Ken Goldberg: 4 lessons from robots about being human

14,543 views ใƒป 2015-07-15

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Mira Kraรฏmia ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Ayman Mahmoud
00:12
I know this is going to sound strange,
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ุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุณูˆู ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุบุฑูŠุจุง
00:15
but I think robots can inspire us to be better humans.
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ู„ูƒู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชู„ู‡ู…ู†ุง
ู„ู†ูƒูˆู† ุจูŽุดูŽุฑุง ุฃูุถู„.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ู†ุดุฃุช ููŠ "ุจูŠุชู„ู‡ู…" ููŠ "ุจู†ุณู„ูุงู†ูŠุง"
00:21
See, I grew up in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,
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00:24
the home of Bethlehem Steel.
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ู…ูˆุทู† ุงู„ุตู„ุจ.
00:26
My father was an engineer,
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ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณุงุŒ
ูˆู…ู†ุฐ ุตุบุฑูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠุนู„ู‘ู…ู†ูŠ
00:29
and when I was growing up, he would teach me how things worked.
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ูƒูŠู ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
ูˆูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุจู†ูŠ ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุนุง ู…ุนุงุŒ
00:33
We would build projects together,
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00:35
like model rockets and slot cars.
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ู…ุซู„ ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุตูˆุงุฑูŠุฎ ูˆุณูŠุงุฑุงุช ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ.
00:38
Here's the go-kart that we built together.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจู†ูŠู†ุงู‡ุง ู…ุนุง.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†ุง ุฎู„ู ุนุฌู„ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉุŒ
00:42
That's me behind the wheel,
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00:43
with my sister and my best friend at the time.
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ู…ุน ุฃุฎุชูŠ ูˆุฃุนุฒู‘ ุตุฏูŠู‚ ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ
00:47
And one day,
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ูˆููŠ ูŠูˆู… ู…ุงุŒ
00:49
he came home, when I was about 10 years old,
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ุนุงุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุนู…ุฑูŠ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 10 ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŒ
00:52
and at the dinner table, he announced
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ูˆุฃุนู„ู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุงุฆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุนุดุงุก
00:55
that for our next project, we were going to build ...
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ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุจู†ุงุก ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุขู„ูŠ ููŠ ู…ุดุฑูˆุนู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู….
00:59
a robot.
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01:01
A robot.
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ุฑูˆุจูˆุช.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุซุงุฑู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนุŒ
01:03
Now, I was thrilled about this,
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01:05
because at school, there was a bully named Kevin,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉุŒ
ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุชู†ู…ู‘ุฑ ุงุณู…ู‡ ูƒูŠูู†ุŒ
ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุงุฒุนุงุฌูŠ
01:09
and he was picking on me,
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01:10
because I was the only Jewish kid in class.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู†ูŠ ูƒู†ุช ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠู‘ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูุตู„.
01:13
So I couldn't wait to get started to work on this,
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ู„ุฐุง ู„ู… ุฃุณุชุทุน ุงู„ุงู†ุชุธุงุฑ ู„ู„ุจุฏุก ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง
01:16
so I could introduce Kevin to my robot.
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ูƒูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุนุฑูŠู ูƒูŠูู† ู„ู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช. (ุถุญูƒ)
01:18
(Laughter)
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01:19
(Robot noises)
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( ุฃุตูˆุงุช ุฑูˆุจูˆุช)
01:29
(Laughter)
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01:30
But that wasn't the kind of robot my dad had in mind.
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠููƒู‘ุฑ ุจู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ.
01:34
(Laughter)
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01:35
See, he owned a chromium-plating company,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุชุตููŠุญุงุช ูƒุฑูˆู…ุŒ
01:39
and they had to move heavy steel parts between tanks of chemicals.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู…ุถุทุฑู‘ูŠู† ู„ู†ู‚ู„
ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุตู‘ู„ุจ ุงู„ุซู‚ูŠู„ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุฎุฒุงู†ุงุช ู„ู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุตู†ุงุนูŠู‘ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง
01:45
And so he needed an industrial robot like this,
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01:48
that could basically do the heavy lifting.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุฃุณุงุณุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฑูุน ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุซู‚ูŠู„ุฉ.
01:51
But my dad didn't get the kind of robot he wanted, either.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ู„ู… ูŠุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‘ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุŒ ุฃู…ุง ุฃุฑุงุฏ.
