Jonathan Trent: Energy from floating algae pods

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Translator: Rune Sejr Fjord Reviewer: Anders Finn Jørgensen

Some years ago, I set out to try to understand

For nogle år siden satte jeg mig for at undersøge

if there was a possibility to develop biofuels

om der var en mulighed for at udvikle biobrændsler

on a scale that would actually compete with fossil fuels

på en skala der faktisk kunne konkurrere med fossile brændstoffer

but not compete with agriculture for water,

men uden at konkurrere med landbrug om vand,

fertilizer or land.

gødning eller land.

So here's what I came up with.

Her er hvad jeg fandt frem til.

Imagine that we build an enclosure where we put it

Forestil dig at vi bygger noget at have det i

just underwater, and we fill it with wastewater

lige under havoverfladen, og vi fylder det med spildevand

and some form of microalgae that produces oil,

og en eller anden form for mikroalge der producerer olie

and we make it out of some kind of flexible material

og vi bygger det af et fleksibelt materiale

that moves with waves underwater,

der kan bevæge sig under vandet med bølgerne

and the system that we're going to build, of course,

og at systemet vi bygger,

will use solar energy to grow the algae,

selvfølgeligt vil bruge solenergi til at dyrke algerne,

and they use CO2, which is good,

og de bruger CO2, hvilket er godt.

and they produce oxygen as they grow.

og de producerer ilt mens de vokser.

The algae that grow are in a container that

Algerne er i en beholder

distributes the heat to the surrounding water,

der fordeler varmen til det omgivende vand.

and you can harvest them and make biofuels

og du kan høste dem og lave biobrændsel,

and cosmetics and fertilizer and animal feed,

kosmetik, gødning og dyrefoder.

and of course you'd have to make a large area of this,

du skal selvfølgeligt bruge et stort areal

so you'd have to worry about other stakeholders

så du skal også tænke på andre der bruger området

like fishermen and ships and such things, but hey,

som fiskere, skibe og lign.

we're talking about biofuels,

men vi snakker om biobrændsel

and we know the importance of potentially getting

og vi ved hvor vigtigt det er potentielt at få

an alternative liquid fuel.

et alternativt flydende brændstof.

Why are we talking about microalgae?

Hvorfor snakker vi om mikroalger?

Here you see a graph showing you the different types

Her ser i en graf, der viser de forskellige typer

of crops that are being considered for making biofuels,

af afgrøder der overvejes til at producere biobrændsel.

so you can see some things like soybean,

Så vi kan se at noget som sojabønner

which makes 50 gallons per acre per year,

som producerer cirka 33 liter per hektar om året.

or sunflower or canola or jatropha or palm, and that

Vi ser også solsikker, raps, jatropha eller palme

tall graph there shows what microalgae can contribute.

Og den høje søjle der, viser hvad mikroalger kan udføre,

That is to say, microalgae contributes between 2,000

det vil sige at mikroalger kan producere imellem 1,300 og 3,300

and 5,000 gallons per acre per year,

liter per hektar per år

compared to the 50 gallons per acre per year from soy.

sammenlignet med de 33 liter som soja kan producere.

So what are microalgae? Microalgae are micro --

Så hvad er mikroalger? mikroalger er mikroskopiske

that is, they're extremely small, as you can see here

de er ekstremt små, som i kan se her

a picture of those single-celled organisms

på det her billede af de encellede organismer

compared to a human hair.

sammenlignet med et menneskehår

Those small organisms have been around

Disse små organismer har været her

for millions of years and there's thousands

i millioner af år, og der er tusindvis

of different species of microalgae in the world,

af forskellige arter af mikroalger i verden,

some of which are the fastest-growing plants on the planet,

nogen af dem er de hurtigst voksende planter i verden,

and produce, as I just showed you, lots and lots of oil.

og producerer, som jeg har vist jer, masser af olie

Now, why do we want to do this offshore?

Hvorfor vil vi så udføre dette offshore?

Well, the reason we're doing this offshore is because

Grunden til at vi gør det her offshore er :

if you look at our coastal cities, there isn't a choice,

hvis i ser på vores kystbyer, har vi intet valg,

because we're going to use waste water, as I suggested,

for vi skal bruge spildevand som jeg foreslog

and if you look at where most of the waste water

og hvis du ser hvor de fleste spildevandsanlæg

treatment plants are, they're embedded in the cities.

befinder sig, er dette inde i byerne.

