Smelfies, and other experiments in synthetic biology | Ani Liu

73,235 views ・ 2017-03-17

TED


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Prevoditelj: Sanda L Recezent: Dunja Knežević
00:12
What if our plants
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Što kada bi naše biljke
00:14
could sense the toxicity levels in the soil
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mogle osjetiti razinu toksina u zemlji
00:17
and express that toxicity through the color of its leaves?
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i izraziti tu razinu kroz boju svog lišća?
00:21
What if those plants could also remove those toxins from the soil?
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Što kada bi te biljke mogle i ukloniti te toksine iz tla?
00:26
Instead, what if those plants
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Ili, što kada bi one mogle
00:28
grew their own packaging,
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proizvesti svoju ambalažu,
00:30
or were designed to only be harvested
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ili da se uzgoje tako da se beru
00:32
by their owners' own patented machines?
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samo patentiranim strojevima svojih vlasnika?
00:35
What happens when biological design
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Što se dogodi kada biološki dizajn
00:37
is driven by the motivations of mass-produced commodities?
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pokreće motivacija masovno proizvedenih dobara?
00:40
What kind of world would that be?
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Kakav bi to bio svijet?
00:43
My name is Ani, and I'm a designer and researcher at MIT Media Lab,
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Zovem se Ani, dizajnerica sam i istraživačica u laboratoriju MIT-a,
00:47
where I'm part of a relatively new and unique group called Design Fiction,
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gdje sam dio relativno nove i jedinstvene grupe, imenom Fikcija dizajna,
00:51
where we're wedged somewhere between science fiction and science fact.
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bavimo se nečim što je između znanstvene fantastike i znanstvene činjenice.
00:55
And at MIT, I am lucky enough to rub shoulders with scientists
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Na MIT-u imam dovoljno sreće da radim sa znanstvenicima
00:59
studying all kinds of cutting edge fields
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koji proučavaju razna najnovija područja,
01:01
like synthetic neurobiology,
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poput sintetičke neurobiologije,
01:03
artificial intelligence, artificial life
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umjetne inteligencije i života
01:05
and everything in between.
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te svega ostalog između.
01:07
And across campus, there's truly brilliant scientists
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Širom kampusa ima zaista sjajnih znanstvenika,
01:11
asking questions like, "How can I make the world a better place?"
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koji postavljaju pitanja poput, "Kako ja ovaj svijet mogu učiniti boljim?"
01:15
And part of what my group likes to ask is, "What is better?"
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A dio onoga što moja grupa voli pitati je: "Što je bolje?"
01:18
What is better for you, for me,
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Što je bolje za vas, za mene,
01:20
for a white woman, a gay man,
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za bjelkinju, gay muškarca,
01:22
a veteran, a child with a prosthetic?
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za veterana, dijete s protezom?
01:24
Technology is never neutral.
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Tehnologija nikada nije neutralna.
01:26
It frames a reality
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Ona oblikuje stvarnost
01:28
and reflects a context.
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i odražava kontekst.
01:30
Can you imagine what it would say about the work-life balance at your office
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Možete li zamisliti što bi rekla o balansu života i rada na vašem poslu
01:34
if these were standard issue on the first day?
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ako bi se ovo pojavilo prvog dana?
01:36
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:37
I believe it's the role of artists and designers
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Vjerujem da je uloga umjetnika i inženjera
01:40
to raise critical questions.
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da postavljaju ključna pitanja.
01:42
Art is how you can see and feel the future,
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Umjetnost je ono kako vidite i osjećate budućnost,
01:44
and today is an exciting time to be a designer,
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a danas je uzbudljivo biti dizajner,
01:47
for all the new tools becoming accessible.
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zbog svih novih dostupnih alata.
01:49
For instance, synthetic biology
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Na primjer, sintetička biologija
01:50
seeks to write biology as a design problem.
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pokušava predstaviti biologiju kao problem dizajna.
