Thomas Piketty: New thoughts on capital in the twenty-first century

444,516 views ใƒป 2014-10-06

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Gemma Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : dawoon jeong
00:12
It's very nice to be here tonight.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์™€์„œ ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
So I've been working on the history of income
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์ €๋Š” ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
00:18
and wealth distribution for the past 15 years,
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์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
and one of the interesting lessons
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ
00:25
coming from this historical evidence
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์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตํ›ˆ์€
00:27
is indeed that, in the long run,
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์ •๋ง ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
00:29
there is a tendency for the rate of return of capital
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์ž๋ณธ์ด์ต์œจ์ด
00:33
to exceed the economy's growth rate,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์œจ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
and this tends to lead to high concentration of wealth.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋†’์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
Not infinite concentration of wealth,
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๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์ง‘์ค‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:40
but the higher the gap between r and g,
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r ๊ณผ g ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ 
00:43
the higher the level of inequality of wealth
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๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ํฐ ์ชฝ์„
00:46
towards which society tends to converge.
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
So this is a key force that I'm going to talk about today,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ฃผ์š” ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
but let me say right away
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ์—ญํ•™์—์„œ
00:54
that this is not the only important force
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํž˜์ด
00:57
in the dynamics of income and wealth distribution,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
and there are many other forces that play
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์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์˜
01:01
an important role in the long-run dynamics
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ•™์—์„œ
01:04
of income and wealth distribution.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํž˜์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
Also there is a lot of data
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๋˜ํ•œ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ
01:08
that still needs to be collected.
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๋ชจ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
We know a little bit more today
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
01:12
than we used to know, but we still know too little,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง๋„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ 
01:15
and certainly there are many different processes โ€”
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
economic, social, political โ€”
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๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ
01:20
that need to be studied more.
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์ข€๋” ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
And so I'm going to focus today on this simple force,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ด ํž˜์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์ง€๋งŒ
01:24
but that doesn't mean that other important forces
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํž˜์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”
01:26
do not exist.
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๋œป์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
So most of the data I'm going to present
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
01:30
comes from this database
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
01:32
that's available online:
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋“์ž
01:33
the World Top Incomes Database.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
So this is the largest existing
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
01:37
historical database on inequality,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์ด๊ณ 
01:39
and this comes from the effort
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๊ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ
01:41
of over 30 scholars from several dozen countries.
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30๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
So let me show you a couple of facts
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์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ
01:47
coming from this database,
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๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋’ค์—
01:49
and then we'll return to r bigger than g.
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g ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ r ์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
So fact number one is that there has been
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
01:53
a big reversal in the ordering of income inequality
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์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ
01:56
between the United States and Europe
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
01:58
over the past century.
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
So back in 1900, 1910, income inequality was actually
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1900, 1910๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
02:03
much higher in Europe than in the United States,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:06
whereas today, it is a lot higher in the United States.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•„์š”
02:09
So let me be very clear:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
The main explanation for this is not r bigger than g.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์€ g ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ r ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
It has more to do with changing supply and demand
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”,
02:17
for skill, the race between education and technology,
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๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ,
02:20
globalization, probably more unequal access
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์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
02:24
to skills in the U.S.,
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์ข€๋” ํ‰๋“ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ธ๋ฐ
02:25
where you have very good, very top universities
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์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:28
but where the bottom part of the educational system
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๊ต์œก ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํ•˜์œ„๊ถŒ์€
02:30
is not as good,
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ
02:31
so very unequal access to skills,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:33
and also an unprecedented rise
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
02:35
of top managerial compensation of the United States,
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๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์ „๋ก€์—†์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•ด์„œ
02:38
which is difficult to account for just on the basis of education.
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๊ต์œก๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
So there is more going on here,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ด์ง€๋งŒ
02:43
but I'm not going to talk too much about this today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
because I want to focus on wealth inequality.
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๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:48
So let me just show you a very simple indicator
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์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
02:51
about the income inequality part.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
02:54
So this is the share of total income
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์œ„ 10%๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”
02:56
going to the top 10 percent.
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์ด์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ ์œ ์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
So you can see that one century ago,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ 1์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š”
03:00
it was between 45 and 50 percent in Europe
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š” 45 - 50% ์‚ฌ์ด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
03:04
and a little bit above 40 percent in the U.S.,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 40%๋ฅผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ์ฃ .
03:06
so there was more inequality in Europe.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ด ์ข€๋” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:09
Then there was a sharp decline
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๊ทธ ๋’ค์— 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—
03:11
during the first half of the 20th century,
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๊ธ‰์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
03:13
and in the recent decade, you can see that
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ
03:16
the U.S. has become more unequal than Europe,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
and this is the first fact I just talked about.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
Now, the second fact is more about wealth inequality,
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์ž, ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์ข€๋” ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
and here the central fact is that wealth inequality
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€
03:29
is always a lot higher than income inequality,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์†Œ๋“์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’๊ณ 
03:31
and also that wealth inequality,
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๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ
03:34
although it has also increased in recent decades,
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:36
is still less extreme today
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1์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:38
than what it was a century ago,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์€ ๋œ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
although the total quantity of wealth
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์†Œ๋“์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ๋ถ€์˜ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์€
03:43
relative to income has now recovered
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1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „, ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ,
03:45
from the very large shocks
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2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ
03:46
caused by World War I, the Great Depression,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์—์„œ
03:48
World War II.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
So let me show you two graphs
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์ด์ œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
03:52
illustrating fact number two and fact number three.
