Why curiosity is the key to science and medicine | Kevin B. Jones

72,234 views ใƒป 2017-01-11

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: JY Kang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Science.
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๊ณผํ•™.
00:14
The very word for many of you conjures unhappy memories of boredom
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๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ์ง€๋ฃจํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—…์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜
00:18
in high school biology or physics class.
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์”์“ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ฃ .
00:21
But let me assure that what you did there
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋‹ดํ•˜๊ฑด๋Œ€ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š”
00:24
had very little to do with science.
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ๋ง›๋ณด์‹  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:26
That was really the "what" of science.
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๊ณผํ•™์ด๋ž€ "๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€"๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์‹  ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
00:28
It was the history of what other people had discovered.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์‹  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
What I'm most interested in as a scientist
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ €์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š”
00:35
is the "how" of science.
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๊ณผํ•™์„ "์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
Because science is knowledge in process.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณผํ•™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์–ป๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:41
We make an observation, guess an explanation for that observation,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:44
and then make a prediction that we can test
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์‹คํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
00:46
with an experiment or other observation.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
A couple of examples.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:50
First of all, people noticed that the Earth was below, the sky above,
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๋จผ์ € ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐœ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€, ์œ„์—๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
and both the Sun and the Moon seemed to go around them.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€์ฃ .
00:58
Their guessed explanation
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ถ”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
was that the Earth must be the center of the universe.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ž„์— ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:04
The prediction: everything should circle around the Earth.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค."
01:08
This was first really tested
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒซ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€
01:09
when Galileo got his hands on one of the first telescopes,
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๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ
01:12
and as he gazed into the night sky,
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์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
what he found there was a planet, Jupiter,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:18
with four moons circling around it.
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
He then used those moons to follow the path of Jupiter
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ชฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณต์ „ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:28
and found that Jupiter also was not going around the Earth
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๊ทธ๋กœ์จ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:31
but around the Sun.
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ํƒœ์–‘ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:35
So the prediction test failed.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
And this led to the discarding of the theory
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ํ๊ธฐ๋์ฃ .
01:40
that the Earth was the center of the universe.
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01:42
Another example: Sir Isaac Newton noticed that things fall to the Earth.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์•„์ด์ž‘ ๋‰ดํ„ด์€ ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
The guessed explanation was gravity,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๊ณ 
01:50
the prediction that everything should fall to the Earth.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
But of course, not everything does fall to the Earth.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ .
01:58
So did we discard gravity?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ํ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
02:00
No. We revised the theory and said, gravity pulls things to the Earth
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์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ํž˜์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ
02:05
unless there is an equal and opposite force in the other direction.
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์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋‹น๊ธด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
This led us to learn something new.
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์ด๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:12
We began to pay more attention to the bird and the bird's wings,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ์™€ ์ƒˆ์˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์— ๋”์šฑ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:16
and just think of all the discoveries
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์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:18
that have flown from that line of thinking.
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์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
So the test failures, the exceptions, the outliers
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค, ์˜ˆ์™ธ์„ฑ, ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์ด
02:26
teach us what we don't know and lead us to something new.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
This is how science moves forward. This is how science learns.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณผํ•™์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ณ , ๊ณผํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
Sometimes in the media, and even more rarely,
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๋งค์ฒด์—์„œ
์•„์ฃผ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋ก  ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:38
but sometimes even scientists will say
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02:40
that something or other has been scientifically proven.
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'์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
02:43
But I hope that you understand that science never proves anything
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„๋‘์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
definitively forever.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์—†์–ด์š”.
02:51
Hopefully science remains curious enough
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ณผํ•™์€ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ์— ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ •๋„์˜
02:55
to look for
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๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
and humble enough to recognize
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๊ฒธ์†ํ•œ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด
02:58
when we have found
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:00
the next outlier,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŠน์ด์ 
03:02
the next exception,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
which, like Jupiter's moons,
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๋ชฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:05
teaches us what we don't actually know.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์— ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
We're going to change gears here for a second.
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์ž ์‹œ ํ™”์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด์ฃ .
03:11
The caduceus, or the symbol of medicine,
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์˜ํ•™์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ์นด๋‘์„ธ์šฐ์Šค ์ง€ํŒก์ด๋Š”
03:13
means a lot of different things to different people,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€
03:16
but most of our public discourse on medicine
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03:18
really turns it into an engineering problem.
