Thomas Piketty: New thoughts on capital in the twenty-first century

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2014-10-06 ・ TED


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Thomas Piketty: New thoughts on capital in the twenty-first century

446,695 views ・ 2014-10-06

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Stjepan Mateljan Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG
00:12
It's very nice to be here tonight.
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Jako mi je drago što sam večeras ovdje.
00:14
So I've been working on the history of income
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Proučavam povijest dohotka
00:18
and wealth distribution for the past 15 years,
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i raspodjele bogatstva zadnjih 15 godina,
00:21
and one of the interesting lessons
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i jedna od zanimljivih lekcija
00:25
coming from this historical evidence
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koja proizlazi iz povijesnih dokaza
00:27
is indeed that, in the long run,
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uistinu je ta da, na duge staze,
00:29
there is a tendency for the rate of return of capital
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postoji težnja da stopa povrata kapitala
00:33
to exceed the economy's growth rate,
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nadmašuje stopu rasta gospodarstva,
00:35
and this tends to lead to high concentration of wealth.
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što dovodi do visoke koncentracije bogatstva.
00:38
Not infinite concentration of wealth,
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Ne do neograničene koncentracije bogatstva,
00:40
but the higher the gap between r and g,
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ali što je veći jaz između 'r' i 'g',
00:43
the higher the level of inequality of wealth
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viši je stupanj nejednakosti bogatstva
00:46
towards which society tends to converge.
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kojeg je društvo sklono stvoriti.
00:49
So this is a key force that I'm going to talk about today,
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To je, dakle, ključna sila o kojoj ću ja danas govoriti,
00:52
but let me say right away
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ali dopustite mi da najprije kažem
00:54
that this is not the only important force
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kako to nije jedina važna sila
00:57
in the dynamics of income and wealth distribution,
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u dinamici dohotka i raspodjele bogatstva,
00:59
and there are many other forces that play
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već postoji niz drugih sila koje igraju
01:01
an important role in the long-run dynamics
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značajnu ulogu u dugoročnoj dinamici
01:04
of income and wealth distribution.
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dohotka i raspodjele bogatstva.
01:06
Also there is a lot of data
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Također, mnoštvo podataka
01:08
that still needs to be collected.
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tek treba prikupiti.
01:09
We know a little bit more today
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Danas znamo nešto više
01:12
than we used to know, but we still know too little,
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no što smo nekad znali, ali još uvijek znamo premalo,
01:15
and certainly there are many different processes —
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a zasigurno je mnogo različitih procesa --
01:17
economic, social, political —
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ekonomskih, društvenih, političkih --
01:20
that need to be studied more.
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koje treba i dalje proučavati.
01:21
And so I'm going to focus today on this simple force,
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Danas ću se pozabaviti ovom jednostavnom silom,
01:24
but that doesn't mean that other important forces
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no to ne znači da druge važne sile
01:26
do not exist.
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ne postoje.
01:28
So most of the data I'm going to present
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Većina podataka koje ću predstaviti
01:30
comes from this database
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potječe iz baze podataka
01:32
that's available online:
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dostupne na Internetu:
01:33
the World Top Incomes Database.
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Baze podataka o najvišim dohocima u svijetu.
01:35
So this is the largest existing
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To je najveća postojeća
01:37
historical database on inequality,
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povijesna baza podataka o nejednakostima,
01:39
and this comes from the effort
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koja proizlazi iz napora
01:41
of over 30 scholars from several dozen countries.
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više od 30 stručnjaka iz nekoliko desetaka zemalja.
01:45
So let me show you a couple of facts
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Dopustite mi da vam pokažem nekoliko činjenica
01:47
coming from this database,
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dostupnih u toj bazi podataka,
01:49
and then we'll return to r bigger than g.
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a potom ćemo se vratiti tome da je "r" veće od "g".
01:51
So fact number one is that there has been
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Prva činjenica je da se dogodio
01:53
a big reversal in the ordering of income inequality
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veliki preokret u redoslijedu prema nejednakosti dohotka
01:56
between the United States and Europe
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između Sjedinjenih Država i Europe
01:58
over the past century.
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tijekom prošloga stoljeća.
02:00
So back in 1900, 1910, income inequality was actually
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Negdje 1900., 1910., nejednakost dohodaka bila je
02:03
much higher in Europe than in the United States,
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osjetno viša u Europi negoli u Sjedinjenim Državama,
02:06
whereas today, it is a lot higher in the United States.
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dok je danas mnogo viša u Sjedinjenim Državama.
02:09
So let me be very clear:
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Bit ću stoga vrlo jasan:
02:10
The main explanation for this is not r bigger than g.
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Osnovno obrazloženje ovoga nije da je "r" veće od "g".
02:13
It has more to do with changing supply and demand
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Puno više veze ima s promjenom ponude i potražnje
02:17
for skill, the race between education and technology,
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za vještinama, s utrkom između obrazovanja i tehnologije,
02:20
globalization, probably more unequal access
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s globalizacijom, vjerojatno s izrazitijom nejednakošću pristupa
02:24
to skills in the U.S.,
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vještinama u SAD-u,
02:25
where you have very good, very top universities
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gdje ima vrlo dobrih, vrhunskih sveučilišta,
02:28
but where the bottom part of the educational system
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ali i gdje niže razine obrazovnog sustava
02:30
is not as good,
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nisu toliko dobre.
02:31
so very unequal access to skills,
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Dakle, vrlo nejednaka dostupnost vještina
02:33
and also an unprecedented rise
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zajedno s neviđenim rastom
02:35
of top managerial compensation of the United States,
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primanja visokog menadžmenta u Sjedinjenim Državama,
02:38
which is difficult to account for just on the basis of education.
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što je teško opravdati samo obrazovanjem.
02:41
So there is more going on here,
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Puno je toga ovdje u igri,
02:43
but I'm not going to talk too much about this today,
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ali neću o tome previše danas govoriti
02:46
because I want to focus on wealth inequality.
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jer se želim usredotočiti na neravnomjernu raspodjelu bogatstva.
02:48
So let me just show you a very simple indicator
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Pokazat ću vam jedan vrlo jednostavan pokazatelj
02:51
about the income inequality part.
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o djelu o neravnomjernosti dohotka.
02:54
So this is the share of total income
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Dakle ovo je udio ukupnog dohotka
02:56
going to the top 10 percent.
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koji ide u gornjih 10 posto.
02:58
So you can see that one century ago,
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Možete vidjeti kako je prije jednog stoljeća
03:00
it was between 45 and 50 percent in Europe
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bio između 45 i 50 posto u Europi
03:04
and a little bit above 40 percent in the U.S.,
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i nešto malo iznad 40 posto u Sjedinjenim državama.,
03:06
so there was more inequality in Europe.