This is the city of San Francisco, which has 900 miles

Dette er San Francisco, som har 1,500 km kloakrør

of sewer pipes under the city already,

under byen allerede,

and it releases its waste water offshore.

og byen udleder sit spildevand offshore.

So different cities around the world treat their waste water

Forskellige byer rundt omkring i verden håndterer spildevand forskellig

differently. Some cities process it.

nogen byer renser det først,

Some cities just release the water.

andre byer udleder blot vandet.

But in all cases, the water that's released is

Uanset hvad er vandet der udledes

perfectly adequate for growing microalgae.

godt nok til at dyrke mikroalger.

So let's envision what the system might look like.

Så lad os forestille os hvordan systemet vil se ud,

We call it OMEGA, which is an acronym for

Vi kalder det OMEGA, som er et akronym for :

Offshore Membrane Enclosures for Growing Algae.

Offshore Membrane Enclosures for Growing Algae,

At NASA, you have to have good acronyms.

hos NASA, er man nødt til at have gode akronymer.

So how does it work? I sort of showed you how it works already.

Så hvordan virker det? jeg har lidt vist jer det allerede

We put waste water and some source of CO2

vi putter spildevand og en CO2 kilde

into our floating structure,

ind i vores flydende konstruktion

and the waste water provides nutrients for the algae to grow,

og algerne får deres næring fra spildevandet

and they sequester CO2 that would otherwise go off

og de binder den CO2 der ellers ville gå op i atmosfæren

into the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas.

som en drivhusgas.

They of course use solar energy to grow,

Algerne bruger selvfølgeligt solenergi til at vokse,

and the wave energy on the surface provides energy

og bølgeenergien på overfladen

for mixing the algae, and the temperature

sørger for at blande algerne, temperaturen

is controlled by the surrounding water temperature.

styres af temperaturen på det omkringliggende vand.

The algae that grow produce oxygen, as I've mentioned,

De voksende alger producerer ilt, som jeg har nævnt,

and they also produce biofuels and fertilizer and food and

og de producerer også biobrændsel, gødning, mad

other bi-algal products of interest.

og andre interessante alge-biprodukter.

And the system is contained. What do I mean by that?

Systemet er under kontrol. Hvad mener jeg med det?

It's modular. Let's say something happens that's

Det er modulært, lad os sige at noget uforudset sker

totally unexpected to one of the modules.

ved et af modulerne,

It leaks. It's struck by lightning.

det lækker, det bliver ramt af et lyn.

The waste water that leaks out is water that already now

Spildevandet der lækker, er vand der allerede nu

goes into that coastal environment, and

lækkes ud i kystmiljøet,

the algae that leak out are biodegradable,

algerne der lækker er bionedbrydelige,

and because they're living in waste water,

og fordi de lever i spildevand,

they're fresh water algae, which means they can't

er de ferskvandsalger, hvilket betyder

live in salt water, so they die.

at de ikke kan leve i saltvand, så de dør.

The plastic we'll build it out of is some kind of

Plastikken vi vil bygge det her af er en eller anden velkendt plastik

well-known plastic that we have good experience with, and

som vi har god erfaring med

we'll rebuild our modules to be able to reuse them again.

og vi vil genbygge vores moduler så vi kan bruge dem igen.

So we may be able to go beyond that when thinking about

Vi kan måske endda gå endnu længere

this system that I'm showing you, and that is to say

når vi tænker på det system jeg viser jer, hvilket vil sige

we need to think in terms of the water, the fresh water,

vi bliver nødt til at tænke på vandet, ferskvandet

which is also going to be an issue in the future,

som også vil blive et vigtigt emne i fremtiden,

and we're working on methods now

vi arbejder nu på metoder

for recovering the waste water.

så vi kan genvinde spildevandet.

The other thing to consider is the structure itself.

Den anden ting at overveje er konstruktionen selv,

It provides a surface for things in the ocean,

den giver en overflade for ting i havet,

and this surface, which is covered by seaweeds

og denne overflade, som er dækket af tang

and other organisms in the ocean,

og andre hav-organismer,

will become enhanced marine habitat

vil blive forbedret hav-miljø,

so it increases biodiversity.

så konstruktionen fremmer biodiversitet.

