Jonathan Trent: Energy from floating algae pods

205,458 views ใƒป 2012-09-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
Some years ago, I set out to try to understand
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
00:18
if there was a possibility to develop biofuels
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ืื ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืชื— ื“ืœืง ืื•ืจื’ื ื™
00:21
on a scale that would actually compete with fossil fuels
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื—ืจื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
00:25
but not compete with agriculture for water,
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ืืš ืœื ื™ืชื—ืจื” ืขื ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื™ื
00:29
fertilizer or land.
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ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืงืจืงืข.
00:31
So here's what I came up with.
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ื›ืš, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืขืœื™ืชื™
00:33
Imagine that we build an enclosure where we put it
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•
00:35
just underwater, and we fill it with wastewater
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื, ื•ืžืžืœืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื
00:37
and some form of microalgae that produces oil,
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืžืŸ
00:40
and we make it out of some kind of flexible material
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉ
00:42
that moves with waves underwater,
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ืฉื ืข ืขื ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื
00:44
and the system that we're going to build, of course,
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
00:46
will use solar energy to grow the algae,
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ืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช,
00:49
and they use CO2, which is good,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘,
00:51
and they produce oxygen as they grow.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฆืžื™ื—ืชืŸ.
00:53
The algae that grow are in a container that
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ื”ืืฆื•ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ
00:57
distributes the heat to the surrounding water,
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ืฉืžืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืœืžื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื
01:00
and you can harvest them and make biofuels
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ืœืง ืื•ืจื’ื ื™
01:02
and cosmetics and fertilizer and animal feed,
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ื•ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื“ืฉืŸ ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:05
and of course you'd have to make a large area of this,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
01:07
so you'd have to worry about other stakeholders
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื
01:10
like fishermen and ships and such things, but hey,
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•', ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™,
01:14
we're talking about biofuels,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืœืง ืื•ืจื’ื ื™,
01:16
and we know the importance of potentially getting
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
01:19
an alternative liquid fuel.
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ื“ืœืง ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
01:21
Why are we talking about microalgae?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช?
01:24
Here you see a graph showing you the different types
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:27
of crops that are being considered for making biofuels,
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ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ืœืง ืื•ืจื’ื ื™
01:31
so you can see some things like soybean,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื™ื”,
01:34
which makes 50 gallons per acre per year,
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ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื™ื 200 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืœื›ืœ 4 ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
01:36
or sunflower or canola or jatropha or palm, and that
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ืื• ื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืงื ื•ืœื” ืื• ื™ืชืจื•ืคื™ืช ืื• ื“ืงืœ,
01:41
tall graph there shows what microalgae can contribute.
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ื•ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ื.
01:46
That is to say, microalgae contributes between 2,000
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช ืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 8,000
01:48
and 5,000 gallons per acre per year,
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ื•- 20,000 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืœ-ื›ืœ 4 ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
01:51
compared to the 50 gallons per acre per year from soy.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœ- 200 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืœื›ืœ 4 ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื”.
01:54
So what are microalgae? Microalgae are micro --
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช? ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจื•-
01:58
that is, they're extremely small, as you can see here
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
02:00
a picture of those single-celled organisms
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื“ึพืชืื™ื™ื ืืœื”
02:03
compared to a human hair.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ืื“ื.
02:05
Those small organisms have been around
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ
02:08
for millions of years and there's thousands
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ืžื–ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืืœืคื™
02:10
of different species of microalgae in the world,
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ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:13
some of which are the fastest-growing plants on the planet,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:16
and produce, as I just showed you, lots and lots of oil.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื, ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžืŸ.
02:19
Now, why do we want to do this offshore?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ?
02:22
Well, the reason we're doing this offshore is because
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื
02:25
if you look at our coastal cities, there isn't a choice,
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ืฉืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”,
02:29
because we're going to use waste water, as I suggested,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™,
02:32
and if you look at where most of the waste water
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ื•ืื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
02:34
treatment plants are, they're embedded in the cities.