01:55
He and I worked on it for several years,
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ุฃู†ุง ูˆู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ู…ุนุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุนุฏุฉ ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŒ
01:58
but it was the 1970s, and the technology that was available to amateurs
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุณุจุนูŠู†ุงุชุŒ
ูˆุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ู„ู„ู‡ูˆุงุฉ
ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู…ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑุฉ ูƒูุงูŠุฉ.
02:03
just wasn't there yet.
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02:05
So Dad continued to do this kind of work by hand.
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ู„ุฐุง ุชุงุจุน ุฃุจูŠ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‘ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ูŠุฏูˆูŠู‘ุงุŒ
02:09
And a few years later,
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ูˆุจุถุน ุณู†ูˆุงุช ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู„ุงุญู‚ุŒ
02:11
he was diagnosed with cancer.
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ุชู…ู‘ ุชุดุฎูŠุตู‡ ุจุงู„ุณู‘ุฑุทุงู†.
02:15
You see,
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ุชุฑู‰ุŒ ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุจู†ุงุฆู‡
02:17
what the robot we were trying to build was telling him
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฑูุน ุงู„ุฃุซู‚ุงู„.
02:20
was not about doing the heavy lifting.
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02:22
It was a warning
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ูƒุงู† ุชุญุฐูŠุฑุง ุญูˆู„ ุชุนุฑู‘ุถู‡ ู„ู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณุงู…ุฉ.
02:23
about his exposure to the toxic chemicals.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฃุจูŠ ู„ู… ูŠุฑุฏ ุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุญูŠู†ู‡ุงุŒ
02:27
He didn't recognize that at the time,
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02:29
and he contracted leukemia.
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ูˆุฃุตุงุจู‡ ุณุฑุทุงู† ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ
02:31
And he died at the age of 45.
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ุซู…ู‘ ุชูˆููŠ ููŠ ุณู† ุงู„45.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฏู…ู‘ุฑู†ูŠ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
02:35
I was devastated by this.
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02:37
And I never forgot the robot that he and I tried to build.
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ูˆู„ู… ุฃู†ุณ ุฃุจุฏุง ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุญุงูˆู„ู†ุง ุจู†ุงุกู‡ ู…ุนุง.
02:42
When I was at college, I decided to study engineering, like him.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉุŒ ู‚ุฑู‘ุฑุช ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉุŒ ู…ุซู„ู‡.
ูˆุฐู‡ุจุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ูƒุงุฑู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู…ูŠู„ูˆู†ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุงู‡ ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชูŠู‘ุงุช.
02:47
And I went to Carnegie Mellon, and I earned my PhD in robotics.
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02:51
I've been studying robots ever since.
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ู‚ู…ุช ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฑู‘ูˆุจูˆุชุงุช ู…ู†ุฐ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญูŠู†.
02:54
So what I'd like to tell you about are four robot projects,
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ู„ุฐุง ู…ุง ุฃูˆู‘ุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ุนู†ู‡ ู‡ูŠ
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุน ุฑูˆุจูˆุช
ูˆูƒูŠู ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุฃูˆุญุช ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃูƒูˆู† ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุง ุฃูุถู„.
02:59
and how they've inspired me to be a better human.
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03:06
By 1993, I was a young professor at USC,
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ุจุญู„ูˆู„ ุนุงู… 1993ุŒ ูƒู†ุช ุฃุณุชุงุฐุง ุดุงุจู‘ุง ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุฌู†ูˆุจ ูƒุงู„ูŠููˆุฑู†ูŠุงุŒ
03:11
and I was just building up my own robotics lab,
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ูˆูƒู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ุจู†ูŠุช ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงุตู‘ ุจูŠุŒ
03:14
and this was the year the World Wide Web came out.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุตุฏุฑุช ููŠู‡ุง ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช.
03:18
And I remember my students were the ones who told me about it,
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ูˆุฃุชุฐูƒู‘ุฑ ุฃู†ู‘ ุชู„ุงู…ุฐุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู‡ู…
ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุนู„ู…ูˆู†ูŠ ุจุฐู„ูƒุŒ
03:21
and we would -- we were just amazed.
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ูˆูƒู†ู‘ุง -- ูƒู†ู‘ุง ูู‚ุท ู…ุฐู‡ูˆู„ูŠู†.