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2๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ 3๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
So first, if you look at the level of wealth inequality,
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์šฐ์„  ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
03:59
this is the share of total wealth
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์ƒ์œ„ 10%์˜ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„
04:02
going to the top 10 percent of wealth holders,
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์ด์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ ์œ ์œจ์ธ๋ฐ
04:05
so you can see the same kind of reversal
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์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
04:07
between the U.S. and Europe that we had before
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
04:10
for income inequality.
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์—ญ์ „์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
So wealth concentration was higher
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1์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์ด
04:15
in Europe than in the U.S. a century ago,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
04:17
and now it is the opposite.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
But you can also show two things:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
First, the general level of wealth inequality
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์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€
04:25
is always higher than income inequality.
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๋Š˜ ์†Œ๋“์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
So remember, for income inequality,
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์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
04:30
the share going to the top 10 percent
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์ƒ์œ„ 10%์˜ ์ ์œ ์œจ์€
04:32
was between 30 and 50 percent of total income,
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์ด์†Œ๋“์˜ 30 - 50% ์‚ฌ์ด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ
04:36
whereas for wealth, the share is always
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋ถ€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์œ ์œจ์€ ๋Š˜
04:39
between 60 and 90 percent.
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60 - 90% ์‚ฌ์ด์ž„์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
04:41
Okay, so that's fact number one,
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์ž, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ 1๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๊ณ 
04:43
and that's very important for what follows.
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๋‹ค์Œ์— ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
Wealth concentration is always
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๋ถ€์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ
04:46
a lot higher than income concentration.
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์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
Fact number two is that the rise
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2๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ
04:52
in wealth inequality in recent decades
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๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ์ƒ์Šน์€
04:55
is still not enough to get us back to 1910.
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1910๋…„๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
So the big difference today,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
05:01
wealth inequality is still very large,
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๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ์—„์ฒญ ํฌ๊ณ 
05:03
with 60, 70 percent of total wealth for the top 10,
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์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์˜ 60, 70%๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์œ„10%์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ
05:06
but the good news is that it's actually
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
05:08
better than one century ago,
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1์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
where you had 90 percent in Europe going to the top 10.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ 90%์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์œ„ 10%ํ•œํ…Œ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
So today what you have
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€
05:15
is what I call the middle 40 percent,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ 40%๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ
05:17
the people who are not in the top 10
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์ƒ์œ„ 10%๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
05:19
and who are not in the bottom 50,
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ํ•˜์œ„ 50%๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ์„œ
05:21
and what you can view as the wealth middle class
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์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ถ€, ๊ตญ๋ถ€์˜
05:23
that owns 20 to 30 percent
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20 - 30%๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š”
05:26
of total wealth, national wealth,
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๋ถ€์˜ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
whereas they used to be poor, a century ago,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 1์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:31
when there was basically no wealth middle class.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์˜ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
So this is an important change,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ด๊ณ 
05:35
and it's interesting to see that wealth inequality
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๋น„๋ก ๋ถ€์˜ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์€ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:40
has not fully recovered to pre-World War I levels,
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๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด 1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ด์ „ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊นŒ์ง€
05:43
although the total quantity of wealth has recovered.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
Okay? So this is the total value
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์†Œ๋“์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ
05:49
of wealth relative to income,
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๋ถ€์˜ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ด๊ณ 
05:51
and you can see that in particular in Europe,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ํŠนํžˆ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š”
05:53
we are almost back to the pre-World War I level.
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1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ด์ „์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
So there are really two
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
05:59
different parts of the story here.
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2๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
One has to do with
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ใ…Žใ„ด
06:02
the total quantity of wealth that we accumulate,
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๋ถ€์˜ ์ด๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:05
and there is nothing bad per se, of course,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š”
06:07
in accumulating a lot of wealth,
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
06:08
and in particular if it is more diffuse
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ข€๋” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ 
06:11
and less concentrated.
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๋œ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
So what we really want to focus on
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:15
is the long-run evolution of wealth inequality,
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๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์ง„ํ™”์ด๊ณ 
06:18
and what's going to happen in the future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
How can we account for the fact that
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1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด
06:22
until World War I, wealth inequality was so high
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์•„์ฃผ ๋†’์•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:26
and, if anything, was rising to even higher levels,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:29
and how can we think about the future?
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:32
So let me come to some of the explanations
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:36
and speculations about the future.