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ื‘ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
02:38
This is the city of San Francisco, which has 900 miles
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ 1450 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
02:41
of sewer pipes under the city already,
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ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื™ืจ,
02:44
and it releases its waste water offshore.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื–ืจื™ืžื” ืืช ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
02:48
So different cities around the world treat their waste water
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
02:52
differently. Some cities process it.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื›ืžื” ืขืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
02:54
Some cities just release the water.
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ื›ืžื” ืขืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื–ืจื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื.
02:56
But in all cases, the water that's released is
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจืžื™ื
02:59
perfectly adequate for growing microalgae.
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ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช.
03:02
So let's envision what the system might look like.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช.
03:03
We call it OMEGA, which is an acronym for
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” "ืื•ืžื’ื”", ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ
03:05
Offshore Membrane Enclosures for Growing Algae.
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"ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช, ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืืฆื•ืช, ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ".
03:10
At NASA, you have to have good acronyms.
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ื‘ื ืืกื, ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:12
So how does it work? I sort of showed you how it works already.
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“? ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืขืœ .
03:15
We put waste water and some source of CO2
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ CO2
03:19
into our floating structure,
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฆืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:22
and the waste water provides nutrients for the algae to grow,
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ื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืฆื•ืช,
03:26
and they sequester CO2 that would otherwise go off
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืกื•ืคื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”- CO2 ืืฉืจ ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื• ื ืคืœื˜ื™ื
03:28
into the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas.
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ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ื’ื– ื—ืžืžื”.
03:31
They of course use solar energy to grow,
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžื•ื—,
03:33
and the wave energy on the surface provides energy
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ื•ื’ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
03:36
for mixing the algae, and the temperature
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ืœืขื™ืจื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืืฆื•ืช, ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
03:38
is controlled by the surrounding water temperature.
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ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
03:41
The algae that grow produce oxygen, as I've mentioned,
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ื”ืืฆื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™,
03:44
and they also produce biofuels and fertilizer and food and
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ืœืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื“ืฉืŸ ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
03:47
other bi-algal products of interest.
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ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฆื•ืช.
03:51
And the system is contained. What do I mean by that?
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื—, ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš?
03:54
It's modular. Let's say something happens that's
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ืช. ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™
03:56
totally unexpected to one of the modules.
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ืงื•ืจื” ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
03:58
It leaks. It's struck by lightning.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืœืฃ. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืข ืžื‘ืจืง.
04:01
The waste water that leaks out is water that already now
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ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืขืช
04:03
goes into that coastal environment, and
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ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
04:06
the algae that leak out are biodegradable,
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ื•ื”ืืฆื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืœืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
04:08
and because they're living in waste water,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื,
04:09
they're fresh water algae, which means they can't
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ื”ืŸ ืืฆื•ืช ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
04:12
live in salt water, so they die.
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™-ืžืœื—, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืžื•ืชื•.
04:14
The plastic we'll build it out of is some kind of
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ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืืชื• ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
04:16
well-known plastic that we have good experience with, and
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ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืชื•,
04:19
we'll rebuild our modules to be able to reuse them again.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื‘.
04:24
So we may be able to go beyond that when thinking about
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ
04:27
this system that I'm showing you, and that is to say
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื, ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
04:30
we need to think in terms of the water, the fresh water,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื,
04:32
which is also going to be an issue in the future,
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
04:35
and we're working on methods now
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช
04:37
for recovering the waste water.
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ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื.
04:39
The other thing to consider is the structure itself.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืขืฆืžื•.
04:42
It provides a surface for things in the ocean,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ืžืฉื˜ื— ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
04:45
and this surface, which is covered by seaweeds
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ื•ืžืฉื˜ื— ื–ื”, ืฉืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืืฆื•ืช ื™ื
04:48
and other organisms in the ocean,
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ื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
04:51
will become enhanced marine habitat
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ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืžื™
04:55
so it increases biodiversity.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
04:56
And finally, because it's an offshore structure,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื ืžืฆื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
04:58
we can think in terms of how it might contribute
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืชืจื•ื
05:01
to an aquaculture activity offshore.