And finally, because it's an offshore structure,

og til sidst : fordi det er en offshore konstruktion,

we can think in terms of how it might contribute

kan vi overveje hvordan den kan bidrage

to an aquaculture activity offshore.

til havbrugs-aktiviteter.

So you're probably thinking, "Gee, this sounds

Nu tænker du sikkert, "Det lyder da som en god ide,

like a good idea. What can we do to try to see if it's real?"

hvad kan vi gøre for at se om det er virkeligt?"

Well, I set up laboratories in Santa Cruz

Jeg har sat laboratorier op i Santa Cruz

at the California Fish and Game facility,

ved den californiske fisk- og vildt-facilitet

and that facility allowed us to have big seawater tanks

og de tillod os at have store saltvandstanke

to test some of these ideas.

til at teste nogen af de her ideer.

We also set up experiments in San Francisco

Vi satte også eksperimenter op i San Francisco

at one of the three waste water treatment plants,

ved et af deres tre spildevandsanlæg,

again a facility to test ideas.

igen en facilitet til at teste ideer.

And finally, we wanted to see where we could look at

Vi ville også se på hvilken påvirkning

what the impact of this structure would be

konstruktionen ville have

in the marine environment, and we set up a field site

på havmiljøet, og vi satte et teststed op i felten

at a place called Moss Landing Marine Lab

på et sted kaldet Moss Landing Marine Lab

in Monterey Bay, where we worked in a harbor

i Monterey Bay, hvor vi arbejdede i en hav

to see what impact this would have on marine organisms.

for at se hvordan det ville påvirke havlivet.

The laboratory that we set up in Santa Cruz was our skunkworks.

Laboratoriet vi satte op i Santa Cruz var vores hobbysted,

It was a place where we were growing algae

Det var et sted hvor vi groede alger,

and welding plastic and building tools

svejsede plastik, byggede værktøjer,

and making a lot of mistakes,

og lavede masser af fejl,

or, as Edison said, we were

eller som Edison sagde :

finding the 10,000 ways that the system wouldn't work.

Vi fandt de 10.000 måder hvor systemet ikke ville virke.

Now, we grew algae in waste water, and we built tools

Vi dyrkede alger i spildevand, og vi byggede værktøjer

that allowed us to get into the lives of algae

der tillod os at følge med i algernes liv

so that we could monitor the way they grow,

så vi kunne holde øje med hvordan de groede,

what makes them happy, how do we make sure that

hvad der gør dem glade og hvordan vi kan sikre os

we're going to have a culture that will survive and thrive.

at vi kommer til at have alger der overlever og trives.

So the most important feature that we needed to develop were these

Så det allervigtigste at udvikle var disse

so-called photobioreactors, or PBRs.

såkaldte fotobioreaktorer eller FBR'er.

These were the structures that would be floating at the

Det er disse konstruktioner der ville flyde på overfladen,

surface made out of some inexpensive plastic material

og de ville være lavet af noget billigt plastik,

that'll allow the algae to grow, and we had built lots and lots

der tillader algerne at gro, og vi havde bygget masser af

of designs, most of which were horrible failures,

forskellige designs, hvoraf de fleste var frygtelige fejltagelser.

and when we finally got to a design that worked,

Da vi endeligt fandt et design der virkede

at about 30 gallons, we scaled it up

med omkring 110 liter, skalerede vi det op

to 450 gallons in San Francisco.

til omkring 1700 liter i San Francisco.

So let me show you how the system works.

Lad mig vise jer hvordan systemet virker,

We basically take waste water with algae of our choice in it,

basalt set tager vi spildevandet med vores udvalgte alge i

and we circulate it through this floating structure,

og cirkulerer det igennem denne her flydende konstruktion,

this tubular, flexible plastic structure,

der består af fleksible plastik rør.

and it circulates through this thing,

Det cirkulerer igennem

and there's sunlight of course, it's at the surface,

Den ligger i overfladen, og der er selvfølgeligt sollys

and the algae grow on the nutrients.

og næringen lader algerne vokse.

But this is a bit like putting your head in a plastic bag.

Men dette er lidt som at putte sit hoved i en plastikpose,

The algae are not going to suffocate because of CO2,

algerne vil ikke kvæles på grund af CO2en

as we would.

ligesom os,

They suffocate because they produce oxygen, and they

de vil derimod kvæles fordi de laver ilt,

don't really suffocate, but the oxygen that they produce

de kvæles ikke rigtigt men ilten de producerer

is problematic, and they use up all the CO2.

er problematisk og de opbruger al CO2en.