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pa je bilo više nejednakosti u Europi.
03:09
Then there was a sharp decline
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Nakon toga je uslijedio oštar pad
03:11
during the first half of the 20th century,
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tijekom prve polovice 20. stoljeća,
03:13
and in the recent decade, you can see that
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a u zadnjem desetljeću, možete vidjeti kako
03:16
the U.S. has become more unequal than Europe,
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su Sjedinjene države postale nejednakije od Europe.
03:19
and this is the first fact I just talked about.
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I to je prva od činjenica o kojima govorim.
03:22
Now, the second fact is more about wealth inequality,
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Sad, druga se činjenica više bavi nejednakošću bogatstva,
03:26
and here the central fact is that wealth inequality
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a ovdje je središnja činjenica kako je nejednakost bogatstva
03:29
is always a lot higher than income inequality,
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uvijek puno viša od nejednakosti dohotka,
03:31
and also that wealth inequality,
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te također kako je nejednakost bogatstva,
03:34
although it has also increased in recent decades,
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iako jest porasla u zadnjim desetljećima,
03:36
is still less extreme today
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danas ipak manje ekstremna
03:38
than what it was a century ago,
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nego što je bila prije stotinu godina,
03:40
although the total quantity of wealth
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iako se ukupna količina bogatstva
03:43
relative to income has now recovered
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u usporedbi s dohotkom sada oporavila
03:45
from the very large shocks
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od vrlo velikih šokova
03:46
caused by World War I, the Great Depression,
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uzrokovanih I. svjetskim ratom, Velikom gospodarskom krizom,
03:48
World War II.
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II. svjetskim ratom.
03:50
So let me show you two graphs
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Pa dozvolite da vam pokažem dva grafa
03:52
illustrating fact number two and fact number three.
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koji prikazuju činjenicu broj dva i činjenicu broj tri.
03:55
So first, if you look at the level of wealth inequality,
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Prvo, ako gledate razinu nejednakosti bogatstva,
03:59
this is the share of total wealth
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ovo je udio ukupnog bogatstva
04:02
going to the top 10 percent of wealth holders,
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koje odlazi na gornjih 10 posto imatelja,
04:05
so you can see the same kind of reversal
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pa možete vidjeti istu vrstu obrata
04:07
between the U.S. and Europe that we had before
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između Sjedinjenih država i Europe koji smo imali već prije
04:10
for income inequality.
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kod nejednakosti dohotka.
04:12
So wealth concentration was higher
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Dakle koncentracija bogatstva je bila viša
04:15
in Europe than in the U.S. a century ago,
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u Europi nego u Sjedinjenim državama prije jednog stoljeća,
04:17
and now it is the opposite.
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a sada je obrnuto.
04:19
But you can also show two things:
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Ali također možete vidjeti dvije stvari:
04:21
First, the general level of wealth inequality
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Prvo, opća razina nejednakosti bogatstva
04:25
is always higher than income inequality.
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je uvijek viša od nejednakosti dohotka.
04:27
So remember, for income inequality,
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Pa zapamtite, za nejednakost dohotka,
04:30
the share going to the top 10 percent
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udio koji ide ka gornjih deset posto
04:32
was between 30 and 50 percent of total income,
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je između 30 i 50 posto ukupnog dohotka,
04:36
whereas for wealth, the share is always
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dok je za bogatstvo, udio uvijek
04:39
between 60 and 90 percent.
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između 60 i 90 posto.
04:41
Okay, so that's fact number one,
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Dobro, dakle to je činjenica broj jedan,
04:43
and that's very important for what follows.
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i ona je vrlo važna za ono što slijedi.
04:45
Wealth concentration is always
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Koncentracija bogatstva je uvijek
04:46
a lot higher than income concentration.
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puno viša nego koncentracija dohotka.
04:48
Fact number two is that the rise
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Činjenica broj dva je kako rast
04:52
in wealth inequality in recent decades
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nejednakosti bogatstva u zadnjim desetljećima
04:55
is still not enough to get us back to 1910.
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i dalje nije dovoljno velik da nas vrati nazad na 1910.
04:59
So the big difference today,
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Tako da je velika razlika danas,
05:01
wealth inequality is still very large,
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nejednakost bogatstva je i dalje vrlo velika,
05:03
with 60, 70 percent of total wealth for the top 10,
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sa 60, 70 posto ukupnog bogatstva u gornjih 10 posto,
05:06
but the good news is that it's actually
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ali dobra je vijest kako je zapravo
05:08
better than one century ago,
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bolje nego prije stoljeća,
05:10
where you had 90 percent in Europe going to the top 10.
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kada ste imali 90% u Europi u rukama gornjih 10 posto.
05:13
So today what you have
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Danas ono što imate
05:15
is what I call the middle 40 percent,
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je ono što nazivam srednjih 40 posto,
05:17
the people who are not in the top 10
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ljudi koji nisu u gornjih 10
05:19
and who are not in the bottom 50,
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i koji nisu u donjih 50,
05:21
and what you can view as the wealth middle class
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i koje možete vidjeti kao bogatu srednju klasu
05:23
that owns 20 to 30 percent
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koja posjeduje 20 do 30 posto
05:26
of total wealth, national wealth,
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ukupnog bogatstva, nacionalnog bogatstva,
05:28
whereas they used to be poor, a century ago,
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s obzirom na to da su bili siromašni, prije stoljeća,
05:31
when there was basically no wealth middle class.
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kada nije ni postojala neka bogata srednja klasa.
05:34
So this is an important change,
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To je bitna promjena,
05:35
and it's interesting to see that wealth inequality
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i zanimljivo je vidjeti kako se nejednakost bogatstva
05:40
has not fully recovered to pre-World War I levels,
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nije posve oporavila do razina od prije I. svjetskog rata,
05:43
although the total quantity of wealth has recovered.
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iako se ukupna količina bogatstva oporavila.
05:47
Okay? So this is the total value
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Dobro? Dakle ovo je ukupna vrijednost
05:49
of wealth relative to income,
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bogatstva u odnosu na dohodak,
05:51
and you can see that in particular in Europe,
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i možete vidjeti da osobito u Europi,
05:53
we are almost back to the pre-World War I level.
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gotovo smo se vratili na razinu od prije I. svjetskog rata.
05:57
So there are really two
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Tako da tu su zbilja dva
05:59
different parts of the story here.
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različita dijela priče.