01:53
And through these developments,
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Kroz ove razvoje,
01:55
my lab asks, what are the roles and responsibilities
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u mojem laboratoriju se pitamo koje su uloge i odgovornosti
01:58
of an artist, designer, scientist or businessman?
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umjetnika, dizajnera, znanstvenika ili poslovnog čovjeka?
02:02
What are the implications
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Koje su implikacije
02:04
of synthetic biology, genetic engineering,
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sintetičke biologije, genetskog inženjeringa
02:07
and how are they shaping our notions of what it means to be a human?
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i kako oni oblikuju naš pojam toga što znači biti čovjek?
02:11
What are the implications of this on society, on evolution
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Koje su implikacije ovoga na društvo, na evoluciju
02:14
and what are the stakes in this game?
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i koji su sve ulozi u igri?
02:17
My own speculative design research at the current moment
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Moje vlastito spekulativno istraživanje o dizajnu trenutno
02:20
plays with synthetic biology,
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tiče se sintetičke biologije,
02:22
but for more emotionally driven output.
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ali za rezultate koji su više vođeni emocijama.
02:25
I'm obsessed with olfaction as a design space,
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Opsjednuta sam mirisom kao prostorom za dizajn
02:28
and this project started with this idea
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i ovaj proces je započeo idejom,
02:30
of what if you could take a smell selfie, a smelfie?
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što kada biste mogli napraviti selfi mirisa, smelfi?
02:34
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:36
What if you could take your own natural body odor
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Što kada biste mogli snimiti miris vlastitog tijela
02:38
and send it to a lover?
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i poslati ga svom partneru?
02:41
Funny enough, I found that this was a 19th century Austrian tradition,
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Zanimljivo, otkrila sam da je ovo bila tradicija u Austriji u 19. stoljeću,
02:44
where couples in courtship would keep a slice of apple
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kada su parovi kao dio udvaranja držali komadić jabuke
02:47
crammed under their armpit during dances,
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ispod pazuha tijekom plesa,
02:50
and at the end of the evening,
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a na kraju večeri,
02:51
the girl would give the guy she most fancied her used fruit,
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djevojka bi dala taj komadić mladiću koji joj se najviše svidio
02:55
and if the feeling was mutual,
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i ako je osjećaj bio obostran,
02:57
he would wolf down that stinky apple.
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on bi pojeo tu smrdjivu jabuku.
02:59
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:03
Famously, Napoleon wrote many love letters to Josephine,
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Poznato je da je Napoleon napisao Jozefini mnogo ljubavnih pisama,
03:06
but perhaps amongst the most memorable is this brief and urgent note:
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no, možda je najpoznatija ona njegova kratka i hitna poruka:
03:11
"Home in three days. Don't bathe."
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"Doma za tri dana. Ne kupaj se."
03:13
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:15
Both Napoleon and Josephine adored violets.
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I Napoleon i Jozefina obožavali su ljubice.
03:19
Josephine wore violet-scented perfume,
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Jozefina je nosila parfem od ljubica,
03:21
carried violets on their wedding day,
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nosila je ljubice i na dan vjenčanja,
03:23
and Napoleon sent her a bouquet of violets
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a Napoleon joj je slao buket ljubica
svake godine na njihovu godišnjicu.
03:25
every year on their anniversary.
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03:26
When Josephine passed away,
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Kada je Jozefina preminula,
03:28
he planted violets at her grave,
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posadio je ljubice na njenom grobu
03:29
and just before his exile,
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i neposredno prije nego što je izgnan,
03:31
he went back to that tomb site,
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vratio se do njezinog groba,
03:33
picked some of those flowers, entombed them in a locket
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ubrao nešto tog cvijeća, spremio ga u medaljon
03:36
and wore them until the day he died.
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i nosio sa sobom do svoje smrti.
03:38
And I found this so moving,
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Ovo me je tako dirnulo,
03:39
I thought, could I engineer that violet to smell just like Josephine?
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pomislila sam, mogu li stvoriti ljubicu koja bi mirisala kao Jozefina?
