Andreas Raptopoulos: No roads? There's a drone for that

155,604 views ・ 2013-11-21

TED


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One billion people in the world today
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do not have access to all-season roads.
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One billion people.
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One seventh of the Earth's population
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are totally cut off for some part of the year.
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We cannot get medicine to them reliably,
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they cannot get critical supplies,
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and they cannot get their goods to market
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in order to create a sustainable income.
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In sub-Saharan Africa, for instance,
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85 percent of roads are unusable in the wet season.
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Investments are being made,
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but at the current level,
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it's estimated it's going to take them
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50 years to catch up.
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In the U.S. alone, there's more than four million
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miles of roads, very expensive to build,
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very expensive to maintain infrastructure,
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with a huge ecological footprint,
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and yet, very often, congested.
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So we saw this and we thought,
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can there be a better way?
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Can we create a system using today's most advanced technologies
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that can allow this part of the world to leapfrog
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in the same way they've done with mobile telephones
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in the last 10 years?
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Many of those nations have excellent telecommunications today
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without ever putting copper lines in the ground.
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Could we do the same for transportation?
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Imagine this scenario.
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Imagine you are in a maternity ward in Mali,
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and have a newborn in need of urgent medication.
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What would you do today?
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Well, you would place a request via mobile phone,
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and someone would get the request immediately.
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That's the part that works.
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The medication may take days to arrive, though,
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because of bad roads.
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That's the part that's broken.
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We believe we can deliver it within hours
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with an electric autonomous flying vehicle
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such as this.
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This can transport a small payload today, about two kilograms,
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over a short distance, about 10 kilometers,
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but it's part of a wider network that may cover
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the entire country, maybe even the entire continent.
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It's an ultra-flexible, automated logistics network.
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It's a network for a transportation of matter.
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We call it Matternet.
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We use three key technologies.
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The first is electric autonomous flying vehicles.
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The second is automated ground stations
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that the vehicles fly in and out of
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to swap batteries and fly farther,
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or pick up or deliver loads.
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And the third is the operating system
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that manages the whole network.
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Let's look at each one of those technologies in a bit more detail.
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First of all, the UAVs.
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Eventually, we're going to be using all sorts of vehicles
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for different payload capacities and different ranges.
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Today, we're using small quads.
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These are able to transport two kilograms
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over 10 kilometers in just about 15 minutes.
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Compare this with trying to trespass a bad road
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in the developing world,
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or even being stuck in traffic
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in a developed world country.
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These fly autonomously.
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This is the key to the technology.
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So they use GPS and other sensors on board
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to navigate between ground stations.
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Every vehicle is equipped with an automatic
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payload and battery exchange mechanism,
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so these vehicles navigate to those ground stations,
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they dock, swap a battery automatically,
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and go out again.
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The ground stations are located on safe locations
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on the ground.
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They secure the most vulnerable part of the mission,
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which is the landing.
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They are at known locations on the ground,
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so the paths between them are also known,
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which is very important from a reliability perspective
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from the whole network.
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Apart from fulfilling the energy requirements of the vehicles,
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eventually they're going to be becoming
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commercial hubs where people can take out loads
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or put loads into the network.
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The last component is the operating system
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that manages the whole network.
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It monitors weather data from all the ground stations
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and optimizes the routes of the vehicles through the system
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to avoid adverse weather conditions,
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avoid other risk factors,
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and optimize the use of the resources
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throughout the network.
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I want to show you what one of those flights
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looks like.
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Here we are flying in Haiti last summer,
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where we've done our first field trials.
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We're modeling here a medical delivery
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in a camp we set up after the 2010 earthquake.
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People there love this.
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And I want to show you
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what one of those vehicles looks like up close.
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So this is a $3,000 vehicle.
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Costs are coming down very rapidly.
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We use this in all sorts of weather conditions,
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very hot and very cold climates,
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very strong winds. They're very sturdy vehicles.
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Imagine if your life depended on this package,
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somewhere in Africa
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or in New York City, after Sandy.
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The next big question is, what's the cost?
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Well, it turns out that the cost to transport
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two kilograms over 10 kilometers with this vehicle
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is just 24 cents.
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(Applause)
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And it's counterintuitive, but the cost of energy
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expended for the flight is only two cents
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of a dollar today,
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and we're just at the beginning of this.
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When we saw this, we felt that this is something
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that can have significant impact in the world.
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So we said, okay, how much does it cost
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to set up a network somewhere in the world?
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And we looked at setting up a network in Lesotho
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for transportation of HIV/AIDS samples.
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The problem there is how do you take them
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from clinics where they're being collected
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to hospitals where they're being analyzed?
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And we said, what if we wanted to cover an area
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spanning around 140 square kilometers?
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That's roughly one and a half times the size of Manhattan.
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Well it turns out that the cost to do that there
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would be less than a million dollars.
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Compare this to normal infrastructure investments.
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We think this can be -- this is the power
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of a new paradigm.
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So here we are: a new idea
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about a network for transportation
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that is based on the ideas of the Internet.
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It's decentralized, it's peer-to-peer,
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it's bidirectional, highly adaptable,
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with very low infrastructure investment,
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very low ecological footprint.
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If it is a new paradigm, though,
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there must be other uses for it.
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It can be used perhaps in other places in the world.
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So let's look at the other end of the spectrum:
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our cities and megacities.
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Half of the Earth's population lives in cities today.
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Half a billion of us live in megacities.
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We are living through an amazing urbanization trend.
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China alone is adding a megacity
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the size of New York City every two years.
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These are places that do have road infrastructure,
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but it's very inefficient.
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Congestion is a huge problem.
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So we think it makes sense in those places
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to set up a network of transportation
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that is a new layer that sits between the road
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and the Internet,
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initially for lightweight, urgent stuff,
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and over time, we would hope to develop this
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into a new mode of transportation
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that is truly a modern solution to a very old problem.
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It's ultimately scalable
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with a very small ecological footprint,
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operating in the background 24/7,
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just like the Internet.
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So when we started this
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a couple of years ago now,
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we've had a lot of people come up to us who said,
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"This is a very interesting but crazy idea,
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and certainly not something that you should
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engage with anytime soon."
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And of course, we're talking about drones, right,
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a technology that's not only unpopular in the West
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but one that has become a very, very unpleasant
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fact of life for many living in poor countries,
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especially those engaged in conflict.
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So why are we doing this?
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Well, we chose to do this one
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not because it's easy,
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but because it can have amazing impact.
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Imagine one billion people being connected
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to physical goods in the same way
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that mobile telecommunications connected them
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to information.
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Imagine if the next big network we built in the world
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was a network for the transportation of matter.
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In the developing world, we would hope
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to reach millions of people with better vaccines,
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reach them with better medication.
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It would give us an unfair advantage against battling
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HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and other epidemics.
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Over time, we would hope it would become
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a new platform for economic transactions,
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lifting millions of people out of poverty.
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In the developed world and the emerging world,
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we would hope it would become a new mode
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of transportation that could help make our cities
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more livable.
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So for those that still believe that this is science fiction,
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I firmly say to you that it is not.
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We do need to engage, though,
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in social fiction to make it happen.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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