06:01
One has to do with
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Jedan se bavi s
06:02
the total quantity of wealth that we accumulate,
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ukupnom količinom bogatstva koje prikupljamo,
06:05
and there is nothing bad per se, of course,
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i tu nema ničeg lošeg po sebi, naravno,
06:07
in accumulating a lot of wealth,
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u prikupljanju velike količine bogatstva,
06:08
and in particular if it is more diffuse
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a osobito ako je raširenije
06:11
and less concentrated.
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i manje koncentrirano.
06:13
So what we really want to focus on
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Tako da je ono na što se zbilja želimo usredotočiti
06:15
is the long-run evolution of wealth inequality,
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dugoročna evolucija nejednakosti bogatstva,
06:18
and what's going to happen in the future.
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i što će se dogoditi u budućnosti.
06:20
How can we account for the fact that
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Kako možemo odgovoriti na činjenicu da je
06:22
until World War I, wealth inequality was so high
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do I. svjetskog rata, nejednakost bogatstva bila toliko visoka
06:26
and, if anything, was rising to even higher levels,
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i, ako išta, rasla je do još i viših razina,
06:29
and how can we think about the future?
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i kako možemo razmišljati o budućnosti?
06:32
So let me come to some of the explanations
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Pa dajte da dođem do nekih od objašnjenja
06:36
and speculations about the future.
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i špekulacija o budućnosti.
06:38
Let me first say that
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Dajte da prvo kažem kako je
06:40
probably the best model to explain
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vjerojatno najbolji model za objasniti
06:42
why wealth is so much
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zašto je bogatstvo toliko puno
06:44
more concentrated than income
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više koncentrirano nego dohodak
06:46
is a dynamic, dynastic model
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je dinamičan, dinastički model
06:49
where individuals have a long horizon
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gdje pojedinci imaju dugačak vidokrug
06:52
and accumulate wealth for all sorts of reasons.
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i prikupljaju bogatstvo iz svakakvih razloga.
06:54
If people were accumulating wealth
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Kad bi ljudi prikupljali bogatstvo
06:57
only for life cycle reasons,
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samo iz razloga životnog ciklusa,
06:59
you know, to be able to consume
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znate, da bi bili u stanju trošiti
07:01
when they are old,
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kada su stari,
07:03
then the level of wealth inequality
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tada bi razina nejednakosti bogatstva
07:05
should be more or less in line
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trebala biti više ili manje u skladu
07:07
with the level of income inequality.
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s razinom nejednakosti dohotka.
07:09
But it will be very difficult to explain
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Ali bi bilo vrlo složeno objasniti
07:11
why you have so much more wealth inequality
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zašto imate toliko više nejednakosti bogatstva
07:13
than income inequality
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nego nejednakosti dohotka
07:15
with a pure life cycle model,
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sa čistim modelom životnog ciklusa,
07:16
so you need a story
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tako da trebate priču
07:18
where people also care
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gdje ljudi također brinu
07:20
about wealth accumulation for other reasons.
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o prikupljanju bogatstva iz drugih razloga.
07:22
So typically, they want to transmit
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Tipično, žele prenijeti
07:24
wealth to the next generation, to their children,
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bogatstvo slijedećoj generaciji, svojoj djeci,
07:28
or sometimes they want to accumulate wealth
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ili ponekad žele prikupiti bogatstvo
07:29
because of the prestige, the power that goes with wealth.
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2768
radi prestiža, moći koja dolazi s bogatstvom.
07:32
So there must be other reasons
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452746
1384
Dakle moraju postojati i drugi razlozi
07:34
for accumulating wealth than just life cycle
181
454130
1990
za prikupljanje bogatstva osim samog životnog ciklusa
07:36
to explain what we see in the data.
182
456120
2768
za objašnjenje onog što vidimo u podacima.
07:38
Now, in a large class of dynamic models
183
458888
3346
U velikom broju dinamičnih modela
07:42
of wealth accumulation
184
462234
1976
prikupljanja bogatstva
07:44
with such dynastic motive for accumulating wealth,
185
464210
3558
s takvim dinastičkim motivom za prikupljanje bogatstva,
07:47
you will have all sorts of random,
186
467768
2846
imat ćete svakakve nasumične,
07:50
multiplicative shocks.
187
470614
923
mutiplikativne šokove.
07:51
So for instance, some families
188
471537
2249
Tako na primjer, neke obitelji
07:53
have a very large number of children,
189
473786
1687
imaju vrlo velik broj djece,
07:55
so the wealth will be divided.
190
475473
1766
pa će bogatstvo biti razdijeljeno.
07:57
Some families have fewer children.
191
477239
1890
Neke obitelji imaju manje djece.
07:59
You also have shocks to rates of return.
192
479129
2228
Također imate šokove u stopi povrata.
08:01
Some families make huge capital gains.
193
481357
2097
Neke obitelji stječu ogromnu količinu kapitala.
08:03
Some made bad investments.
194
483454
1795
Neke su imale loša ulaganja.
08:05
So you will always have some mobility
195
485249
2241
Tako da ćete uvijek imati nešto dinamike
08:07
in the wealth process.
196
487490
1438
u procesu bogaćenja.
08:08
Some people will move up, some people will move down.
197
488928
2375
Neki će se ljudi kretati gore, neki će se ljudi kretati dolje.
08:11
The important point is that,
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491303
1652
Važan je trenutak taj da,
08:12
in any such model,
199
492955
1010
u svakom takvom modelu,
08:13
for a given variance of such shocks,
200
493965
2556
za datu varijaciju takvih šokova,
08:16
the equilibrium level of wealth inequality
201
496521
2036
razina ravnoteže nejednakosti bogatstva
08:18
will be a steeply rising function of r minus g.
202
498557
4837
će biti strmo dižuća funkcija 'r' minus 'g'.
08:23
And intuitively, the reason why the difference
203
503394
2869
A intuitivno, razlog zašto je razlika
08:26
between the rate of return to wealth
204
506263
1844
između stope povrata bogatstva
08:28
and the growth rate is important
205
508107
1755
i stope rasta važna
08:29
is that initial wealth inequalities
206
509862
2312
je što će početne nejednakosti bogatstva
08:32
will be amplified at a faster pace
207
512174
2391
biti pojačavane u bržem ritmu
08:34
with a bigger r minus g.
208
514565
2069
s većom razlikom 'r' i 'g'.
08:36
So take a simple example,
209
516634
1474
Pa uzmite jednostavan primjer,
08:38
with r equals five percent and g equals one percent,
210
518108
3766
s 'r' jednakim pet posto i 'g' jednakim jedan posto,
08:41
wealth holders only need to reinvest
211
521874
2108
posjednici bogatstva trebaju reinvestirati samo
08:43
one fifth of their capital income to ensure
212
523982
2639
jednu petinu svog dohotka od kapitala da osiguraju
08:46
that their wealth rises as fast
213
526621
2733
da im bogatstvo raste onoliko brzo
08:49
as the size of the economy.