03:43
What if, for the rest of eternity,
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Što kada bi, do kraja vječnosti,
03:45
when you went to visit her site,
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uvijek kada odete na njen grob,
03:47
you could smell Josephine just as Napoleon loved her?
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mogli pomirisati Jozefinu, onakvu kakvu je Napoelon volio?
03:50
Could we engineer new ways of mourning,
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Bismo li mogli osmisliti nove načine žalovanja,
03:52
new rituals for remembering?
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nove rituale prisjećanja?
03:54
After all, we've engineered transgenic crops
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Već smo napravili i transgenične usjeve,
03:57
to be maximized for profit,
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zbog veće zarade,
03:59
crops that stand up to transport,
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usjeve koji podnose transport,
04:02
crops that have a long shelf life,
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usjeve koji imaju dug životni vijek,
04:03
crops that taste sugary sweet but resist pests,
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usjeve koji su slatkog ukusa, ali odolijevaju štetočinama,
04:06
sometimes at the expense of nutritional value.
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ponekad nauštrb hranjive vrijednosti.
04:09
Can we harness these same technologies for an emotionally sensitive output?
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Možemo li iskoristiti iste tehnologije za emotivno osjetljive rezultate?
04:14
So currently in my lab,
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Trenutno u mojem laboratoriju
04:15
I'm researching questions like, what makes a human smell like a human?
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istražujem pitanja poput, zašto čovjek miriše kao čovjek?
04:19
And it turns out it's fairly complicated.
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Ispostavlja se da je to prilično složeno.
04:21
Factors such as your diet, your medications, your lifestyle
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Čimbenici poput ishrane, lijekova, stila života,
04:25
all factor into the way you smell.
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sve utječe na to kako mirišete.
04:27
And I found that our sweat is mostly odorless,
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Otkrila sam da je znoj obično bez mirisa,
04:29
but it's our bacteria and microbiome
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ali naše bakterije i mikrobiomi
04:31
that's responsible for your smells, your mood, your identity
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odgovorni su za vaš miris, raspoloženje, identitet
04:35
and so much beyond.
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i još mnogo toga.
04:37
And there's all kinds of molecules that you emit
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Postoje razne molekule koje ispuštate,
04:39
but which we only perceive subconsciously.
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a koje primjećujemo samo podsvjesno.
04:42
So I've been cataloging and collecting
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Stoga sam bilježila i sakupljala
04:45
bacteria from different sites of my body.
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bakterije s raznih mjesta na svom tijelu.
04:47
After talking to a scientist, we thought,
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Nakon razgovora sa znanstvenikom,
04:49
maybe the perfect concoction of Ani
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pomislili smo, možda bi savršena kombinacija Ani
04:51
is like 10 percent collarbone, 30 percent underarm,
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bila 10% ključne kosti, 30% pazuha,
04:55
40 percent bikini line and so forth,
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40% bikini zone i tako dalje,
04:57
and occasionally I let researchers from other labs
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i ponekad bih dala istraživačima iz drugih laboratorija
05:00
take a sniff of my samples.
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pomirisati moje uzorke.
05:02
And it's been interesting to hear how smell of the body
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Zanimljivo je čuti kako miris tijela
05:05
is perceived outside of the context of the body.
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ljudi osjete izvan konteksta tijela.
05:08
I've gotten feedback such as,
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Dobila sam odgovore poput:
05:09
smells like flowers, like chicken,
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miriše poput cvijeća, poput piletine,
05:12
like cornflakes,
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poput kukuruznih pahuljica,
05:13
like beef carnitas.
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poput goveđeg mesa.
05:15
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:17
At the same time, I cultivate a set of carnivorous plants
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U isto vrijeme, uzgajam biljke mesožderke,
05:20
for their ability to emit fleshlike odors to attract prey,
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zbog njihove sposobnosti ispuštanja mirisa sličnih mesu, da privuku plijen,
05:24
in an attempt to kind of create this symbiotic relationship
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kako bih pokušala stvoriti simbiotsku vezu
05:27
between my bacteria and this organism.
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između mojih bakterija i ovog organizma.