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ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
05:05
So you're probably thinking, "Gee, this sounds
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ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื”, "ื•ื•ื™, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข
05:07
like a good idea. What can we do to try to see if it's real?"
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ื›ืžื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘. ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื–ื” ืžืขืฉื™?"
05:11
Well, I set up laboratories in Santa Cruz
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืงืžืชื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื˜ื” ืงืจื•ื–
05:15
at the California Fish and Game facility,
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ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื”"ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”",
05:18
and that facility allowed us to have big seawater tanks
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ื•ืžืชืงืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™-ื™ื
05:21
to test some of these ideas.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”.
05:23
We also set up experiments in San Francisco
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ืื ื—ื• ื’ื ืขืจื›ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•
05:26
at one of the three waste water treatment plants,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื,
05:28
again a facility to test ideas.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชืงืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
05:31
And finally, we wanted to see where we could look at
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช
05:34
what the impact of this structure would be
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ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื”
05:37
in the marine environment, and we set up a field site
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืงืžื ื• ืืชืจ ืฉื“ื”
05:41
at a place called Moss Landing Marine Lab
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืงืจื "ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื•ืก"
05:43
in Monterey Bay, where we worked in a harbor
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ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ื ืžืœ
05:45
to see what impact this would have on marine organisms.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
05:50
The laboratory that we set up in Santa Cruz was our skunkworks.
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ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืงืžื ื• ื‘ืกื ื˜ื” ืงืจื•ื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”"ืกืงืื ืง-ื•ื•ืจืงืก" ืฉืœื ื•.
05:53
It was a place where we were growing algae
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื™ื“ืœื ื• ืืฆื•ืช
05:56
and welding plastic and building tools
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ืจื™ืชื›ื ื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื›ืœื™ื
05:59
and making a lot of mistakes,
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช,
06:00
or, as Edison said, we were
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ืื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืืžืจ, ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื ื•
06:02
finding the 10,000 ways that the system wouldn't work.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช 10,000 ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ืคืขืœื”.
06:06
Now, we grew algae in waste water, and we built tools
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ื›ืขืช, ื’ื™ื“ืœื ื• ืืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื›ืœื™ื
06:10
that allowed us to get into the lives of algae
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ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื•ืช
06:13
so that we could monitor the way they grow,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช,
06:15
what makes them happy, how do we make sure that
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ืžื” ืžืกื‘ ืœื”ืŸ ืื•ืฉืจ, ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื
06:18
we're going to have a culture that will survive and thrive.
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืชืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืชืฉื’ืฉื’.
06:22
So the most important feature that we needed to develop were these
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืืคื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื”ื™ื”
06:25
so-called photobioreactors, or PBRs.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืคื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืจื™ืืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ืื• PBRs.
06:28
These were the structures that would be floating at the
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืฆืคื• ืขืœ
06:29
surface made out of some inexpensive plastic material
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ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ ื–ื•ืœ
06:32
that'll allow the algae to grow, and we had built lots and lots
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ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“
06:35
of designs, most of which were horrible failures,
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจื,
06:38
and when we finally got to a design that worked,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืขื‘ื“,
06:40
at about 30 gallons, we scaled it up
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ื‘- ื›-120 ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื, ื”ืขืœื™ื ื• ื–ืืช
06:43
to 450 gallons in San Francisco.
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ืœื›ื“ื™ 1800 ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•.
06:46
So let me show you how the system works.
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ืื– ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช.
06:49
We basically take waste water with algae of our choice in it,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื ื•
06:52
and we circulate it through this floating structure,
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ื•ืžื–ืจื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ื ื” ืฆืฃ ื–ื”,
06:55
this tubular, flexible plastic structure,
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ืžื‘ื ื” ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™, ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื’ืžื™ืฉ,
06:58
and it circulates through this thing,
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ื”ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:59
and there's sunlight of course, it's at the surface,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
07:02
and the algae grow on the nutrients.
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ื•ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
07:04
But this is a bit like putting your head in a plastic bag.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืœืฉืงื™ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
07:07
The algae are not going to suffocate because of CO2,
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ื”ืืฆื•ืช ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ื ืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”- CO2,
07:10
as we would.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื•.