214
529354
1913
koliko raste i gospodarstvo.
08:51
So this makes it easier
215
531267
1383
To olakšava
08:52
to build and perpetuate large fortunes
216
532650
1766
izgradnju i održavanje krupnih imanja
08:54
because you can consume four fifths,
217
534416
1955
jer možete konzumirati četiri petine,
08:56
assuming zero tax,
218
536371
1739
pod pretpostavkom nikakvog poreza,
08:58
and you can just reinvest one fifth.
219
538110
1661
i možete reinvestirati jednu petinu.
08:59
So of course some families will consume more than that,
220
539771
2588
Dakle naravno neke će obitelji potrošiti više od toga,
09:02
some will consume less, so there will be
221
542359
1743
neke će potrošiti manje, pa će biti
09:04
some mobility in the distribution,
222
544102
1755
neke dinamike u razdiobi,
09:05
but on average, they only need to reinvest one fifth,
223
545857
2846
ali u prosjeku, trebaju reinvestirati samo petinu,
09:08
so this allows high wealth inequalities to be sustained.
224
548703
3769
što omogućuje visokim nejednakostima u bogatstvu da se održe.
09:12
Now, you should not be surprised
225
552472
2497
Sad, ne biste trebali biti iznenađeni
09:14
by the statement that r can be bigger than g forever,
226
554969
3536
tvrdnjom kako 'r' može biti veći od 'g' zauvijek,
09:18
because, in fact, this is what happened
227
558505
1616
zato jer, zapravo, je to ono što se događalo
09:20
during most of the history of mankind.
228
560121
2071
kroz većinu povijesti čovječanstva.
09:22
And this was in a way very obvious to everybody
229
562192
3351
I to je bilo na neki način vrlo očito svakome
09:25
for a simple reason, which is that growth
230
565543
1778
iz jednostavnog razloga, koji je kako je rast bio
09:27
was close to zero percent
231
567321
2188
blizu nula posto
09:29
during most of the history of mankind.
232
569509
1621
kroz većinu povijesti čovječanstva.
09:31
Growth was maybe 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 percent,
233
571130
3532
Rast je bio možda 0,1, 0,2, 0,3 posto,
09:34
but very slow growth of population
234
574662
1996
ali vrlo spor rast populacije
09:36
and output per capita,
235
576658
1997
i proizvodnje po glavi,
09:38
whereas the rate of return on capital
236
578655
1884
dok stopa povrata kapitala
09:40
of course was not zero percent.
237
580539
1856
naravno nije bila nula posto.
09:42
It was, for land assets, which was
238
582395
2036
Bila je, za zemljišnu imovinu, koja je bila
09:44
the traditional form
239
584431
1809
tradicionalni oblik
09:46
of assets in preindustrial societies,
240
586240
2401
imovine u predindustrijskim društvima,
09:48
it was typically five percent.
241
588641
1763
bila je tipično pet posto.
09:50
Any reader of Jane Austen would know that.
242
590404
3786
Svaki će čitatelj Jane Austin znati kako,
09:54
If you want an annual income of 1,000 pounds,
243
594190
2908
želite li godišnji dohodak od 1.000 funti,
trebali biste imati vrijednost kapitala
09:57
you should have a capital value
244
597098
1642
09:58
of 20,000 pounds so that
245
598740
1856
od 20.000 funti zato jer
10:00
five percent of 20,000 is 1,000.
246
600596
2550
pet posto od 20.000 iznosi 1.000.
10:03
And in a way, this was
247
603146
2017
I na neki način, to je bio
10:05
the very foundation of society,
248
605163
1778
sam temelj društva,
10:06
because r bigger than g
249
606941
3035
jer 'r' veći od 'g'
10:09
was what allowed holders of wealth and assets
250
609976
4124
je ono što je omogućavalo posjednicima bogatstva i imanja
10:14
to live off their capital income
251
614100
2690
da žive od svog kapitalnog dohotka
10:16
and to do something else in life
252
616790
2700
te da čine nešto drugo u životu
10:19
than just to care about their own survival.
253
619490
3195
osim puke brige o preživljavanju.
10:22
Now, one important conclusion
254
622685
2160
Sad, jedan je bitan zaključak
10:24
of my historical research is that
255
624845
1991
mojeg istraživanja povijesti taj kako
10:26
modern industrial growth did not change
256
626836
2711
moderni industrijski rast nije promijenio
10:29
this basic fact as much as one might have expected.
257
629547
2824
ove temeljne činjenice onoliko koliko bi se moglo očekivati.
10:32
Of course, the growth rate
258
632371
1679
Naravno, stopa rasta
10:34
following the Industrial Revolution
259
634050
1808
nakon Industrijske revolucije
10:35
rose, typically from zero to one to two percent,
260
635858
4322
je narasla, tipično od nula do jedan ili dva posto,
10:40
but at the same time, the rate of return
261
640180
1930
ali istovremeno, stopa povrata
10:42
to capital also rose
262
642110
1645
kapitala je također narasla
10:43
so that the gap between the two
263
643755
2425
tako da se jaz između to dvoje
10:46
did not really change.
264
646180
1456
zapravo nije promijenio.
10:47
So during the 20th century,
265
647636
2250
Dakle tijekom 20. stoljeća
10:49
you had a very unique combination of events.
266
649886
2644
imali ste jedinstvenu kombinaciju događaja.
10:52
First, a very low rate of return
267
652530
2017
Prvo, vrlo nisku stopu povrata
10:54
due to the 1914 and 1945 war shocks,
268
654547
3016
radi ratnih šokova iz 1914. i 1945.,
10:57
destruction of wealth, inflation,
269
657563
2305
uništenja bogatstva, inflacije
10:59
bankruptcy during the Great Depression,
270
659868
1980
bankrota tijekom Velike gospodarske krize,
11:01
and all of this reduced
271
661848
1665
i sve je to smanjilo
11:03
the private rate of return to wealth
272
663513
1750
privatnu stopu povrata bogatstva
11:05
to unusually low levels
273
665263
1895
na neobično niske razine
11:07
between 1914 and 1945.
274
667158
2339
između 1914. i 1945.
11:09
And then, in the postwar period,
275
669497
1836
A potom, u poslijeratnom razdoblju,
11:11
you had unusually high growth rate,
276
671333
3237
imali ste neuobičajeno visoku stopu rasta,
11:14
partly due to the reconstruction.