So the next thing we had to figure out was how we could

Så det næste vi skulle finde ud af var hvordan vi skulle

remove the oxygen, which we did by building this column

fjerne ilten. Hvilket vi gør ved at bygge denne sølje

which circulated some of the water,

som cirkulerer noget af vandet,

and put back CO2, which we did by bubbling the system

og putter CO2 tilbage i systemet, dette gjorde vi ved at

before we recirculated the water.

lade bobler stige igennem systemet før vi lod vandet løbe tilbage.

And what you see here is the prototype,

Hvad i ser her er prototypen,

which was the first attempt at building this type of column.

som var det første forsøg på at bygge sådan en søjle,

The larger column that we then installed in San Francisco

den større søjle som vi derefter installerede i San Francisco

in the installed system.

i det installerede system.

So the column actually had another very nice feature,

Søjlen havde faktisk en anden god egenskab,

and that is the algae settle in the column,

og det er at algerne falder til bunds i søjlen,

and this allowed us to accumulate the algal biomass

og dette lod os samle algemassen

in a context where we could easily harvest it.

et sted hvor vi nemt kunne høste den.

So we would remove the algaes that concentrated

Så vi kunne fjerne algerne der samlede sig

in the bottom of this column, and then we could

i bunden af søjlen, og vi kunne høste den

harvest that by a procedure where you float the algae

med en procedure hvor du lader algen flyde på overfladen

to the surface and can skim it off with a net.

og du samler det fra overfladen med et net.

So we wanted to also investigate what would be the impact

Vi ville også undersøge hvilken påvirkning systemet

of this system in the marine environment,

ville have på hav-miljøet,

and I mentioned we set up this experiment at a field site

jeg nævnte at vi satte et felteksperiment op

in Moss Landing Marine Lab.

i Moss Landing marinelaboratorium,

Well, we found of course that this material became

vi fandt ud af at materialet selvfølgeligt blev overgroet

overgrown with algae, and we needed then to develop

af alger, og vi havde så brug for at udvikle

a cleaning procedure, and we also looked at how

en renseteknik, og vi så også på hvordan

seabirds and marine mammals interacted, and in fact you

havfugle og havpattedyr reagerede, og i kan faktisk se her

see here a sea otter that found this incredibly interesting,

at en havodder fandt det utroligt interessant,

and would periodically work its way across this little

og den ville fra tid til tid arbejde sig over den her lille

floating water bed, and we wanted to hire this guy

flydende vandseng, vi ville gerne have hyret den

or train him to be able to clean the surface

og trænet den til at rense overfladen på systemet

of these things, but that's for the future.

men det må blive i fremtiden.

Now really what we were doing,

Det vi gjorde var,

we were working in four areas.

at vi arbejdede på fire områder,

Our research covered the biology of the system,

vores forskning dækkede biologien i systemet,

which included studying the way algae grew,

hvilket inkluderede at studere hvordan algerne gror,

but also what eats the algae, and what kills the algae.

men også hvad der spiser algerne, og hvad der dræber dem.

We did engineering to understand what we would need

Vi udførte ingeniørkunst for at forstå hvad vi havde brug for

to be able to do to build this structure,

for at være i stand til at bygge det her,

not only on the small scale, but how we would build it

ikke kun i lille skala, men hvordan vi kunne bygge det

on this enormous scale that will ultimately be required.

i den enorme skala som i sidste ende ville være nødvendig.

I mentioned we looked at birds and marine mammals

Jeg nævnte at vi så på fugle og havpattedyr,

and looked at basically the environmental impact

og vi så basalt set på den miljømæssige påvirkning,

of the system, and finally we looked at the economics,

af systemet, og til sidst så vi på økonomien.

and what I mean by economics is,

Hvad jeg mener med økonomien er,

what is the energy required to run the system?

hvor meget energi kræver det at køre systemet?

Do you get more energy out of the system

Får du mere energi ud af systemet,

than you have to put into the system

end du skal putte ind i det

to be able to make the system run?

for at få det til at fungere?

And what about operating costs?

og hvad koster det at have kørende?

And what about capital costs?

og hvad koster det at bygge?

And what about, just, the whole economic structure?

og hvad med hele den økonomiske struktur?