07:11
They suffocate because they produce oxygen, and they
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ื”ื ื ื—ื ืงื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื•ื”ืŸ
07:14
don't really suffocate, but the oxygen that they produce
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ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื—ื ืงื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช
07:16
is problematic, and they use up all the CO2.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”- CO2.
07:19
So the next thing we had to figure out was how we could
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ
07:21
remove the oxygen, which we did by building this column
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ืœืกืœืง ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื–ื•
07:24
which circulated some of the water,
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ืฉืžื–ืจื™ืžื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื,
07:26
and put back CO2, which we did by bubbling the system
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ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” CO2, ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืขื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
07:29
before we recirculated the water.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ืจื™ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื.
07:32
And what you see here is the prototype,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก,
07:33
which was the first attempt at building this type of column.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื”.
07:37
The larger column that we then installed in San Francisco
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ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืชืงื ื• ืื– ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•
07:40
in the installed system.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืงื ืช.
07:41
So the column actually had another very nice feature,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืžื“ ืžืื•ื“,
07:45
and that is the algae settle in the column,
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื”ืืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื›ื ื• ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ื”,
07:48
and this allowed us to accumulate the algal biomass
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ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืืฆื•ืช
07:51
in a context where we could easily harvest it.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ .
07:54
So we would remove the algaes that concentrated
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ื›ืš ื ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื›ื–ื•
07:57
in the bottom of this column, and then we could
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
08:00
harvest that by a procedure where you float the algae
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืืฆื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืฃ
08:04
to the surface and can skim it off with a net.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืจืŸ ืขื ืจืฉืช.
08:07
So we wanted to also investigate what would be the impact
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ื›ืš, ืจืฆื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”
08:11
of this system in the marine environment,
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืžื™ืช,
08:14
and I mentioned we set up this experiment at a field site
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ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืฉืžื™ืงืžื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉื“ื”
08:17
in Moss Landing Marine Lab.
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ื‘"ืžื•ืก-ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื™ืžื™ืช" .
08:20
Well, we found of course that this material became
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชื›ืกื”
08:23
overgrown with algae, and we needed then to develop
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ื‘ืืฆื•ืช, ื•ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืื– ืœืคืชื—
08:25
a cleaning procedure, and we also looked at how
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ื”ืœื™ืš ื ื™ืงื•ื™, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื•
08:28
seabirds and marine mammals interacted, and in fact you
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ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืชื
08:31
see here a sea otter that found this incredibly interesting,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืœื•ื˜ืจืช-ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
08:34
and would periodically work its way across this little
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ื•ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ืคื™ืœืกื” ื“ืจืš ื•ื—ืฆืชื” ืืช
08:37
floating water bed, and we wanted to hire this guy
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ืžื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืฆืคื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
08:40
or train him to be able to clean the surface
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ืื• ืœืืžืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
08:42
of these things, but that's for the future.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืขืชื™ื“.
08:44
Now really what we were doing,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ,
08:46
we were working in four areas.
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ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื.
08:47
Our research covered the biology of the system,
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
08:50
which included studying the way algae grew,
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ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช,
08:52
but also what eats the algae, and what kills the algae.
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ืืš ื’ื ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช.
08:56
We did engineering to understand what we would need
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื ื–ื“ืงืง
08:58
to be able to do to build this structure,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื”,
09:01
not only on the small scale, but how we would build it
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื‘ื ื”
09:03
on this enormous scale that will ultimately be required.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
09:07
I mentioned we looked at birds and marine mammals
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ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื
09:10
and looked at basically the environmental impact
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช
09:12
of the system, and finally we looked at the economics,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
09:16
and what I mean by economics is,
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ื•ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื,
09:17
what is the energy required to run the system?
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช?
09:20
Do you get more energy out of the system
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ื”ืื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
09:22
than you have to put into the system
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื”
09:23
to be able to make the system run?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช?
09:25
And what about operating costs?
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ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ?
09:27
And what about capital costs?