277
674570
2374
dijelom radi obnove.
11:16
You know, in Germany, in France, in Japan,
278
676944
1925
Znate, u Njemačkoj, Francuskoj i Japanu,
11:18
you had five percent growth rate
279
678869
1551
imali ste stopu rasta pet posto
11:20
between 1950 and 1980
280
680420
3150
između 1950. i 1980.
11:23
largely due to reconstruction,
281
683570
1643
u velikoj mjeri radi obnove,
11:25
and also due to very large demographic growth,
282
685213
2351
a također i radi vrlo velikog demografskog rasta,
11:27
the Baby Boom Cohort effect.
283
687564
2141
učinka Baby Booma.
11:29
Now, apparently that's not going to last for very long,
284
689705
2438
Sad, očito to neće trajati jako dugo,
11:32
or at least the population growth
285
692143
1675
ili se barem za rast populacije
11:33
is supposed to decline in the future,
286
693818
2768
pretpostavlja da će pasti u budućnosti,
11:36
and the best projections we have is that
287
696586
3656
a najbolja predviđanja koje imamo su kako će
11:40
the long-run growth is going to be closer
288
700242
1828
dugoročni rast biti bliži
11:42
to one to two percent
289
702070
1423
jedan do dva posto
11:43
rather than four to five percent.
290
703493
1946
prije nego četiri do pet posto.
11:45
So if you look at this,
291
705439
2677
Pa ako pogledate na ovo,
11:48
these are the best estimates we have
292
708116
2141
ovo su najbolje procjene koje imamo
11:50
of world GDP growth
293
710257
1656
o rastu svjetskog BDP-a
11:51
and rate of return on capital,
294
711913
2359
i stopi povrata kapitala,
prosječnih stopa povrata kapitala,
11:54
average rates of return on capital,
295
714272
2088
pa možete vidjeti kako tijekom najvećeg dijela
11:56
so you can see that during most
296
716360
1068
11:57
of the history of mankind,
297
717428
1517
povijesti čovječanstva,
11:58
the growth rate was very small,
298
718945
1613
stopa je rasta bila niska,
12:00
much lower than the rate of return,
299
720558
1834
puno niža od stope povrata,
12:02
and then during the 20th century,
300
722392
2362
a onda tijekom 20. stoljeća,
12:04
it is really the population growth,
301
724754
2171
zapravo su rast populacije,
12:06
very high in the postwar period,
302
726925
2272
vrlo visok u poslijeratnom razdoblju,
12:09
and the reconstruction process
303
729197
1600
i proces obnove
12:10
that brought growth
304
730797
1573
bili ono što je dovelo rast
12:12
to a smaller gap with the rate of return.
305
732370
3071
do manjeg jaza prema stopi povrata.
12:15
Here I use the United Nations population projections,
306
735441
3523
Ovdje koristim populacijska predviđanja Ujedinjenih naroda,
12:18
so of course they are uncertain.
307
738964
2476
i naravno da su ona nesigurna.
12:21
It could be that we all start
308
741440
1391
Može biti da ćemo svi početi
12:22
having a lot of children in the future,
309
742831
2106
imati puno djece u budućnosti,
12:24
and the growth rates are going to be higher,
310
744937
2765
i da će stope rasta postajati sve više,
12:27
but from now on,
311
747702
1249
ali za sada,
12:28
these are the best projections we have,
312
748951
2802
ovo su najbolja predviđanja koja imamo,
12:31
and this will make global growth
313
751753
1934
i ovo će učiniti da se globalni rast
12:33
decline and the gap between
314
753687
2756
smanji i da jaz među
12:36
the rate of return go up.
315
756443
2003
stopama povrata naraste.
12:38
Now, the other unusual event
316
758446
2862
Sad, drugi je neobičan događaj
12:41
during the 20th century
317
761308
1671
tijekom 20. stoljeća
12:42
was, as I said,
318
762979
1329
bio, kako rekoh,
12:44
destruction, taxation of capital,
319
764308
2316
uništenje, oporezivanje kapitala,
12:46
so this is the pre-tax rate of return.
320
766624
2735
dakle ovo je stopa povrata prije poreza.
12:49
This is the after-tax rate of return,
321
769359
2979
Ovo je stopa povrata nakon poreza,
12:52
and after destruction,
322
772338
1566
i nakon uništenja,
12:53
and this is what brought
323
773904
1777
a ovo je što je dovelo
12:55
the average rate of return
324
775681
1688
prosječnu stopu povrata
12:57
after tax, after destruction,
325
777369
1789
nakon poreza, nakon uništenja,
12:59
below the growth rate during a long time period.
326
779158
2420
ispod stope rasta tijekom dugog razdoblja.
13:01
But without the destruction,
327
781578
1674
Ali bez uništenja,
13:03
without the taxation, this would not have happened.
328
783252
2475
bez oporezivanja, ovo se ne bi dogodilo.
13:05
So let me say that the balance between
329
785727
3243
Pa dajte da kažem kako ravnoteža između
13:08
returns on capital and growth
330
788970
2356
povrata kapitala i rasta
13:11
depends on many different factors
331
791326
1862
ovisi o puno različitih čimbenika
13:13
that are very difficult to predict:
332
793188
2085
koje je vrlo teško predvidjeti:
13:15
technology and the development
333
795273
2115
tehnologija i razvoj
13:17
of capital-intensive techniques.
334
797388
2584
kapitalno-intenzivnih tehnika.
13:19
So right now, the most capital-intensive sectors
335
799972
3019
Upravo sada, naj kapitalno-intenzivniji sektori
13:22
in the economy are the real estate sector, housing,
336
802991
3376
u gospodarstvu su sektor nekretnina, stambena gradnja,
13:26
the energy sector, but it could be in the future
337
806367
2862
energetski sektor, ali može biti u budućnosti
13:29
that we have a lot more robots in a number of sectors
338
809229
3712
kako ćemo imati puno više robota u više sektora
13:32
and that this would be a bigger share
339
812941
1889
i da će to biti veći dio
13:34
of the total capital stock that it is today.
340
814830
1910
ukupne zalihe kapitala nego što je danas.
13:36
Well, we are very far from this,
341
816740
1994
Dobro, vrlo smo daleko od toga,
13:38
and from now, what's going on
342
818734
1766
i za sad, što se događa
13:40
in the real estate sector, the energy sector,
343
820500
1789
u sektoru nekretnina, u energetici
13:42
is much more important for the total capital stock
344
822289
2126
je puno važnije za ukupnu zalihu kapitala
13:44
and capital share.
345
824415
1134
i udio u kapitalu.