So let me tell you that it's not going to be easy,

Jeg kan fortælle jer at det ikke bliver nemt,

and there's lots more work to do in all four

der er meget mere arbejde at udføre i alle fire

of those areas to be able to really make the system work.

af de områder, før at vi virkeligt kan få systemet til at fungere.

But we don't have a lot of time, and I'd like to show you

Men vi har ikke lang tid, og jeg vil godt lige vise jer

the artist's conception of how this system might look

en kunsters fortolkning af hvordan systemet vil se ud

if we find ourselves in a protected bay

hvis vi befinder os i en beskyttet bugt

somewhere in the world, and we have in the background

et eller andet sted i verden, og i baggrunden

in this image, the waste water treatment plant

på dette billede har vi spildevandsanlægget,

and a source of flue gas for the CO2,

og en udstødningsgaskilde for CO2en

but when you do the economics of this system,

men når du ser på økonomien i systemet

you find that in fact it will be difficult to make it work.

vil du finde ud af at det er svært at få til at virke.

Unless you look at the system as a way to treat waste water,

med mindre du ser på systemet som en måde at behandle spildevand

sequester carbon, and potentially for photovoltaic panels

binde CO2 og potentielt et sted at sætte solceller

or wave energy or even wind energy,

eller bølgeenergi eller endda vindenergi,

and if you start thinking in terms of

og hvis du begynder at tænke på at

integrating all of these different activities,

integrere alle de her forskellige ting,

you could also include in such a facility aquaculture.

kan du også inkluderede havbrug i sådan en konstruktion,

So we would have under this system a shellfish aquaculture

så under hele systemet kunne der være krebsdyr havbrug,

where we're growing mussels or scallops.

hvor der kunne dyrkes muslinger

We'd be growing oysters and things

vi kunne dyrke østers og lignende ting

that would be producing high value products and food,

der ville producere produkter og mad af høj værdi,

and this would be a market driver as we build the system

og dette ville gøre systemet markedsvenligt,

to larger and larger scales so that it becomes, ultimately,

imens vi bygger større og større systemer

competitive with the idea of doing it for fuels.

så det til sidst bliver rentabelt at gøre det for brændstof.

So there's always a big question that comes up,

Der er altid et stort spørgsmål der dukker op,

because plastic in the ocean has got a really bad reputation

for plastik i havet har et virkeligt dårligt ry lige nu

right now, and so we've been thinking cradle to cradle.

og vi har tænkt "vugge til vugge".

What are we going to do with all this plastic that we're

hvad skal vi gøre med al den plastik som vi bliver nødt til

going to need to use in our marine environment?

at bruge i vores havmiljø?

Well, I don't know if you know about this,

Jeg ved ikke om i kender til det her

but in California, there's a huge amount of plastic

men i Californien, er der en enorm mængde plastik

that's used in fields right now as plastic mulch,

der bruges på marker til at holde fugten i jorden,

and this is plastic that's making these tiny little greenhouses

det bruges til at lave små drivhuse,

right along the surface of the soil, and this provides

langs jordoverfladen, og dette sørger for

warming the soil to increase the growing season,

at varme jorden op, og forlænger gro-sæsonen

it allows us to control weeds,

det skaber større kontrol med ukrudt,

and, of course, it makes the watering much more efficient.

og det gør vandingen meget mere effektiv.

So the OMEGA system will be part

Så OMEGA systemet vil være en del af

of this type of an outcome, and that when we're finished

den her type af dyrkning, og når vi er færdige

using it in the marine environment, we'll be using it,

med at bruge det i havmiljøet, vil vi bruge det,

hopefully, on fields.

forhåbentligt, på marker.

Where are we going to put this,

Hvor vil vi placere systemet?

and what will it look like offshore?

og hvordan vil det se ud offshore?

Here's an image of what we could do in San Francisco Bay.

Her er et billede af hvad vi kunne gøre i San Francisco bugten.

San Francisco produces 65 million gallons a day

San Francisco producerer 250 mio. liter spildevand

of waste water. If we imagine a five-day retention time

om dagen, hvis vi forestiller os at det skal være i systemet i 5 dage,

for this system, we'd need 325 million gallons

så har vi brug for at kunne have 1200 mio. liter

to accomodate, and that would be about 1,280 acres

i systemet, og det vil betyde omkring 320 kvadratkilometer

of these OMEGA modules floating in San Francisco Bay.

af disse OMEGA moduler, i San Francisco bugten.