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ื•ืžื” ืขื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ?
09:29
And what about, just, the whole economic structure?
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ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉืœื?
09:33
So let me tell you that it's not going to be easy,
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ,
09:36
and there's lots more work to do in all four
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช
09:39
of those areas to be able to really make the system work.
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
09:42
But we don't have a lot of time, and I'd like to show you
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
09:45
the artist's conception of how this system might look
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ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืžืŸ ืื™ืš ืชืจืื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•
09:49
if we find ourselves in a protected bay
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ืื ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืžื•ื’ืŸ
09:51
somewhere in the world, and we have in the background
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืจืงืข
09:54
in this image, the waste water treatment plant
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ืžืคืขืœ ืœื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื
09:57
and a source of flue gas for the CO2,
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ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื– ืฉืœ CO2,
10:00
but when you do the economics of this system,
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ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•,
10:03
you find that in fact it will be difficult to make it work.
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
10:06
Unless you look at the system as a way to treat waste water,
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ืืœื ืื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื,
10:10
sequester carbon, and potentially for photovoltaic panels
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ืœืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•-ื•ื•ืœื˜ืื™ื™ื
10:14
or wave energy or even wind energy,
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ืื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื’ืœื™ื ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื—,
10:18
and if you start thinking in terms of
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ื•ืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ
10:19
integrating all of these different activities,
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
10:22
you could also include in such a facility aquaculture.
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ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช.
10:27
So we would have under this system a shellfish aquaculture
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช-ื™ื
10:30
where we're growing mussels or scallops.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื ื’ื“ืœ ืžื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืกืงืืœื•ืคืก.
10:32
We'd be growing oysters and things
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ื ื’ื“ืœ ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื
10:35
that would be producing high value products and food,
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ืฉื™ืคื™ืงื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
10:37
and this would be a market driver as we build the system
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ-ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
10:40
to larger and larger scales so that it becomes, ultimately,
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ืœืžืžื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื , ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
10:44
competitive with the idea of doing it for fuels.
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ืชืชื—ืจื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืœืงื™ื.
10:49
So there's always a big question that comes up,
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ืื– ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
10:52
because plastic in the ocean has got a really bad reputation
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืจืข,
10:55
right now, and so we've been thinking cradle to cradle.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” C2C ("ืžืขืจื™ืกื” ืœืขืจื™ืกื”" ).
10:58
What are we going to do with all this plastic that we're
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
11:01
going to need to use in our marine environment?
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ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
11:04
Well, I don't know if you know about this,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื,
11:05
but in California, there's a huge amount of plastic
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
11:08
that's used in fields right now as plastic mulch,
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ืฉืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืขืช ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื›ื’ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
11:11
and this is plastic that's making these tiny little greenhouses
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
11:15
right along the surface of the soil, and this provides
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ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง
11:17
warming the soil to increase the growing season,
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ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืœืงืจืงืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
11:21
it allows us to control weeds,
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื ื™ื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื,
11:23
and, of course, it makes the watering much more efficient.
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ื•ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืขืœ ืžืื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงื™ื” .
11:27
So the OMEGA system will be part
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื•ืžื’ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง
11:29
of this type of an outcome, and that when we're finished
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ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืกื™ื™ื
11:32
using it in the marine environment, we'll be using it,
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช, ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”,
11:35
hopefully, on fields.
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ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
11:37
Where are we going to put this,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืงื ืืช ื–ื”,
11:39
and what will it look like offshore?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ?
11:41
Here's an image of what we could do in San Francisco Bay.
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ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•.
11:44
San Francisco produces 65 million gallons a day
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ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ืžืคื™ืงื” 246 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื
11:47
of waste water. If we imagine a five-day retention time
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื. ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื
11:50
for this system, we'd need 325 million gallons
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•, ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ 1230 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืจ
11:52
to accomodate, and that would be about 1,280 acres
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” 5,180 ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืขืจืš
11:56
of these OMEGA modules floating in San Francisco Bay.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื’ื” ืฉืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•.
12:00
Well, that's less than one percent
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“
12:02
of the surface area of the bay.