05:31
And as it so happens, I'm at MIT and I'm in a bar,
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I kako to obično ide, na MIT-u sam, sjedim u baru,
05:34
and I was talking to a scientist
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pričam sa znanstvenikom
05:36
who happens to be a chemist and a plant scientist,
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i ustanovi se da je on kemičar i botaničar
05:38
and I was telling him about my project,
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i pričam mu o svom projektu,
05:40
and he was like, "Well, this sounds like botany for lonely women."
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a on kaže na to: "Pa to zvuči kao botanika za usamljene žene."
05:43
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:46
Unperturbed, I said, "OK."
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A ja samo kažem: "U redu."
05:49
I challenged him.
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Izazvala sam ga.
"Možemo li uzgojiti biljku koja će mi uzvratiti ljubav?"
05:51
"Can we engineer a plant that can love me back?"
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05:54
And for some reason, he was like, "Sure, why not?"
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Iz nekog razloga rekao je: "Naravno, zašto ne?"
05:57
So we started with, can we get a plant to grow towards me
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I krenuli smo s tim, možemo li natjerati biljku da raste prema meni
06:00
like I was the sun?
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kao da sam ja sunce?
06:02
And so we're looking at mechanisms in plants such as phototropism,
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I tako proučavamo mehanizme kod biljaka, poput fototropizma,
06:06
which causes the plant to grow towards the sun
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koji uzrokuje da biljke rastu prema suncu,
06:08
by producing hormones like auxin,
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proizvodeći hormone poput auksina,
06:10
which causes cell elongation on the shady side.
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koji dovodi do produživanja stanica na strani hladovine.
06:13
And right now I'm creating a set of lipsticks
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Trenutno radim na liniji ruževa za usne,
06:15
that are infused with these chemicals
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u koje smo unijeli te tvari,
06:17
that allow me to interact with a plant on its own chemical signatures --
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a koje mi daju mogućnost komuniciranja s biljkom kroz njene kemijske signale,
06:20
lipsticks that cause plants to grow where I kiss it,
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ruž za usne od kojih biljke rastu tamo gdje ih poljubim,
06:24
plants that blossom where I kiss the bloom.
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biljke koje procvjetaju tamo gde poljubim cvijet.
06:26
And through these projects,
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Kroz ove projekte,
06:29
I'm asking questions like,
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postavljam pitanja poput,
06:31
how do we define nature?
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kako definirati prirodu?
06:32
How do we define nature when we can reengineer its properties,
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Kako definirati prirodu kada joj promjenimo svojstva,
06:36
and when should we do it?
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i kada to trebamo učiniti?
06:37
Should we do it for profit, for utility?
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Radimo li to zbog zarade ili praktične koristi?
06:41
Can we do it for emotional ends?
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Zbog emocionalne koristi?
06:43
Can biotechnology be used to create work as moving as music?
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Može li se biotehnologija koristiti za stvaranje djela dirljivih poput glazbe?
06:46
What are the thresholds between science
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Koje su granice između znanosti
06:48
and its ability to shape our emotional landscape?
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i njene mogućnosti da oblikuje naš emocionalni prikaz?
06:52
It's a famous design mantra that form follows function.
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Čuvena je mantra dizajna da oblik prati funkciju.
06:56
Well, now, wedged somewhere between science, design and art
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Sada, zastajući negdje između znanosti, dizajna i umjetnosti,
07:00
I get to ask,
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moram pitati,
07:01
what if fiction informs fact?
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što ako fikcija oblikuje činjenicu?
07:03
What kind of R&D lab would that look like
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Kakav bi to bio istraživački laboratorij
07:05
and what kind of questions would we ask together?
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i kakva bismo pitanja zajedno postavljali?
07:07
We often look to technology as the answer,
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Često u tehnologiji tražimo odgovor,
07:10
but as an artist and designer,
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ali kao umjetnica i dizajnerica,
07:11
I like to ask, but what is the question?
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volim pitati, što je, zapravo, pitanje?
07:14
Thank you.
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Hvala.
07:15
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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