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์ถ”์ธก์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
06:38
Let me first say that
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์šฐ์„ 
06:40
probably the best model to explain
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์™œ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋“๋ณด๋‹ค
06:42
why wealth is so much
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๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
06:44
more concentrated than income
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€
06:46
is a dynamic, dynastic model
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์—ญ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ์™•์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ์„œ
06:49
where individuals have a long horizon
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๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
06:52
and accumulate wealth for all sorts of reasons.
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์Œ“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
If people were accumulating wealth
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๋‹คํ•  ๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ
06:57
only for life cycle reasons,
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๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:59
you know, to be able to consume
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๋Š™์–ด์„œ
07:01
when they are old,
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์†Œ๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
07:03
then the level of wealth inequality
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๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€
07:05
should be more or less in line
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์†Œ๋“์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ
07:07
with the level of income inequality.
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋น„๋ก€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
But it will be very difficult to explain
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๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด
07:11
why you have so much more wealth inequality
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์†Œ๋“์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ
07:13
than income inequality
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š”
07:15
with a pure life cycle model,
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์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:16
so you need a story
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
07:18
where people also care
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๋Š”
07:20
about wealth accumulation for other reasons.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
So typically, they want to transmit
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๋ณดํ†ต ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ
07:24
wealth to the next generation, to their children,
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€, ์ž์‹๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:28
or sometimes they want to accumulate wealth
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๋ถ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:29
because of the prestige, the power that goes with wealth.
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๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
So there must be other reasons
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
07:34
for accumulating wealth than just life cycle
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
07:36
to explain what we see in the data.
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์ถ•์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
Now, in a large class of dynamic models
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์ž, ๋ถ€์˜ ์ถ•์ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
07:42
of wealth accumulation
184
462234
1976
์—ญ๋™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ
07:44
with such dynastic motive for accumulating wealth,
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์ƒ์†์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ
07:47
you will have all sorts of random,
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
07:50
multiplicative shocks.
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๋ณตํ•ฉ์  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
So for instance, some families
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€
07:53
have a very large number of children,
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์ž์‹์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ ๋งŽ์•„์„œ
07:55
so the wealth will be divided.
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๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
Some families have fewer children.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์ž์‹์ด ์ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
You also have shocks to rates of return.
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์ž๋ณธ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
Some families make huge capital gains.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ž๋ณธ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
Some made bad investments.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ํˆฌ์ž์— ์‹คํŒจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
So you will always have some mobility
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š”
08:07
in the wealth process.
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๋Š˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
Some people will move up, some people will move down.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
The important point is that,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€
08:12
in any such model,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋‚˜
08:13
for a given variance of such shocks,
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2556
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
08:16
the equilibrium level of wealth inequality
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496521
2036
๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ๋Š”
08:18
will be a steeply rising function of r minus g.
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๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” r - g์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
And intuitively, the reason why the difference
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์ง๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:26
between the rate of return to wealth
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1844
์ž๋ณธ์ด์ต์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์œจ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
08:28
and the growth rate is important
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์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์€
08:29
is that initial wealth inequalities
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด
08:32
will be amplified at a faster pace
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๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ r - g๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
08:34
with a bigger r minus g.
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๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์†๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:36
So take a simple example,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฃ .
08:38
with r equals five percent and g equals one percent,
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r ์ด 5%์ด๊ณ  g ๊ฐ€ 1%์ผ ๋•Œ
08:41
wealth holders only need to reinvest
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๋ถ€์ž๋Š” ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ 1/5๋งŒ
08:43
one fifth of their capital income to ensure
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2639
์žฌํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉด
08:46
that their wealth rises as fast
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2733
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€๋Š”
08:49
as the size of the economy.
214
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1913
๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋งŒํผ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
So this makes it easier
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋” ํฐ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
08:52
to build and perpetuate large fortunes
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532650
1766
์˜์†์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
because you can consume four fifths,
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534416
1955
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ์•ˆ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:56
assuming zero tax,
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536371
1739
4/5๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:58
and you can just reinvest one fifth.
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538110
1661
1/5๋งŒ ์žฌํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:59
So of course some families will consume more than that,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
09:02
some will consume less, so there will be
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๋œ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
09:04
some mobility in the distribution,
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1755
๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:05
but on average, they only need to reinvest one fifth,
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 1/5๋งŒ ์žฌํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๊ณ 
09:08
so this allows high wealth inequalities to be sustained.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋†’์€ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
Now, you should not be surprised
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์ด์ œ r ์ด g ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•ญ์ƒ ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š”
09:14
by the statement that r can be bigger than g forever,
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๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋†€๋ผ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
09:18
because, in fact, this is what happened
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1616
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
09:20
during most of the history of mankind.
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560121
2071
์ธ๋ฅ˜์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๋Š˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:22
And this was in a way very obvious to everybody
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ
09:25
for a simple reason, which is that growth
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565543
1778
๋ˆ„๊ตฌํ•œํ…Œ๋ผ๋„ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
was close to zero percent
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์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
09:29
during most of the history of mankind.