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์˜ํ•™์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
We have the hallways of Congress,
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์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ๋‚˜
03:23
and the boardrooms of insurance companies that try to figure out how to pay for it.
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๋ณดํ—˜์‚ฌ ํšŒ์˜์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋น„์šฉ๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:27
The ethicists and epidemiologists
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์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์™€ ์ž„์ƒ์—ญํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
03:29
try to figure out how best to distribute medicine,
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์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งŒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
and the hospitals and physicians are absolutely obsessed
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๋ณ‘์›๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š”
03:34
with their protocols and checklists,
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์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฒ€์ง„ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:36
trying to figure out how best to safely apply medicine.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งŒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
03:40
These are all good things.
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๋‹ค ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
However, they also all assume
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š”
03:45
at some level
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์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ
03:47
that the textbook of medicine is closed.
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์ด์ œ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
We start to measure the quality of our health care
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์ค‘ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
by how quickly we can access it.
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์˜๋ฃŒ์ง€์›์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ดค์ฃ .
03:56
It doesn't surprise me that in this climate,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†€๋ž์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ฒŒ
03:58
many of our institutions for the provision of health care
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๊ณต์ค‘ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€
04:01
start to look a heck of a lot like Jiffy Lube.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ •๋น„ ์—…์ฒด์ธ ์–‘ ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ์—†๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:06
The only problem is that when I graduated from medical school,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€
04:10
I didn't get one of those little doohickeys
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
that your mechanic has to plug into your car
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์ •๋น„๊ณต์ด ์ฐจ์— ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ 
04:14
and find out exactly what's wrong with it,
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:17
because the textbook of medicine
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ํ•™์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€
04:19
is not closed.
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์•„์ง ๋๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
04:21
Medicine is science.
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์˜ํ•™์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
Medicine is knowledge in process.
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์˜ํ•™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
We make an observation,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:28
we guess an explanation of that observation,
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๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ 
04:30
and then we make a prediction that we can test.
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์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
Now, the testing ground of most predictions in medicine
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์˜ํ•™๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋œ ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋Š”
04:37
is populations.
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์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
And you may remember from those boring days in biology class
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์ง€๋ฃจํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
04:42
that populations tend to distribute
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์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์€
04:44
around a mean
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๊ฐ€์šฐ์Šค ์ •๊ทœ๋ถ„ํฌ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
as a Gaussian or a normal curve.
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04:47
Therefore, in medicine,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜ํ•™์—์„œ๋Š”
04:49
after we make a prediction from a guessed explanation,
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๊ฐ€์„ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๋’ค์— ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:52
we test it in a population.
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04:55
That means that what we know in medicine,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค
04:58
our knowledge and our know-how,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋…ธํ•˜์šฐ๋“ค์€
05:00
comes from populations
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์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
but extends only as far
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํ˜€์„œ
05:05
as the next outlier,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ด์น˜
05:07
the next exception,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด
05:08
which, like Jupiter's moons,
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๋ชฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
05:10
will teach us what we don't actually know.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
์ €๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
Now, I am a surgeon
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05:15
who looks after patients with sarcoma.
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์œก์ข…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜์ฃ .
05:17
Sarcoma is a very rare form of cancer.
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์œก์ข…์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์•”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
It's the cancer of flesh and bones.
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ผˆ์— ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•…์„ฑ์ข…์–‘์ด์ฃ .
05:23
And I would tell you that every one of my patients is an outlier,
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์ œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ํŠน์ด ํ™˜์ž์ด๊ณ 
05:27
is an exception.
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์˜ˆ์™ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
There is no surgery I have ever performed for a sarcoma patient
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์œก์ข… ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
that has ever been guided by a randomized controlled clinical trial,
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ๋น„๊ต ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:37
what we consider the best kind of population-based evidence in medicine.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
People talk about thinking outside the box,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋“ค ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
05:44
but we don't even have a box in sarcoma.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œก์ข…์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์ด๋ž€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
What we do have as we take a bath in the uncertainty
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์œก์ข…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ
05:50
and unknowns and exceptions and outliers that surround us in sarcoma
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค, ์˜ˆ์™ธ์„ฑ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์—๋„
05:55
is easy access to what I think are those two most important values
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋“  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š”
05:59
for any science:
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06:01
humility and curiosity.
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๊ฒธํ—ˆํ•จ๊ณผ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
Because if I am humble and curious,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒธ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
06:06
when a patient asks me a question,
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์–ด๋Š ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:08
and I don't know the answer,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด
06:10
I'll ask a colleague
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์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ์œก์ข… ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›์— ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:12
who may have a similar albeit distinct patient with sarcoma.