13:45
The other important issue
346
825549
2033
Drugo važno pitanje je
13:47
is that there are scale effects in portfolio management,
347
827582
2150
kako postoje razmjerni učinci u upravljanju portfolijem,
13:49
together with financial complexity,
348
829732
2419
zajedno s financijskom složenošću,
13:52
financial deregulation,
349
832151
1450
financijskom deregulacijom,
13:53
that make it easier to get higher rates of return
350
833601
2709
koji olakšavaju dobivanje viših stopa povrata
13:56
for a large portfolio,
351
836310
1627
za krupni portfolio,
13:57
and this seems to be particularly strong
352
837937
2663
a to se čini kao osobito jako
14:00
for billionaires, large capital endowments.
353
840600
1982
za milijardere, vlasnike krupnog kapitala.
14:02
Just to give you one example,
354
842582
2290
Samo da vam dam jedan primjer,
14:04
this comes from the Forbes billionaire rankings
355
844872
3333
ovo dolazi iz Forbesovih lista milijardera
14:08
over the 1987-2013 period,
356
848205
3330
iz perioda 1987. - 2013.,
14:11
and you can see the very top wealth holders
357
851535
2788
i možete vidjeti kako je sam vrh držitelja bogatstva
14:14
have been going up at six, seven percent per year
358
854323
3117
rastao po šest, sedam posto godišnje
14:17
in real terms above inflation,
359
857440
2391
u stvarnim odnosima iznad inflacije,
14:19
whereas average income in the world,
360
859831
2372
dok prosječni dohodak u svijetu,
14:22
average wealth in the world,
361
862203
1363
prosječno bogatstvo u svijetu,
14:23
have increased at only two percent per year.
362
863566
3383
je raslo samo po dva posto godišnje.
14:26
And you find the same
363
866949
1729
I nalazite isto
14:28
for large university endowments —
364
868678
1276
za vlasnike velikih sveučilišta --
14:29
the bigger the initial endowments,
365
869954
2268
što su veće početne zadužbine,
14:32
the bigger the rate of return.
366
872222
2068
viša je stopa povrata.
14:34
Now, what could be done?
367
874290
1678
Sad, što se može učiniti?
14:35
The first thing is that I think we need
368
875968
2396
Prva je stvar što mislim da trebamo
14:38
more financial transparency.
369
878364
2115
više financijske transparentnosti.
14:40
We know too little about global wealth dynamics,
370
880479
3841
Znamo premalo o globalnoj dinamici bogatstva,
14:44
so we need international transmission
371
884320
1900
pa trebamo međunarodno prenošenje
14:46
of bank information.
372
886220
1262
bankovnih informacija.
14:47
We need a global registry of financial assets,
373
887482
2686
Trebamo globalni registar financijske imovine,
14:50
more coordination on wealth taxation,
374
890168
2491
više koordinacije oko oporezivanja bogatstva,
14:52
and even wealth tax with a small tax rate
375
892659
3112
te bi čak i porez na bogatstvo s malenom poreznom stopom
14:55
will be a way to produce information
376
895771
2216
bio način stvaranja informacije
14:57
so that then we can adapt our policies
377
897987
2682
tako da možemo prilagoditi naše politike
15:00
to whatever we observe.
378
900669
1836
bilo kome koga promatramo.
15:02
And to some extent, the fight
379
902505
1838
I u nekom obujmu, borbu
15:04
against tax havens
380
904343
1481
potiv poreznih rajeva
15:05
and automatic transmission of information
381
905824
1815
a automatsko prenošenje informacije
15:07
is pushing us in this direction.
382
907639
1851
nas gura u tom smjeru.
15:09
Now, there are other ways to redistribute wealth,
383
909490
2324
Sad, postoje i drugi načini preraspodjele bogatstva,
15:11
which it can be tempting to use.
384
911814
2957
koji su primamljivi za korištenje.
15:14
Inflation:
385
914771
1356
Inflacija:
15:16
it's much easier to print money
386
916127
1699
puno je lakše tiskati novac
15:17
than to write a tax code, so that's very tempting,
387
917826
2155
nego pisati porezni zakon, tako da je to vrlo primamljivo.
15:19
but sometimes you don't know what you do with the money.
388
919981
2120
Ali ponekad ne znamo što činite s novcem.
15:22
This is a problem.
389
922101
1647
To je problem.
15:23
Expropriation is very tempting.
390
923748
1863
Izvlaštenje je vrlo primamljivo.
15:25
Just when you feel some people get too wealthy,
391
925611
2261
Kad vam se učini kako su neki ljudi postali prebogati,
15:27
you just expropriate them.
392
927872
1294
samo ih izvlastite.
15:29
But this is not a very efficient way
393
929166
1712
Ali to nije vrlo učinkovit način
15:30
to organize a regulation of wealth dynamics.
394
930878
2833
za organizaciju regulacije dinamike bogatstva.
15:33
So war is an even less efficient way,
395
933711
2479
Rat je čak i manje učinkovit način,
15:36
so I tend to prefer progressive taxation,
396
936190
2336
tako da preferiram progresivno oporezivanje,
15:38
but of course, history — (Laughter) —
397
938526
2574
ali naravno, povijest -- (smjeh) --
povijest će izmisliti svoje najbolje načine,
15:41
history will invent its own best ways,
398
941100
1735
15:42
and it will probably involve
399
942835
1698
a ti će najvjerojatnije uključiti
15:44
a combination of all of these.
400
944533
1734
kombinaciju svih ovih.
15:46
Thank you.
401
946267
1866
Hvala vam.
15:48
(Applause)
402
948133
2137
(Pljesak)
15:50
Bruno Giussani: Thomas Piketty. Thank you.
403
950270
5559
Bruno Giussani: Thomas Piketty. Hvala vam.
15:55
Thomas, I want to ask you two or three questions,
404
955829
1879
Thomas, želim vas pitati dva ili tri pitanja,
15:57
because it's impressive how you're in command of your data, of course,
405
957708
3859
jer je upečatljivo kako upravljate vašim podacima, naravno,
16:01
but basically what you suggest is
406
961567
3794
ali u osnovi ono što predlažete je kako
16:05
growing wealth concentration is kind of
407
965361
1573
je rastuća koncentracija bogatstva
16:06
a natural tendency of capitalism,
408
966934
1924
prirodna sklonost kapitalizma,
16:08
and if we leave it to its own devices,
409
968858
3538
te ako ju pustimo vlastitom uređenju,
16:12
it may threaten the system itself,
410
972396
2240
može zaprijetiti samom sustavu,
16:14
so you're suggesting that we need to act
411
974636
1726
tako da vi predlažete kako moramo djelovati
16:16
to implement policies that redistribute wealth,
412
976362
3038
te provoditi politike koje preraspodjeljuju bogatstvo,
16:19
including the ones we just saw:
413
979400
1721
uključujući one koje smo upravo vidjeli:
16:21
progressive taxation, etc.