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569509
1621
0%์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:31
Growth was maybe 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 percent,
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์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด 0.1, 0.2, 0.3% ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ
09:34
but very slow growth of population
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574662
1996
์ธ๊ตฌ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ๊ณผ
09:36
and output per capita,
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576658
1997
1์ธ๋‹น ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋Š๋ ธ๊ณ 
09:38
whereas the rate of return on capital
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578655
1884
๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ž๋ณธ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์€
09:40
of course was not zero percent.
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580539
1856
๋ฌผ๋ก  0%๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
It was, for land assets, which was
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2036
์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์ด์ „์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ
09:44
the traditional form
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584431
1809
์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด์—ˆ๋˜
09:46
of assets in preindustrial societies,
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586240
2401
ํ† ์ง€ ์ž์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
09:48
it was typically five percent.
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588641
1763
๋ณดํ†ต 5%์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
Any reader of Jane Austen would know that.
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3786
์ œ์ธ ์˜ค์Šคํ‹ด์˜ ๋…์ž๋ผ๋ฉด ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:54
If you want an annual income of 1,000 pounds,
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์ฒœ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋…์„ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:57
you should have a capital value
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597098
1642
์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€
09:58
of 20,000 pounds so that
245
598740
1856
2๋งŒ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ
10:00
five percent of 20,000 is 1,000.
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2๋งŒ์˜ 5%๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
10:03
And in a way, this was
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603146
2017
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
10:05
the very foundation of society,
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605163
1778
์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
10:06
because r bigger than g
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g ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ r ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
10:09
was what allowed holders of wealth and assets
250
609976
4124
๋ถ€์™€ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:14
to live off their capital income
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์ž๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์ต์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
10:16
and to do something else in life
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2700
์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ์กด๋งŒ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:19
than just to care about their own survival.
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์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
Now, one important conclusion
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์ž, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
10:24
of my historical research is that
255
624845
1991
์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€
10:26
modern industrial growth did not change
256
626836
2711
๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒํผ
10:29
this basic fact as much as one might have expected.
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2824
๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
Of course, the growth rate
258
632371
1679
๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ
10:34
following the Industrial Revolution
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634050
1808
์„ฑ์žฅ์œจ์€
10:35
rose, typically from zero to one to two percent,
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4322
๋ณดํ†ต 0์—์„œ 1 - 2%๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ž์ง€๋งŒ
10:40
but at the same time, the rate of return
261
640180
1930
๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์—
10:42
to capital also rose
262
642110
1645
์ž๋ณธ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ๋„ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„œ
10:43
so that the gap between the two
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643755
2425
๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š”
10:46
did not really change.
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์ •๋ง ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
So during the 20th century,
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2250
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ
10:49
you had a very unique combination of events.
266
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2644
์•„์ฃผ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
First, a very low rate of return
267
652530
2017
์ฒซ์งธ, 1914๋…„๊ณผ 1945๋…„์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ
10:54
due to the 1914 and 1945 war shocks,
268
654547
3016
์•„์ฃผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
10:57
destruction of wealth, inflation,
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657563
2305
๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด,
10:59
bankruptcy during the Great Depression,
270
659868
1980
๋ฌผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šน, ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜
11:01
and all of this reduced
271
661848
1665
์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
11:03
the private rate of return to wealth
272
663513
1750
๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ž๋ณธ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์„
11:05
to unusually low levels
273
665263
1895
1914๋…„๊ณผ 1945๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
11:07
between 1914 and 1945.
274
667158
2339
์•„์ฃผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
And then, in the postwar period,
275
669497
1836
๊ทธ๋’ค์— ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ ๋’ค
11:11
you had unusually high growth rate,
276
671333
3237
๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์žฌ๊ฑด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
11:14
partly due to the reconstruction.
277
674570
2374
๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์œจ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
You know, in Germany, in France, in Japan,
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676944
1925
์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋…์ผ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ
11:18
you had five percent growth rate
279
678869
1551
1950๋…„๊ณผ 1980๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
11:20
between 1950 and 1980
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3150
5%์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
11:23
largely due to reconstruction,
281
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1643
์ฃผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ฑด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
11:25
and also due to very large demographic growth,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ ์ด๋น„ ๋ถ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ
11:27
the Baby Boom Cohort effect.
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์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
Now, apparently that's not going to last for very long,
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์ž, ๋ถ„๋ช… ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ 
11:32
or at least the population growth
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š”
11:33
is supposed to decline in the future,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
11:36
and the best projections we have is that
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์€
11:40
the long-run growth is going to be closer
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ์€
11:42
to one to two percent
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4 - 5%๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
11:43
rather than four to five percent.