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06:15
We'll even establish international collaborations.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
Those patients will start to talk to each other through chat rooms
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฐฉ์„ ์—ด์–ด ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ 
06:21
and support groups.
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์ง€์›๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:22
It's through this kind of humbly curious communication
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒธ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
06:26
that we begin to try and learn new things.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
As an example, this is a patient of mine
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์ œ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
06:33
who had a cancer near his knee.
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๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ์•”์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
Because of humbly curious communication
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๊ตญ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„์•ˆ์—์„œ
06:37
in international collaborations,
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๊ฒธ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์†Œํ†ต ๋•๋ถ„์—
06:40
we have learned that we can repurpose the ankle to serve as the knee
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์•”์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์ด ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
when we have to remove the knee with the cancer.
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06:46
He can then wear a prosthetic and run and jump and play.
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์ด ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์˜์กฑ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋›ฐ์–ด ๋†€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:50
This opportunity was available to him
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:53
because of international collaborations.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๋•๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
It was desirable to him
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด
06:57
because he had contacted other patients who had experienced it.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
And so exceptions and outliers in medicine
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์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์„ฑ์™€ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์ด
07:06
teach us what we don't know, but also lead us to new thinking.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ด๋ˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:11
Now, very importantly,
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€
07:12
all the new thinking that outliers and exceptions lead us to in medicine
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์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์„ฑ์ด ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š”
07:16
does not only apply to the outliers and exceptions.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ํŠน์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์™ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
It is not that we only learn from sarcoma patients
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์œก์ข… ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งŒ
07:24
ways to manage sarcoma patients.
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
Sometimes, the outliers
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ
07:29
and the exceptions
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์˜ˆ์™ธ์„ฑ์ด
07:30
teach us things that matter quite a lot to the general population.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:35
Like a tree standing outside a forest,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ˆฒ์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:37
the outliers and the exceptions draw our attention
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๊ทธ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๊ณ 
07:41
and lead us into a much greater sense of perhaps what a tree is.
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
We often talk about losing the forests for the trees,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ˆฒ์„ ๋ณด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:48
but one also loses a tree
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆฒ ์†์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
within a forest.
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07:53
But the tree that stands out by itself
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™€๋กœ ์„œ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋„
07:54
makes those relationships that define a tree,
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์žˆ๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
the relationships between trunk and roots and branches,
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์ค„๊ธฐ, ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ, ๊ฐ€์ง€๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ
08:01
much more apparent.
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๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:03
Even if that tree is crooked
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„
08:05
or even if that tree has very unusual relationships
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ, ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ, ๊ฐ€์ง€๋“ค์ด
08:08
between trunk and roots and branches,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋”๋ผ๋„
08:10
it nonetheless draws our attention
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
08:13
and allows us to make observations
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๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
08:15
that we can then test in the general population.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
I told you that sarcomas are rare.
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์œก์ข…์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
08:20
They make up about one percent of all cancers.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์•” ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹จ 1%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
You also probably know that cancer is considered a genetic disease.
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์•”์ด ์œ ์ „๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์‹คํ…๋ฐ์š”.
08:27
By genetic disease we mean that cancer is caused by oncogenes
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์œ ์ „์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋ž€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•”์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ํ˜•์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€
08:31
that are turned on in cancer
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์•”์„ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:32
and tumor suppressor genes that are turned off to cause cancer.
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์ข…์–‘ ์–ต์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์•” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
You might think that we learned about oncogenes
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ์—
์ข…์–‘ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ์ข…์–‘ ์–ต์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด
08:38
and tumor suppressor genes from common cancers
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08:40
like breast cancer and prostate cancer
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์ด๋‚˜ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•”
08:42
and lung cancer,
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ํ์•” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ
08:44
but you'd be wrong.
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์ „ํ˜€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
We learned about oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
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์ข…์–‘ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ์ข…์–‘ ์–ต์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
08:48
for the first time
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์ฒ˜์Œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:50
in that itty-bitty little one percent of cancers called sarcoma.
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์•” ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹จ์ง€ 1%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ์œก์ข… ๋•๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
In 1966, Peyton Rous got the Nobel Prize
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1966๋…„ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํŽ˜์ดํ†ค ๋ฃจ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”
08:57
for realizing that chickens
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๋‹ญ์—๊ฒŒ ์œก์ข…์˜ ์ „์—ผ์„ฑ ๋ณ€์ข…์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
had a transmissible form of sarcoma.