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ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ.
12:03
It would produce, at 2,000 gallons per acre per year,
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ื–ื” ื™ื ื™ื‘, ื‘- 7560 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืœ 4 ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
12:07
it would produce over 2 million gallons of fuel,
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ื–ื” ื™ื ื™ื‘ ืžืขืœ 7.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง,
12:10
which is about 20 percent of the biodiesel,
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ืฉื–ื” ื›- 20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ื™ื–ืœ,
12:12
or of the diesel that would be required in San Francisco,
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ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื–ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•,
12:15
and that's without doing anything about efficiency.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
12:18
Where else could we potentially put this system?
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ืื™ืคื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™, ืœืžืงื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•?
12:21
There's lots of possibilities.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
12:24
There's, of course, San Francisco Bay, as I mentioned.
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ื™ืฉื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืคืจืฅ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™.
12:26
San Diego Bay is another example,
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ืžืคืจืฅ ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
12:28
Mobile Bay or Chesapeake Bay, but the reality is,
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ืžืคืจืฅ ืžื•ื‘ื™ื™ืœ ืื• ืžืคืจืฅ ืฆ'ืกืคื™ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื,
12:31
as sea level rises, there's going to be lots and lots
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ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื, ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ
12:33
of new opportunities to consider. (Laughter)
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืงื•ืœ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:37
So what I'm telling you about is a system
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช
12:41
of integrated activities.
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ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช.
12:44
Biofuels production is integrated with alternative energy
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช
12:47
is integrated with aquaculture.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช.
12:50
I set out to find a pathway
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ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื ืชื™ื‘
12:54
to innovative production of sustainable biofuels,
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื,
12:59
and en route I discovered that what's really required
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื—ื•ืฅ
13:02
for sustainability is integration more than innovation.
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ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
13:10
Long term, I have great faith
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ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
13:13
in our collective and connected ingenuity.
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ื‘ืชื—ื›ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
13:18
I think there is almost no limit to what we can accomplish
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืœืžื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
13:23
if we are radically open
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ืื ืื ื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™
13:25
and we don't care who gets the credit.
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ื•ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžื™ ื™ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ.
13:29
Sustainable solutions for our future problems
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ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™-ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:33
are going to be diverse
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื
13:35
and are going to be many.
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื.
13:38
I think we need to consider everything,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ื›ืœ,
13:40
everything from alpha to OMEGA.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžืืœืฃ ืขื“ ืชื•.
13:43
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:52
Chris Anderson: Just a quick question for you, Jonathan.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืจืง ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช, ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ.
13:55
Can this project continue to move forward within
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ื”ืื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืชื•ืš
13:58
NASA or do you need some very ambitious
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ื ืืกื ืื• ืชื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™
14:01
green energy fund to come and take it by the throat?
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ืงืจืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืคืคื”?
14:06
Jonathan Trent: So it's really gotten to a stage now
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ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื˜ืจื ื˜: ื›ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืขืช ืœืฉืœื‘
14:07
in NASA where they would like to spin it out into something
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ื‘ื ืืกื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืฉื”ื•
14:10
which would go offshore, and there are a lot of issues
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ืฉื™ืœืš ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
14:12
with doing it in the United States because of limited
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžืชืŸ
14:15
permitting issues and the time required to get permits
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ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื
14:17
to do things offshore.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
14:19
It really requires, at this point, people on the outside,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื•ืจืฉ, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
14:21
and we're being radically open with this technology
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ื•ืื ื• ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•
14:24
in which we're going to launch it out there
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ืง ืฉื
14:25
for anybody and everybody who's interested
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ
14:28
to take it on and try to make it real.
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ืœืงื—ืช ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื–ืืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉื™.
14:29
CA: So that's interesting. You're not patenting it.
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ื›.ื: ืื– ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜.
14:32
You're publishing it.
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ืืชื ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ื–ืืช.
14:34
JT: Absolutely.
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14:34
CA: All right. Thank you so much.
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ื’'.ื˜.: ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
ื›.ื.: ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:36
JT: Thank you. (Applause)
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ื’'.ื˜.: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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