290
703493
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1 - 2%์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:45
So if you look at this,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
11:48
these are the best estimates we have
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜๋กœ์„œ
11:50
of world GDP growth
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์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP ์„ฑ์žฅ์œจ๊ณผ
11:51
and rate of return on capital,
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์ž๋ณธ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ,
11:54
average rates of return on capital,
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์ž๋ณธ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
so you can see that during most
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜
11:57
of the history of mankind,
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1517
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ
11:58
the growth rate was very small,
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์„ฑ์žฅ์œจ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์•˜๊ณ 
12:00
much lower than the rate of return,
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720558
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์ˆ˜์ต์œจ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
and then during the 20th century,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ
12:04
it is really the population growth,
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์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
12:06
very high in the postwar period,
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์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ ๋’ค์— ๋” ๋†’์•˜๊ณ 
12:09
and the reconstruction process
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์žฌ๊ฑด ๊ณผ์ •์ด
12:10
that brought growth
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์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๊ณ 
12:12
to a smaller gap with the rate of return.
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์ˆ˜์ต์œจ๊ณผ ์ž‘์€ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
Here I use the United Nations population projections,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ €๋Š” UN์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:18
so of course they are uncertain.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
It could be that we all start
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋งŽ์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด
12:22
having a lot of children in the future,
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์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:24
and the growth rates are going to be higher,
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744937
2765
์„ฑ์žฅ์œจ์ด ๋” ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
12:27
but from now on,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”
12:28
these are the best projections we have,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์ด๊ณ 
12:31
and this will make global growth
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์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€
12:33
decline and the gap between
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๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
12:36
the rate of return go up.
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์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
Now, the other unusual event
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์ž, 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ
12:41
during the 20th century
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€
12:42
was, as I said,
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1329
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
12:44
destruction, taxation of capital,
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2316
ํŒŒ๊ดด, ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋กœ
12:46
so this is the pre-tax rate of return.
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766624
2735
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ์ „ ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
This is the after-tax rate of return,
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769359
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธํ›„ ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์ด๊ณ 
12:52
and after destruction,
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ํŒŒ๊ดด ์ดํ›„์—
12:53
and this is what brought
323
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1777
๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
12:55
the average rate of return
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775681
1688
ํŒŒ๊ดด ์ดํ›„
12:57
after tax, after destruction,
325
777369
1789
์„ธํ›„ ํ‰๊ท ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์ด
12:59
below the growth rate during a long time period.
326
779158
2420
์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์„ฑ์žฅ์œจ์„ ๋ฐ‘๋Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
But without the destruction,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:03
without the taxation, this would not have happened.
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2475
๊ณผ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:05
So let me say that the balance between
329
785727
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
13:08
returns on capital and growth
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2356
๊ท ํ˜•์€
13:11
depends on many different factors
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791326
1862
์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์š”์†Œ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋ฉฐ
13:13
that are very difficult to predict:
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2085
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
technology and the development
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2115
๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ
13:17
of capital-intensive techniques.
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2584
์ž๋ณธ์ง‘์•ฝํ˜• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ.
13:19
So right now, the most capital-intensive sectors
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์ž๋ณธ์ง‘์•ฝ์ด
13:22
in the economy are the real estate sector, housing,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์€ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ, ์ฃผํƒ,
13:26
the energy sector, but it could be in the future
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š”
13:29
that we have a lot more robots in a number of sectors
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809229
3712
์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋กœ๋ณดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
13:32
and that this would be a bigger share
339
812941
1889
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ด์ž์‚ฐ์˜
13:34
of the total capital stock that it is today.
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814830
1910
์ ์œ ์œจ์ด ๋” ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
Well, we are very far from this,
341
816740
1994
์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:38
and from now, what's going on
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818734
1766
์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ,
13:40
in the real estate sector, the energy sector,
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820500
1789
์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
13:42
is much more important for the total capital stock
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822289
2126
์ด์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
13:44
and capital share.
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824415
1134
ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
The other important issue
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825549
2033
๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
13:47
is that there are scale effects in portfolio management,
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2150
์ž์‚ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ,
13:49
together with financial complexity,
348
829732
2419
๊ธˆ์œต์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ,
13:52
financial deregulation,
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832151
1450
๊ธˆ์œต์˜ ์ž์œ ํ™” ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ
13:53
that make it easier to get higher rates of return
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833601
2709
๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
13:56
for a large portfolio,
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836310
1627
๋” ํฐ ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
and this seems to be particularly strong
352
837937
2663
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์–ต๋งŒ์žฅ์ž,
14:00
for billionaires, large capital endowments.
353
840600
1982
๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ž๋ณธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์— ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
Just to give you one example,
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842582
2290
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
14:04
this comes from the Forbes billionaire rankings
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844872
3333
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 1987-2013๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
14:08
over the 1987-2013 period,
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848205
3330
ํฌ๋ธŒ์Šค์ง€์˜ ์–ต๋งŒ์žฅ์ž ์ˆœ์œ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™”๋Š”๋ฐ
14:11
and you can see the very top wealth holders
357
851535
2788
์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์€
14:14
have been going up at six, seven percent per year
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3117
๋ฌผ๊ฐ€์ƒ์Šน์„ ์œ—๋Œ๋ฉฐ
14:17
in real terms above inflation,
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857440
2391
ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค 6, 7%๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด
14:19
whereas average income in the world,
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859831
2372
์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ‰๊ท  ์†Œ๋“,
14:22
average wealth in the world,
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862203
1363
์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ถ€๋Š”
14:23
have increased at only two percent per year.