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09:03
Thirty years later, Harold Varmus and Mike Bishop discovered
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๊ทธ ํ›„ 30๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ๋’ค ํ•ด๋กค๋“œ ๋ฐ”๋ฌด์Šค์™€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ๋น„์ˆ์€
09:06
what that transmissible element was.
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๊ทธ ์ „์—ผ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
09:08
It was a virus
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
carrying a gene,
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SRC ์•”์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„
09:11
the src oncogene.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:13
Now, I will not tell you that src is the most important oncogene.
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๊ทธ SRC๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์•”์œ ์ „์ž๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
I will not tell you
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๊ทธ SRC๊ฐ€ ์•”ํ˜•์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์•”์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
09:18
that src is the most frequently turned on oncogene in all of cancer.
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09:22
But it was the first oncogene.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์•”ํ˜•์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
The exception, the outlier
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๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์ด
09:28
drew our attention and led us to something
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด
09:31
that taught us very important things about the rest of biology.
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์ดํ›„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:36
Now, TP53 is the most important tumor suppressor gene.
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TP53์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ข…์–‘ ์–ต์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
It is the most frequently turned off tumor suppressor gene
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•”์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์ฃ .
09:43
in almost every kind of cancer.
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09:46
But we didn't learn about it from common cancers.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์•”์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
We learned about it when doctors Li and Fraumeni
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๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์™€ ํ”„๋ผ์šฐ๋งค๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
09:51
were looking at families,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์œก์ข…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
09:52
and they realized that these families
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์–ด๋Š ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
had way too many sarcomas.
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09:57
I told you that sarcoma is rare.
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์œก์ข…์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์ฃ .
09:59
Remember that a one in a million diagnosis,
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๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช… ์ค‘์˜ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ž„์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‘์„ธ์š”.
10:02
if it happens twice in one family,
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ช…์ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:05
is way too common in that family.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ž–์•„์š”.
10:08
The very fact that these are rare
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๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
10:11
draws our attention
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์—ˆ๊ณ 
10:13
and leads us to new kinds of thinking.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
Now, many of you may say,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ณ„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
10:18
and may rightly say,
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ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†์ด ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:20
that yeah, Kevin, that's great,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜ ์ผ€๋นˆ. ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
10:22
but you're not talking about a bird's wing.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ƒˆ์˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ž–์•„.
10:24
You're not talking about moons floating around some planet Jupiter.
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๋ชฉ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
10:28
This is a person.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ž–์•„.
10:30
This outlier, this exception, may lead to the advancement of science,
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ํŠน์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์„ฑ์ด ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
10:33
but this is a person.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์ž–์•„.
10:36
And all I can say
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฆด ๋ง์”€์€
10:37
is that I know that all too well.
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์ €๋„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
I have conversations with these patients with rare and deadly diseases.
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์ €๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด๋“ค ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ 
10:45
I write about these conversations.
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ด ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
These conversations are terribly fraught.
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ํž˜๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
They're fraught with horrible phrases
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๋ฌด์„œ์šด ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”์ฃ .
10:51
like "I have bad news" or "There's nothing more we can do."
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋‚˜์œ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†์“ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹์ด์ฃ .
10:55
Sometimes these conversations turn on a single word:
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ๋๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
"terminal."
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"๋ถˆ์น˜๋ณ‘"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
Silence can also be rather uncomfortable.
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์นจ๋ฌต์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ถˆํŽธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
Where the blanks are in medicine
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์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
11:11
can be just as important
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
11:13
as the words that we use in these conversations.
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๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
What are the unknowns?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ?
11:18
What are the experiments that are being done?
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด ์™”๋Š”๊ฐ€?
11:21
Do this little exercise with me.
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์ด๊ฑธ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
11:23
Up there on the screen, you see this phrase, "no where."
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ํ™”๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. "No where (์–ด๋””์—๋„ ์—†๋‹ค)"
11:26
Notice where the blank is.
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๋นˆ์นธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:28
If we move that blank one space over
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๊ทธ ๋นˆ์นธ์„ ํ•œ ๊ธ€์ž ๋’ค๋กœ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๋ฉด
11:32
"no where"
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"No where(์–ด๋””์—๋„ ์—†๋‹ค)"๋Š”
11:34
becomes "now here,"
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"Now here(์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๊ณณ)"๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
11:36
the exact opposite meaning,
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
just by shifting the blank one space over.