414
981121
1471
progresivno oporezivanje, itd.
16:22
In the current political context,
415
982592
2139
U sadašnjem političkom kontekstu,
16:24
how realistic are those?
416
984731
1991
koliko su one realne?
16:26
How likely do you think that it is
417
986722
1811
Koliko mislite da je vjerojatno
16:28
that they will be implemented?
418
988533
1744
kako će biti provedene?
Thomas Piketty: Dobro, znate, mislim
16:30
Thomas Piketty: Well, you know, I think
419
990277
1211
16:31
if you look back through time,
420
991488
1781
ako gledate unazad kroz vrijeme,
16:33
the history of income, wealth and taxation
421
993269
2651
povijest dohotka, bogatstva i oporezivanja
16:35
is full of surprise.
422
995920
1602
je puna iznenađenja.
16:37
So I am not terribly impressed
423
997522
2605
Tako da nisam strašno impresioniran
16:40
by those who know in advance
424
1000127
1568
onima koji unaprijed znaju
16:41
what will or will not happen.
425
1001695
1631
što se hoće ili neće dogoditi.
16:43
I think one century ago,
426
1003326
1704
Mislim da bi prije jednog stoljeća
16:45
many people would have said
427
1005030
1569
brojni ljudi rekli
16:46
that progressive income taxation would never happen
428
1006599
2138
kako se progresivno oporezivanje dohotka nikad neće dogoditi
16:48
and then it happened.
429
1008737
1520
a onda se dogodilo.
16:50
And even five years ago,
430
1010257
1989
A čak i prije pet godina,
16:52
many people would have said that bank secrecy
431
1012246
2352
brojni bi ljudi rekli kako će bankarska tajna
16:54
will be with us forever in Switzerland,
432
1014598
2025
biti s nama zauvijek u Švicarskoj,
16:56
that Switzerland was too powerful
433
1016623
1788
kako je Švicarska premoćna
16:58
for the rest of the world,
434
1018411
1489
za ostatak svijeta,
16:59
and then suddenly it took a few U.S. sanctions
435
1019900
2961
a onda je odjednom bilo potrebno svega nekoliko američkih sankcija
17:02
against Swiss banks for a big change to happen,
436
1022861
2622
protiv švicarskih banaka da se dogode velike promjene,
17:05
and now we are moving toward
437
1025483
1703
i sad se krećemo ka
17:07
more financial transparency.
438
1027186
1676
većoj financijskoj transparentnosti.
17:08
So I think it's not that difficult
439
1028862
4281
Tako da ne mislim da je toliko teško
17:13
to better coordinate politically.
440
1033143
2469
bolje se politički koordinirati.
17:15
We are going to have a treaty
441
1035612
2058
Imat ćemo sporazum
17:17
with half of the world GDP around the table
442
1037670
3049
s pola svjetskog BDP oko stola
17:20
with the U.S. and the European Union,
443
1040719
2002
sa SAD-om i Europskom unijom,
17:22
so if half of the world GDP is not enough
444
1042721
2126
pa ako pola svjetskog BDP nije dovoljno
17:24
to make progress on financial transparency
445
1044847
2666
da se napravi napredak u financijskoj transparentnosti,
17:27
and minimal tax for multinational corporate profits,
446
1047513
4084
i minimalni porez na višenacionalni korporativni profit,
17:31
what does it take?
447
1051597
1664
onda što treba?
17:33
So I think these are not technical difficulties.
448
1053261
3623
Tako da ne mislim kako su ovo tehničke poteškoće.
17:36
I think we can make progress
449
1056884
1924
Mislim kako možemo stvoriti napredak
17:38
if we have a more pragmatic approach to these questions
450
1058808
2587
ako imamo pragmatičniji pristup ovim pitanjima
17:41
and we have the proper sanctions
451
1061395
1901
i imao prikladne sankcije
17:43
on those who benefit from financial opacity.
452
1063296
2991
spram onih kojima pogoduje financijska neprovidnost.
17:46
BG: One of the arguments
453
1066287
1653
BG: Jedan od argumenata
17:47
against your point of view
454
1067940
1433
protiv vaše točke gledišta
17:49
is that economic inequality
455
1069373
1442
je kako ekonomska nejednakost
17:50
is not only a feature of capitalism but is actually one of its engines.
456
1070815
3637
nije samo odlika kapitalizma nego je zapravo jedan od njegovih motora.
17:54
So we take measures to lower inequality,
457
1074452
2801
Tako da provođenje mjera koje smanjuju nejednakost,
17:57
and at the same time we lower growth, potentially.
458
1077253
2407
u isto vrijeme smanjuje i rast, potencijalno.
17:59
What do you answer to that?
459
1079660
1560
Kako odgovarate na to?
18:01
TP: Yeah, I think inequality
460
1081220
1729
TP: Da, mislim kako nejednakost
18:02
is not a problem per se.
461
1082949
1889
nije problem po sebi.
18:04
I think inequality up to a point
462
1084838
2040
Mislim kako je nejednakost do neke točke
18:06
can actually be useful for innovation and growth.
463
1086878
2652
zapravo može biti korisna za inovaciju i rast.
18:09
The problem is, it's a question of degree.
464
1089530
2193
Problem je, pitanje je stupnja.
18:11
When inequality gets too extreme,
465
1091723
2544
Kada nejednakost postane ekstremna,
18:14
then it becomes useless for growth
466
1094267
2889
tada postaje beskorisna za rast
18:17
and it can even become bad
467
1097156
1462
i čak može postati i loša
18:18
because it tends to lead to high perpetuation
468
1098618
3057
jer teži dovesti do održavanja visoke
18:21
of inequality over time
469
1101675
1636
nejednakosti tijekom vremena
18:23
and low mobility.
470
1103311
1866
i niskoj pokretljivosti.
18:25
And for instance, the kind of wealth concentrations
471
1105177
3286
I na primjer, vrsta koncentracije bogatstva
18:28
that we had in the 19th century
472
1108463
2877
koju smo imali u 19. stoljeću
18:31
and pretty much until World War I
473
1111340
1925
i otprilike sve do I. svjetskog rata
18:33
in every European country
474
1113265
1765
u svakoj europskoj zemlji
18:35
was, I think, not useful for growth.
475
1115030
2094
nije bila korisna za rast.