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3383
ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค 2%๋งŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
And you find the same
363
866949
1729
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
14:28
for large university endowments โ€”
364
868678
1276
ํฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
the bigger the initial endowments,
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869954
2268
์ตœ์ดˆ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก
14:32
the bigger the rate of return.
366
872222
2068
์ˆ˜์ต์œจ๋„ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
Now, what could be done?
367
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1678
์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:35
The first thing is that I think we need
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ
14:38
more financial transparency.
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878364
2115
๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
We know too little about global wealth dynamics,
370
880479
3841
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ•™์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
14:44
so we need international transmission
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884320
1900
๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ–‰ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ
14:46
of bank information.
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1262
๊ณต์œ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
We need a global registry of financial assets,
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๊ธˆ์œต ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋“ฑ๋ก์ œ๋„,
14:50
more coordination on wealth taxation,
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์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ์„ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:52
and even wealth tax with a small tax rate
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์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ์„ธ์— ์ ์€ ์„ธ์œจ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋„
14:55
will be a way to produce information
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
14:57
so that then we can adapt our policies
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์‹ค์ƒ์—
15:00
to whatever we observe.
378
900669
1836
์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
And to some extent, the fight
379
902505
1838
์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
15:04
against tax havens
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904343
1481
์กฐ์„ธํ”ผ๋‚œ์ฒ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•œ ์‹ธ์›€๊ณผ
15:05
and automatic transmission of information
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905824
1815
์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ž๋™๊ณต์œ ๊ฐ€
15:07
is pushing us in this direction.
382
907639
1851
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
Now, there are other ways to redistribute wealth,
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909490
2324
์ด์ œ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:11
which it can be tempting to use.
384
911814
2957
์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
Inflation:
385
914771
1356
๋ฌผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šน์ด์ฃ .
15:16
it's much easier to print money
386
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1699
์„ธ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
15:17
than to write a tax code, so that's very tempting,
387
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2155
๋ˆ์„ ์ฐ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”๊ฒŒ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์‰ฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
but sometimes you don't know what you do with the money.
388
919981
2120
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ˆ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
This is a problem.
389
922101
1647
์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
Expropriation is very tempting.
390
923748
1863
๊ฐ•์ œ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜๋„ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
Just when you feel some people get too wealthy,
391
925611
2261
์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉด
15:27
you just expropriate them.
392
927872
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๊ฐ•์ œ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
But this is not a very efficient way
393
929166
1712
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ•™์„
15:30
to organize a regulation of wealth dynamics.
394
930878
2833
์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ฃผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
So war is an even less efficient way,
395
933711
2479
์ „์Ÿ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ณ 
15:36
so I tend to prefer progressive taxation,
396
936190
2336
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ˆ„์ง„๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
but of course, history โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
397
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2574
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” (์›ƒ์Œ)
15:41
history will invent its own best ways,
398
941100
1735
์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ตœ์„ ์ฑ…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
15:42
and it will probably involve
399
942835
1698
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ฉ์ณ์ ธ
15:44
a combination of all of these.
400
944533
1734
๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
15:46
Thank you.
401
946267
1866
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
(Applause)
402
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2137
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
15:50
Bruno Giussani: Thomas Piketty. Thank you.
403
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5559
๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ํ† ๋งˆ ํ”ผ์ผ€ํ‹ฐ. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:55
Thomas, I want to ask you two or three questions,
404
955829
1879
ํ† ๋งˆ, 2 - 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ตฐ์š”.
15:57
because it's impressive how you're in command of your data, of course,
405
957708
3859
๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ž์ง€๋งŒ
16:01
but basically what you suggest is
406
961567
3794
๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
16:05
growing wealth concentration is kind of
407
965361
1573
๋ถ€์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
16:06
a natural tendency of capitalism,
408
966934
1924
์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ธ๋ฐ
16:08
and if we leave it to its own devices,
409
968858
3538
๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘”๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:12
it may threaten the system itself,
410
972396
2240
์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
16:14
so you're suggesting that we need to act
411
974636
1726
๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
16:16
to implement policies that redistribute wealth,
412
976362
3038
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ ๋ˆ„์ง„๊ณผ์„ธ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ
16:19
including the ones we just saw:
413
979400
1721
๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„
16:21
progressive taxation, etc.
414
981121
1471
๋งŒ๋“ค ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
16:22
In the current political context,
415
982592
2139
ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
16:24
how realistic are those?
416
984731
1991
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
16:26
How likely do you think that it is
417
986722
1811
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ
16:28
that they will be implemented?