03:23
We started playing with this, and that afternoon,
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ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุงู„ู„ู‘ุนุจ ุจู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุจุนุฏ ุธู‡ุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
03:27
we realized that we could use this new, universal interface
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ุฃุฏุฑูƒู†ุง ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ
03:31
to allow anyone in the world to operate the robot in our lab.
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ู„ู„ุณู…ุงุญ ู„ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
ุจุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ุฑู‘ูˆุจูˆุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง.
ู„ุฐุงุŒ ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุชุงู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠุฉุŒ
03:37
So, rather than have it fight or do industrial work,
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03:42
we decided to build a planter,
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ู‚ุฑู‘ุฑู†ุง ุจู†ุงุก ุฃุตูŠุตุŒ
03:44
put the robot into the center of it,
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ูˆูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒู‡ุŒ
03:46
and we called it the Telegarden.
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ูˆ ุณู…ู‘ูŠู†ุงู‡ (Telegarden).
03:49
And we had put a camera in the gripper of the hand of the robot,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูˆุถุนู†ุง ูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุง ููŠ ู…ู…ุณูƒ ูŠุฏู‡
ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุŒ ูˆูƒุชุจู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุตูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ
03:54
and we wrote some special scripts and software,
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ูˆุจุฑู…ุฌูŠู‘ุงุช ุญุชู‘ู‰ ูŠุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ุฃูŠู‘ ุดุฎุต ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุฃู† ูŠุฏุฎู„
03:57
so that anyone in the world could come in,
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ูˆุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู†ู‘ู‚ุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุงุดุฉ
03:59
and by clicking on the screen,
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04:01
they could move the robot around and visit the garden.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ุฑู‘ูˆุจูˆุช
ูˆ ุฒูŠุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ.
04:05
But we also set up some other software
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ูˆู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฅุนุฏุงุฏ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰
04:09
that lets you participate and help us water the garden, remotely.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ูˆู…ุณุงุนุฏุชู†ุง ููŠ ุณู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ
ุนู† ุจุนุฏุŒ ูˆุฅู† ู‚ู…ุช ุจุณู‚ูŠู‡ุง ุนุฏู‘ุฉ ู…ุฑุงุชุŒ
04:13
And if you watered it a few times,
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04:15
we'd give you your own seed to plant.
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ุณูˆู ู†ู‚ุฏู‘ู… ู„ูƒู… ุจุฐูˆุฑูƒู… ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตู‘ุฉ.
04:19
Now, this was an engineering project,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุดุฑูˆุนุงุŒ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠู‘ุŒ
04:22
and we published some papers on the system design of it,
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ูˆู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจู†ุดุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุชู‘ุตู…ูŠู…ุŒ
ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ู†ู‘ุธุงู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ุฃูŠุถุง ู†ุนุชุจุฑู‡
04:26
but we also thought of it as an art installation.
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ูƒุชุซุจูŠุช ูู†ู‘ูŠ.
04:30
It was invited, after the first year,
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ุชู…ู‘ ุงุณุชุฏุนุงุคู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู‘ู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ุŒ
04:32
by the Ars Electronica Museum in Austria,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุชุญู ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠูƒุง ุฃุฑุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‘ู…ุณุง
04:35
to have it installed in their lobby.
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ุชู…ู‘ ุนุฑุถู‡ ููŠ ุฑุฏู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญูุŒ
ูˆูŠุณุนุฏู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ
04:39
And I'm happy to say, it remained online there, 24 hours a day,
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24 ุณุงุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุชุณุน ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง.
04:43
for almost nine years.
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04:46
That robot was operated by more people
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฑู‘ูˆุจูˆุช ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุดุบู‘ู„ู‡ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุณ
04:50
than any other robot in history.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูŠู‘ ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ.
04:53
Now, one day,
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ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃูŠู‘ุงู…ุŒ
04:54
I got a call out of the blue from a student,
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ุชู„ู‚ู‘ูŠุช ู…ูƒุงู„ู…ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชูˆู‚ู‘ุนุฉ
ู…ู† ุทุงู„ุจุŒ
04:59
who asked a very simple but profound question.
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ุณุฃู„ู†ูŠ ุณุคุงู„ุงู‹ ุจุณูŠุทุง ุฌุฏู‘ุง ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุนู…ูŠู‚.
