sarcoma may not matter a whole lot in your life.

Sarkom možda nije previše važan u vašem životu.

But where the blanks are in medicine

Ali gdje se nalaze praznine u medicini

does matter in your life.

jest važno za vaš život.

I didn't tell you one dirty little secret.

Nisam vam rekao jednu malu prljavu tajnu.

I told you that in medicine, we test predictions in populations,

Rekao sam vam da u medicini ispitujemo predviđanja u populacijama,

but I didn't tell you,

ali nisam vam rekao,

and so often medicine never tells you

i često vam medicina nikad ne kaže

that every time an individual

da svaki puta kada se pojedinac

encounters medicine,

susretne s medicinom,

even if that individual is firmly embedded in the general population,

čak i ako je taj pojedinac čvrsto ugrađen u opću populaciju,

neither the individual nor the physician knows

ni taj pojedinac ni liječnik ne znaju

where in that population the individual will land.

koje će mjesto u populaciji taj pojedinac zauzeti.

Therefore, every encounter with medicine

Stoga, svaki susret sa medicinom

is an experiment.

je eksperiment.

You will be a subject

Vi ćete biti predmet

in an experiment.

eksperimenta.

And the outcome will be either a better or a worse result for you.

A ishod će biti ili bolji ili lošiji rezultat za vas.

As long as medicine works well,

Dok god medicina dobro radi,

we're fine with fast service,

u redu nam je brza usluga,

bravado, brimmingly confident conversations.

razmetanje hrabrošću, razgovori puni samopouzdanja.

But when things don't work well,

Ali kad stvari ne rade dobro,

sometimes we want something different.

ponekad želimo nešto drugačije.

A colleague of mine removed a tumor from a patient's limb.

Jedan moj kolega je odstranio tumor s pacijentovog uda.

He was concerned about this tumor.

Bio je zabrinut oko tog tumora.

In our physician conferences, he talked about his concern

Na našim liječničkim konferencijama pričao je o svojoj brizi

that this was a type of tumor

da je to bio tip tumora

that had a high risk for coming back in the same limb.

s velikim rizikom ponovnog pojavljivanja na istom udu.

But his conversations with the patient

Ali njegovi razgovori s pacijenticom

were exactly what a patient might want:

su upravo ono što bi pacijentica možda željela:

brimming with confidence.

puni samopouzdanja.

He said, "I got it all and you're good to go."

Rekao je, “Odstranio sam sve i možete ići.”

She and her husband were thrilled.

Ona i njen muž su bili oduševljeni.

They went out, celebrated, fancy dinner, opened a bottle of champagne.

Izašli su van, proslavli, otmjena večera, otvorili bocu šampanjca.

The only problem was a few weeks later,

Jedini problem je bio nekoliko tjedana poslije,

she started to notice another nodule in the same area.

počela je primjećivati drugi čvor na istom području.

It turned out he hadn't gotten it all, and she wasn't good to go.

Ispostavilo se da nije sve odstranio, i da nije bila zdrava.

But what happened at this juncture absolutely fascinates me.

Ono što se dogodilo u tom trenutku me apsolutno fascinira.

My colleague came to me and said,

Kolega mi je došao i rekao,

"Kevin, would you mind looking after this patient for me?"

“Kevine, možeš li se pobrinuti za pacijenticu umjesto mene?”

I said, "Why, you know the right thing to do as well as I do.

Rekao sam, “Zašto, znaš što trebaš učiniti jednako kao i ja.

You haven't done anything wrong."

Nisi ništa krivo napravio.”

He said, "Please, just look after this patient for me."

Rekao je, “Molim te, pobrini se za ovu pacijenticu umjesto mene.”

He was embarrassed --

Bilo ga je sram –

not by what he had done,

ne zbog onog što je učinio,

but by the conversation that he had had,

već zbog razgovora kojeg je imao,

by the overconfidence.

zbog prevelikog samopouzdanja.

So I performed a much more invasive surgery

Tako sam izveo mnogo invazivniju operaciju

and had a very different conversation with the patient afterwards.

i imao bitno drugačiji razgovor s pacijenticom nakon toga.

I said, "Most likely I've gotten it all

Rekao sam “Najvjerojatnije sam odstranio sve

and you're most likely good to go,

i najvjerojatnije možete bez problema ići,

but this is the experiment that we're doing.

ali ovo što radimo je ekperiment.

This is what you're going to watch for.

To je ono na što ćete paziti.

This is what I'm going to watch for.

To je ono na što ću ja paziti.

And we're going to work together to find out if this surgery will work

I surađivat ćemo kako bismo saznali hoće li ova operacija uspjeti

to get rid of your cancer."

u uklanjanju vašeg raka.”

I can guarantee you, she and her husband

Mogu vam jamčiti da ona i njezin muž

did not crack another bottle of champagne after talking to me.

nisu otvorili bocu šampanjca nakon razgovora sa mnom.

But she was now a scientist,

Ali ona je sad znanstvenik,

not only a subject in her experiment.

a ne samo predmet eksperimenta.

And so I encourage you

I tako vas ohrabrujem

to seek humility and curiosity

da tražite skromnost i znatiželju

in your physicians.

u svojim liječnicima.

Almost 20 billion times each year,

Gotovo 20 milijardi puta svake godine,

a person walks into a doctor's office,

osoba ušeta u liječnikovu ambulantu,

and that person becomes a patient.

i ta osoba postaje pacijent.

You or someone you love will be that patient sometime very soon.

Vi ili netko koga volite će vrlo uskoro biti taj pacijent.

How will you talk to your doctors?

Kako ćete razgovorati s liječnicima?

What will you tell them?

Što ćete im reći?

What will they tell you?

Što će oni vama reći?

They cannot tell you

Ne mogu vam reći

what they do not know,

što ne znaju

but they can tell you when they don't know

ali mogu vam reći kada ne znaju

if only you'll ask.

samo ako biste pitali.

So please, join the conversation.

Zato vas molim, pridružite se razgovoru.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)