418
988533
1744
์‹ค์‹œ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
16:30
Thomas Piketty: Well, you know, I think
419
990277
1211
ํ† ๋งˆ: ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”.
16:31
if you look back through time,
420
991488
1781
์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
16:33
the history of income, wealth and taxation
421
993269
2651
์†Œ๋“, ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ณผ์„ธ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š”
16:35
is full of surprise.
422
995920
1602
๋†€๋ผ์›€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:37
So I am not terribly impressed
423
997522
2605
์ €๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”
16:40
by those who know in advance
424
1000127
1568
์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ
16:41
what will or will not happen.
425
1001695
1631
์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
I think one century ago,
426
1003326
1704
1์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์—
16:45
many people would have said
427
1005030
1569
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ„์ง„์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋Š”
16:46
that progressive income taxation would never happen
428
1006599
2138
๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
16:48
and then it happened.
429
1008737
1520
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
16:50
And even five years ago,
430
1010257
1989
์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด 5๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š”
16:52
many people would have said that bank secrecy
431
1012246
2352
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์€ํ–‰ ๋น„๋ฐ€์ฃผ์˜๋Š”
16:54
will be with us forever in Switzerland,
432
1014598
2025
์Šค์œ„์Šค์—์„œ ์˜์›ํ• ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
16:56
that Switzerland was too powerful
433
1016623
1788
์Šค์œ„์Šค๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด
16:58
for the rest of the world,
434
1018411
1489
๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฐ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ดค๊ณ 
16:59
and then suddenly it took a few U.S. sanctions
435
1019900
2961
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์€ํ–‰์—
17:02
against Swiss banks for a big change to happen,
436
1022861
2622
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
17:05
and now we are moving toward
437
1025483
1703
์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด
17:07
more financial transparency.
438
1027186
1676
์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:08
So I think it's not that difficult
439
1028862
4281
์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
17:13
to better coordinate politically.
440
1033143
2469
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:15
We are going to have a treaty
441
1035612
2058
๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ EU๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์œผ๋ฉด
17:17
with half of the world GDP around the table
442
1037670
3049
์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด
17:20
with the U.S. and the European Union,
443
1040719
2002
ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๊ณ 
17:22
so if half of the world GDP is not enough
444
1042721
2126
๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
17:24
to make progress on financial transparency
445
1044847
2666
์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด
17:27
and minimal tax for multinational corporate profits,
446
1047513
4084
๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ด์ต์— ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ
17:31
what does it take?
447
1051597
1664
๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
17:33
So I think these are not technical difficulties.
448
1053261
3623
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:36
I think we can make progress
449
1056884
1924
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—
17:38
if we have a more pragmatic approach to these questions
450
1058808
2587
๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ 
17:41
and we have the proper sanctions
451
1061395
1901
๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
17:43
on those who benefit from financial opacity.
452
1063296
2991
์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:46
BG: One of the arguments
453
1066287
1653
๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—
17:47
against your point of view
454
1067940
1433
๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
17:49
is that economic inequality
455
1069373
1442
๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€
17:50
is not only a feature of capitalism but is actually one of its engines.
456
1070815
3637
์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์—”์ง„ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:54
So we take measures to lower inequality,
457
1074452
2801
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋ ค๊ณ  ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด
17:57
and at the same time we lower growth, potentially.
458
1077253
2407
๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
17:59
What do you answer to that?
459
1079660
1560
๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:01
TP: Yeah, I think inequality
460
1081220
1729
ํ† ๋งˆ: ์˜ˆ, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€
18:02
is not a problem per se.
461
1082949
1889
๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:04
I think inequality up to a point
462
1084838
2040
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„
18:06
can actually be useful for innovation and growth.
463
1086878
2652
ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:09
The problem is, it's a question of degree.
464
1089530
2193
๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ธ๊ฐ€์ด์ฃ .
18:11
When inequality gets too extreme,
465
1091723
2544
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ทน๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
18:14
then it becomes useless for growth
466
1094267
2889
์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
18:17
and it can even become bad
467
1097156
1462
๋‚˜๋น ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:18
because it tends to lead to high perpetuation
468
1098618
3057
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
18:21
of inequality over time
469
1101675
1636
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋˜๊ณ 
18:23
and low mobility.
470
1103311
1866
์œ ๋™์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
18:25
And for instance, the kind of wealth concentrations
471
1105177
3286
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์—์„œ
18:28
that we had in the 19th century
472
1108463
2877
1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „๊นŒ์ง€
18:31
and pretty much until World War I
473
1111340
1925
๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜
18:33
in every European country
474
1113265
1765
๋ถ€์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์—
18:35
was, I think, not useful for growth.
475
1115030
2094
๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:37
This was destroyed by a combination
476
1117124
2102
๋ถ€์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์€ ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ
18:39
of tragic events and policy changes,
477
1119226
2341
์ •์น˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
18:41
and this did not prevent growth from happening.