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๋นˆ์นธ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:43
I'll never forget the night
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์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๋ฐค, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
that I walked into one of my patients' rooms.
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์ œ ํ™˜์ž ๋ณ‘์‹ค์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
11:48
I had been operating long that day
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์ „ ๊ทธ๋‚  ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:49
but I still wanted to come and see him.
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๊ทธ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ณ‘์‹ค์— ๋“ค๋ €์ฃ .
11:52
He was a boy I had diagnosed with a bone cancer a few days before.
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๊ทธ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฉฐ์น  ์ „์— ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์•” ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์†Œ๋…„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
He and his mother had been meeting with the chemotherapy doctors
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๊ทธ๋‚  ์•„์นจ์— ์†Œ๋…„๊ณผ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋‹ด๋‹น์˜์™€ ์ƒ๋‹ด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:58
earlier that day,
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
and he had been admitted to the hospital to begin chemotherapy.
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12:03
It was almost midnight when I got to his room.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ณ‘์‹ค๋กœ ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ž์ • ๋ฌด๋ ต์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:05
He was asleep, but I found his mother
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์•„์ด๋Š” ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
์•„์ด์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š”
12:07
reading by flashlight
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๋ณ‘์ƒ ์˜†์—์„œ ์†์ „๋“ฑ ๋ถˆ๋น›์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
next to his bed.
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12:10
She came out in the hall to chat with me for a few minutes.
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์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ž ์‹œ ๋ณต๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€ ์ €์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์ฃ .
12:14
It turned out that what she had been reading
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
12:16
was the protocol that the chemotherapy doctors
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๊ทธ๋‚  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋‹ด๋‹น์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๋„ค์ค€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์„œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
had given her that day.
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12:20
She had memorized it.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์™ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:23
She said, "Dr. Jones, you told me
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
"์กด์Šค ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•”์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ์ž–์•„์š”.
12:26
that we don't always win
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12:28
with this type of cancer,
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12:31
but I've been studying this protocol, and I think I can do it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋‹ˆ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:35
I think I can comply with these very difficult treatments.
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๋ฌด์ฒ™ ํž˜๋“  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
12:39
I'm going to quit my job. I'm going to move in with my parents.
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์ €๋„ ์ง์žฅ์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ ํ•ด์š”.
12:42
I'm going to keep my baby safe."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”"
12:47
I didn't tell her.
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์ „ ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
I didn't stop to correct her thinking.
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ง‰์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
12:53
She was trusting in a protocol
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
that even if complied with,
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์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹คํ•ด๋„
12:59
wouldn't necessarily save her son.
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:03
I didn't tell her.
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
I didn't fill in that blank.
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๊ทธ ๋นˆ์นธ์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
13:09
But a year and a half later
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์ผ๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ํ›„์—
13:11
her boy nonetheless died of his cancer.
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๊ทธ ์†Œ๋…„์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
Should I have told her?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:17
Now, many of you may say, "So what?
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
"๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ ์–ด์จŒ๋‹ค๊ณ . ๋‚˜๋Š” ์œก์ข…์ด ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ.
13:19
I don't have sarcoma.
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13:20
No one in my family has sarcoma.
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๋‚ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ค‘์—๋„ ์œก์ข… ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์—†๊ณ .
13:22
And this is all fine and well,
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด ์ผ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ
13:24
but it probably doesn't matter in my life."
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๋‚˜์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ž–์•„" ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
13:27
And you're probably right.
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๋งž๋Š” ๋ง์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
Sarcoma may not matter a whole lot in your life.
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์œก์ข…์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ธ์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
13:33
But where the blanks are in medicine
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์— ๋นˆ์นธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
13:35
does matter in your life.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ธ์ƒ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
I didn't tell you one dirty little secret.
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๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ๋“ค์ถฐ๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
I told you that in medicine, we test predictions in populations,
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์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
13:45
but I didn't tell you,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„
13:46
and so often medicine never tells you
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
13:48
that every time an individual
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๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
13:51
encounters medicine,
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13:53
even if that individual is firmly embedded in the general population,
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๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฌํ•จ๋ ์ง€๋ผ๋„
13:59
neither the individual nor the physician knows
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๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ  ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
14:01
where in that population the individual will land.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํฌ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์–ด๋””์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
Therefore, every encounter with medicine
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
14:07
is an experiment.