18:37
This was destroyed by a combination
476
1117124
2102
To je bilo uništeno kombinacijom
18:39
of tragic events and policy changes,
477
1119226
2341
tragičnih događaja i političkih promjena,
18:41
and this did not prevent growth from happening.
478
1121567
2272
i to nije sprečavalo da se događa rast.
18:43
And also, extreme inequality can be bad
479
1123839
3443
I također, ekstremna nejednakost može biti loša
18:47
for our democratic institutions
480
1127282
2198
za naše demokratske ustanove
18:49
if it creates very unequal access to political voice,
481
1129480
2383
ako stvara vrlo nejednak pristup političkom glasu,
18:51
and the influence of private money
482
1131863
1865
a utjecaj privatnog novca
18:53
in U.S. politics, I think,
483
1133728
2002
u politici Sjedinjenih Država je, mislim,
18:55
is a matter of concern right now.
484
1135730
2540
važno trenutno pitanje.
18:58
So we don't want to return to that kind of extreme,
485
1138270
3076
Tako da ne želimo povratak na onu vrstu ekstremne
19:01
pre-World War I inequality.
486
1141346
2090
nejednakosti od prije I. svjetskog rata.
19:03
Having a decent share of the national wealth
487
1143436
3674
Imati pristojan udjel nacionalnog bogatstva
19:07
for the middle class is not bad for growth.
488
1147110
3390
u rukama srednjeg sloja nije loše za rast.
19:10
It is actually useful
489
1150500
1281
Zapravo je korisno
19:11
both for equity and efficiency reasons.
490
1151781
3084
jednako iz razloga pravičnosti i učinkovitosti.
19:14
BG: I said at the beginning
491
1154865
1665
BG: Rekao sam na početku
kako je vaša knjiga bila kritizirana.
19:16
that your book has been criticized.
492
1156530
2109
Nešto vaših podataka je bilo kritizirano.
19:18
Some of your data has been criticized.
493
1158639
1241
19:19
Some of your choice of data sets has been criticized.
494
1159880
2466
Nešto od vaših izbora skupova podataka je bilo kritizirano.
19:22
You have been accused of cherry-picking data
495
1162346
1876
Bili ste optuženi kako pomno birate podatke
19:24
to make your case. What do you answer to that?
496
1164222
2737
da podržite svoj pogled. Kako odgovarate na to?
19:26
TP: Well, I answer that I am very happy
497
1166959
1927
TP: Dobro, odgovaram kako sam vrlo sretan
19:28
that this book is stimulating debate.
498
1168886
2467
da ova knjiga potiče raspravu.
19:31
This is part of what it is intended for.
499
1171353
2481
To je dio onoga čemu je namjenjena.
19:33
Look, the reason why I put all the data online
500
1173834
3294
Gledajte, razlog zašto stavljam podatke online
19:37
with all of the detailed computation
501
1177128
1846
sa svim detaljnim izračunima
19:38
is so that we can have an open and transparent
502
1178974
2334
je tako da možemo imati otvorenu i transparentnu
19:41
debate about this.
503
1181308
1669
debatu oko ovog.
19:42
So I have responded point by point
504
1182977
1766
Tako da sam odgovorio točku po točku
19:44
to every concern.
505
1184743
1792
na svaki problem.
19:46
Let me say that if I was to rewrite the book today,
506
1186535
3113
Kad bih danas ponovno pisao knjigu
19:49
I would actually conclude
507
1189648
1541
zaključio bih, zapravo,
19:51
that the rise in wealth inequality,
508
1191189
2194
da je rast nejednakosti u raspodjeli bogatstva,
19:53
particularly in the United States,
509
1193383
1927
posebice u Sjedinjenim Državama,
19:55
has been actually higher than what I report in my book.
510
1195310
2373
bio viši no što ja u knjizi iznosim.
19:57
There is a recent study by Saez and Zucman
511
1197683
3245
Nedavna studija Saeza i Zucmana
20:00
showing, with new data
512
1200928
1592
pokazuje, uključujući nove podatke
20:02
which I didn't have at the time of the book,
513
1202520
1777
kojima ja nisam raspolagao dok sam pisao knjigu,
20:04
that wealth concentration in the U.S. has risen
514
1204297
2527
da je koncentracija bogatstva u SAD-u porasla
20:06
even more than what I report.
515
1206824
1936
i više no što ja u knjizi tvrdim.
20:08
And there will be other data in the future.
516
1208760
2031
Bit će u budućnosti i drugih podataka.
20:10
Some of it will go in different directions.
517
1210791
2151
Neki od njih pokazivat će u različitim smjerovima.
20:12
Look, we put online almost every week
518
1212942
4099
Gotovo svakoga tjedna objavljujemo
20:17
new, updated series on the World Top Income Database
519
1217041
2934
nove, ažurne podatke na World Top Income Database
20:19
and we will keep doing so in the future,
520
1219975
1900
i nastavit ćemo to činiti,
20:21
in particular in emerging countries,
521
1221875
2306
osobito u zemljama u nastajanju,
20:24
and I welcome all of those who want to contribute
522
1224181
2929
a ja pozdravljam sve one koji žele doprinijeti
20:27
to this data collection process.
523
1227110
2346
u ovom procesu prikupljanja podataka.
20:29
In fact, I certainly agree
524
1229456
2808
Nesumnjivo se slažem
20:32
that there is not enough
525
1232264
1614
da nema dovoljno
20:33
transparency about wealth dynamics,
526
1233878
1878
informaciji o dinamici bogatstva,
20:35
and a good way to have better data
527
1235756
1915
i dobar način da dođemo do boljih podataka
20:37
would be to have a wealth tax
528
1237671
1865
bio bi oporezivanje bogatstva,
20:39
with a small tax rate to begin with
529
1239536
1571
s niskom poreznom stopom u početku,
20:41
so that we can all agree
530
1241107
2339
kako bismo se svi mogli složiti
20:43
about this important evolution
531
1243446
1564
oko tog značajnog napretka
20:45
and adapt our policies to whatever we observe.
532
1245010
3327
i prilagoditi naše politike onome što ćemo uočavati.
20:48
So taxation is a source of knowledge,
533
1248337
2062
Prema tome, oporezivanje je izvor znanja,
20:50
and that's what we need the most right now.
534
1250399
2936
a ono nam je trenutno najpotrebnije.
20:53
BG: Thomas Piketty, merci beaucoup.
535
1253335
1815
BG: Thomas Piketty, veliko hvala.
20:55
Thank you. TP: Thank you. (Applause)
536
1255150
4000
Hvala vam. TP: Hvala vama. (Pljesak)
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