478
1121567
2272
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ง‰์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:43
And also, extreme inequality can be bad
479
1123839
3443
๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€
18:47
for our democratic institutions
480
1127282
2198
๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋‚˜์  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:49
if it creates very unequal access to political voice,
481
1129480
2383
์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ์•„์ฃผ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
18:51
and the influence of private money
482
1131863
1865
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ
18:53
in U.S. politics, I think,
483
1133728
2002
๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ž๊ธˆ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€
18:55
is a matter of concern right now.
484
1135730
2540
์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ คํ•  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:58
So we don't want to return to that kind of extreme,
485
1138270
3076
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
19:01
pre-World War I inequality.
486
1141346
2090
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทน๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:03
Having a decent share of the national wealth
487
1143436
3674
์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์ด ๊ตญ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
19:07
for the middle class is not bad for growth.
488
1147110
3390
์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๋‚˜์˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:10
It is actually useful
489
1150500
1281
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
19:11
both for equity and efficiency reasons.
490
1151781
3084
๊ณตํ‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:14
BG: I said at the beginning
491
1154865
1665
๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—
19:16
that your book has been criticized.
492
1156530
2109
๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์“ด ์ฑ…์ด ๋น„ํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:18
Some of your data has been criticized.
493
1158639
1241
๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:19
Some of your choice of data sets has been criticized.
494
1159880
2466
๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:22
You have been accused of cherry-picking data
495
1162346
1876
๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
19:24
to make your case. What do you answer to that?
496
1164222
2737
๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
19:26
TP: Well, I answer that I am very happy
497
1166959
1927
ํ† ๋‹ˆ: ์ž, ์ด ์ฑ…์ด ํ† ๋ก ์— ์ž๊ทน์„
19:28
that this book is stimulating debate.
498
1168886
2467
์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:31
This is part of what it is intended for.
499
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2481
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ชฉ์ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:33
Look, the reason why I put all the data online
500
1173834
3294
๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
19:37
with all of the detailed computation
501
1177128
1846
๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
19:38
is so that we can have an open and transparent
502
1178974
2334
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์„
19:41
debate about this.
503
1181308
1669
ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:42
So I have responded point by point
504
1182977
1766
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์šฐ๋ ค์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
19:44
to every concern.
505
1184743
1792
ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:46
Let me say that if I was to rewrite the book today,
506
1186535
3113
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด์ฑ…์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ด๋‹ค๋ฉด
19:49
I would actually conclude
507
1189648
1541
์ €๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:51
that the rise in wealth inequality,
508
1191189
2194
๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ์ƒ์Šน์€
19:53
particularly in the United States,
509
1193383
1927
ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ
19:55
has been actually higher than what I report in my book.
510
1195310
2373
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋” ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:57
There is a recent study by Saez and Zucman
511
1197683
3245
์‚ฌ์—์ฆˆ์™€ ์ฃผํฌ๋จผ์ด ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
20:00
showing, with new data
512
1200928
1592
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ
20:02
which I didn't have at the time of the book,
513
1202520
1777
์ฑ…์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
20:04
that wealth concentration in the U.S. has risen
514
1204297
2527
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์€
20:06
even more than what I report.
515
1206824
1936
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์„ ์ผ์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:08
And there will be other data in the future.
516
1208760
2031
์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋„ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒ ์ฃ .
20:10
Some of it will go in different directions.
517
1210791
2151
์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆํ…Œ๊ตฌ์š”.
20:12
Look, we put online almost every week
518
1212942
4099
๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งค์ฃผ
20:17
new, updated series on the World Top Income Database
519
1217041
2934
์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋“ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
20:19
and we will keep doing so in the future,
520
1219975
1900
์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:21
in particular in emerging countries,
521
1221875
2306
ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ „๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
20:24
and I welcome all of those who want to contribute
522
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2929
์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—
20:27
to this data collection process.
523
1227110
2346
์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:29
In fact, I certainly agree
524
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2808
์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
20:32
that there is not enough
525
1232264
1614
ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ
20:33
transparency about wealth dynamics,
526
1233878
1878
์ €๋„ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
20:35
and a good way to have better data
527
1235756
1915
๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
20:37
would be to have a wealth tax
528
1237671
1865
์ ์€ ์„ธ์œจ๋กœ
20:39
with a small tax rate to begin with
529
1239536
1571
์ž์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:41
so that we can all agree
530
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2339
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘
20:43
about this important evolution
531
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1564
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
20:45
and adapt our policies to whatever we observe.
532
1245010
3327
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์‹ค์ƒ์— ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:48
So taxation is a source of knowledge,
533
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๊ณผ์„ธ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ด๊ณ 
20:50
and that's what we need the most right now.
534
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:53
BG: Thomas Piketty, merci beaucoup.
535
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1815
๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ํ† ๋งˆ ํ”ผ์ผ€ํ‹ฐ, ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:55
Thank you. TP: Thank you. (Applause)
536
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4000
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋งˆ: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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