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์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
You will be a subject
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹คํ—˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
14:11
in an experiment.
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14:14
And the outcome will be either a better or a worse result for you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋‚˜์  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
As long as medicine works well,
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์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:22
we're fine with fast service,
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๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
14:25
bravado, brimmingly confident conversations.
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์•ฝํšจ๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
But when things don't work well,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:31
sometimes we want something different.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
14:34
A colleague of mine removed a tumor from a patient's limb.
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
He was concerned about this tumor.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ข…์–‘์ด ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ์–ด์š”.
14:40
In our physician conferences, he talked about his concern
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์˜ํ•™ ํ•™ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
14:43
that this was a type of tumor
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€
14:45
that had a high risk for coming back in the same limb.
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์žฌ๋ฐœ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
But his conversations with the patient
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ž์™€ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š”
14:50
were exactly what a patient might want:
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:52
brimming with confidence.
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์™„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์‹ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
He said, "I got it all and you're good to go."
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ํ‡ด์›ํ•ด๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
She and her husband were thrilled.
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ํ™˜์ž์™€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
14:58
They went out, celebrated, fancy dinner, opened a bottle of champagne.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ‡ด์›ํ•ด์„œ ์ž์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์‹์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒดํŽ˜์ธ์„ ๋งˆ์…จ์ฃ .
15:04
The only problem was a few weeks later,
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋’ค์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
she started to notice another nodule in the same area.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜น์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
15:09
It turned out he hadn't gotten it all, and she wasn't good to go.
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์ข…์–‘์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ‡ด์›ํ•  ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:13
But what happened at this juncture absolutely fascinates me.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
My colleague came to me and said,
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๊ทธ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
15:18
"Kevin, would you mind looking after this patient for me?"
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"์ผ€๋นˆ. ์ด ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋งก์•„์ฃผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์–ด."
15:22
I said, "Why, you know the right thing to do as well as I do.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์™œ์ง€? ๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์„ํ…๋ฐ"
15:25
You haven't done anything wrong."
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"์ž๋„ค๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์—†์–ด"
15:27
He said, "Please, just look after this patient for me."
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ถ€ํƒ์ด์•ผ. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ž๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๋งก์•„์ค˜."
15:33
He was embarrassed --
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹นํ™ฉ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
not by what he had done,
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
15:37
but by the conversation that he had had,
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ํ™˜์ž์™€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
by the overconfidence.
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์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‹ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
15:42
So I performed a much more invasive surgery
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์ €๋Š” ๋” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
15:45
and had a very different conversation with the patient afterwards.
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๊ทธ ํ›„์— ํ™˜์ž์™€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
15:48
I said, "Most likely I've gotten it all
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15:50
and you're most likely good to go,
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ํ‡ด์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
but this is the experiment that we're doing.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ์‹œํ—˜์ ์ธ ์ฒ˜์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:57
This is what you're going to watch for.
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๋‹น์‹ ๋„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ด์•ผ ํ• ํ…Œ๊ณ 
15:59
This is what I'm going to watch for.
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์ €๋„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
16:01
And we're going to work together to find out if this surgery will work
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์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์•”์ œ๊ฑฐ์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€
16:04
to get rid of your cancer."
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค."
16:06
I can guarantee you, she and her husband
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๋‹จ์–ธ์ปจ๋Œ€
์ œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒดํŽ˜์ธ์„ ๋”ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
16:08
did not crack another bottle of champagne after talking to me.
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16:13
But she was now a scientist,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž ์ž…์žฅ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
not only a subject in her experiment.
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์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
16:21
And so I encourage you
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
16:23
to seek humility and curiosity
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ–‰์œ„์—์„œ ๊ฒธํ—ˆํ•จ๊ณผ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„
16:27
in your physicians.
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์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:28
Almost 20 billion times each year,
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๋งค๋…„ ์•ฝ 200์–ต ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜
16:31
a person walks into a doctor's office,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์‹ค์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ 
16:35
and that person becomes a patient.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์ด ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
You or someone you love will be that patient sometime very soon.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
16:43
How will you talk to your doctors?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
16:46
What will you tell them?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
16:48
What will they tell you?
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๊ทธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
16:52
They cannot tell you
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
16:54
what they do not know,
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์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:57
but they can tell you when they don't know
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„ ๋งํ•ด ์ค„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
17:02
if only you'll ask.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
17:04
So please, join the conversation.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€๋”” ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์„ธ์š”.
17:08
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:09
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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