Well, that's less than one percent

Men det er mindre end en procent

of the surface area of the bay.

af overfladen i bugten.

It would produce, at 2,000 gallons per acre per year,

og det ville producere, med 1900 liter per kvadratmeter om året,

it would produce over 2 million gallons of fuel,

ville det producere 7.6 mio. liter brændstof,

which is about 20 percent of the biodiesel,

hvilket er omkring 20% af det diesel

or of the diesel that would be required in San Francisco,

der ville være behov for i San Francisco,

and that's without doing anything about efficiency.

og det er uden at gøre noget ved effektiviteten.

Where else could we potentially put this system?

Hvor kunne vi ellers placere systemet?

There's lots of possibilities.

Der er mange muligheder,

There's, of course, San Francisco Bay, as I mentioned.

der er som nævnt San Francisco bugten,

San Diego Bay is another example,

San Diego bugten er et andet eksempel,

Mobile Bay or Chesapeake Bay, but the reality is,

Mobile eller Chesapeake bugten er andre,

as sea level rises, there's going to be lots and lots

men eftersom havet stiger vil der komme flere og flere muligheder

of new opportunities to consider. (Laughter)

at overveje (Latter)

So what I'm telling you about is a system

Så det jeg fortæller jer om her, er et system

of integrated activities.

med integrerede aktiviteter,

Biofuels production is integrated with alternative energy

produktion af biobrændsel af integreret med alternativ energi,

is integrated with aquaculture.

der er integreret med havbrug.

I set out to find a pathway

Jeg havde sat mig for at finde en vej

to innovative production of sustainable biofuels,

til en ny måde at producere bæredygtigt biobrændsel,

and en route I discovered that what's really required

og på vejen opdagede jeg at hvad der var brug for

for sustainability is integration more than innovation.

for bæredygtighed er integration mere end nyskabelse.

Long term, I have great faith

I det lange løb, har jeg stor tiltro

in our collective and connected ingenuity.

til vores kollektive og sammenkoblede opfindsomhed.

I think there is almost no limit to what we can accomplish

Jeg tror at der næsten ingen grænser er for hvad vi kan opnå

if we are radically open

hvis vi er radikalt åbne

and we don't care who gets the credit.

og er ligeglade med hvem der får æren.

Sustainable solutions for our future problems

Bæredygtige løsninger til fremtidens problemer,

are going to be diverse

kommer til at være forskellige,

and are going to be many.

og kommer til at være mange.

I think we need to consider everything,

Jeg tror at vi bliver nødt til at overveje

everything from alpha to OMEGA.

alt fra alfa til OMEGA

Thank you. (Applause)

Mange tak (Bifald)

(Applause)

(Bifald)

Chris Anderson: Just a quick question for you, Jonathan.

Bare et hurtigt spørgsmål Jonathan.

Can this project continue to move forward within

Kan projektet fortsætte med at blive udviklet indenfor NASA

NASA or do you need some very ambitious

eller har du brug for en eller anden meget ambitiøs

green energy fund to come and take it by the throat?

grøn energifond som kan komme og tackle det?

Jonathan Trent: So it's really gotten to a stage now

- Det er nået til et sted nu i NASA

in NASA where they would like to spin it out into something

hvor de gerne vil have det til virkeligt at blive til noget

which would go offshore, and there are a lot of issues

der kunne være offshore, og der er mange problemer

with doing it in the United States because of limited

ved at gøre det i USA, pga. begrænsede

permitting issues and the time required to get permits

tilladelser og den tid det tager at få tilladelser

to do things offshore.

til at gøre ting offshore.

It really requires, at this point, people on the outside,

Lige nu afhænger det at folk udefra,

and we're being radically open with this technology

og vi vil være radikalt åbne med den her teknologi,

in which we're going to launch it out there

vi vil lade den ligge derude

for anybody and everybody who's interested

så enhver der er interesseret

to take it on and try to make it real.

kan tage fat i den og prøve at virkeliggøre det.

CA: So that's interesting. You're not patenting it.

- Det er interessant, i vil ikke tage patent på det,

You're publishing it.

i udgiver det.

JT: Absolutely.

CA: All right. Thank you so much.

- lige præcist.

- Okay, mange tak.

JT: Thank you. (Applause)

- Tak (Bifald)