ูˆู‚ุงู„ุŒ "ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑู‘ูˆุจูˆุช ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠู‘ุŸ"
05:04
He said, "Is the robot real?"
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05:08
Now, everyone else had assumed it was,
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ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ูƒุงู† ูŠูุชุฑุถ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูƒุงู† ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ
05:10
and we knew it was, because we were working with it.
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ูˆูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุนู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡.
05:13
But I knew what he meant,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู… ุฃูƒู† ุฃุนู„ู… ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ุตุฏู‡ุŒ
05:14
because it would be possible
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃุฎุฐ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ
05:16
to take a bunch of pictures of flowers in a garden
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ู„ู„ุฒู‘ู‡ูˆุฑ ููŠ ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฅุฏุฎุงู„ู‡ุง
05:19
and then, basically, index them in a computer system,
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ููŠ ู†ุธุงู… ุญุงุณูˆุจูŠู‘ ุณูˆู ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
05:22
such that it would appear that there was a real robot,
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ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠู‘ ุฑุบู… ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุนูƒุณ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ.
05:25
when there wasn't.
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05:27
And the more I thought about it,
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ูˆูƒู„ู…ุง ููƒู‘ุฑุช ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนุŒ ู„ู… ุฃุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ู…ู† ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ
05:28
I couldn't think of a good answer for how he could tell the difference.
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ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุฌูŠู‘ุฏุฉ ู„ูƒูŠููŠู‘ุฉ ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ู‡ ู…ู† ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ูุฑู‚.
ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุนุฑุถุช ุนู„ูŠู‘ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ
05:32
This was right about the time that I was offered a position
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ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุจูŠุฑูƒู„ูŠุŒ
05:35
here at Berkeley.
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05:36
And when I got here,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูˆุตู„ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุจุญุซุช ุนู† ุฃูˆุจูŠุฑ ุฏุฑูŠููˆุณุŒ
05:38
I looked up Hubert Dreyfus,
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05:40
who's a world-renowned professor of philosophy,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃุณุชุงุฐ ูู„ุณูุฉ ุฐ ุง ุดู‡ุฑุฉ ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ
05:44
And I talked with him about this and he said,
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ูˆุชุญุฏู‘ุซุช ู…ุนู‡ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ูˆู‚ุงู„:
"ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุฃู‚ุฏู… ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู‡ู…ู‘ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„
05:47
"This is one of the oldest and most central problems in philosophy.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูู„ุณูุฉ. ุชุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนุตุฑ ุงู„ุดูƒู‘ูˆูƒูŠู‘ูŠู†ุŒ
05:51
It goes back to the Skeptics and up through Descartes.
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ูˆ ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุฏูŠูƒุงุฑุช.
05:55
It's the issue of epistemology,
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉุŒ
05:58
the study of how do we know that something is true."
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ูƒูŠููŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃู†ู‘ ุดูŠุฆุง ู…ุง ุตุญูŠุญ. "
06:02
So he and I started working together,
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ุซู…ู‘ ุจุฏุฃุช ุฃู†ุง ูˆู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุนุงุŒ
06:04
and we coined a new term: "telepistemology,"
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู…ู† ุตุงุบ ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ: telepistemologyุŒ
ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฑู ุนู† ุจุนุฏ.
06:08
the study of knowledge at a distance.
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06:11
We invited leading artists, engineers and philosophers
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฏุนูˆุฉ ูƒุจุงุฑ ุงู„ูู†ุงู†ูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠู†ุŒ
ูˆุงู„ูู„ุงุณูุฉ ู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู„ุงุช ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนุŒ
06:15
to write essays about this,
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06:17
and the results are collected in this book from MIT Press.
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌุŒ ุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ุชู…ู‘ ุฌู…ุนู‡ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ
ู…ู† ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ู…ุงุณุงุชุดูˆุณุชุณ ู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุตุญุงูุฉ.
06:21
So thanks to this student,
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุจูุถู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุงู„ุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุดูƒู‘ูƒ
06:24
who questioned what everyone else had assumed to be true,
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ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ู‡ ุงู„ุจู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
06:27
this project taught me an important lesson about life,
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุนู„ู‘ู…ู†ูŠ ุฏุฑุณุง ู‡ุงู…ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŒ
06:31
which is to always question assumptions.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุฃุดูƒู‘ูƒ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุงูุชุฑุงุถุงุช.
06:35
Now, the second project I'll tell you about
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุณุฃุญุฏู‘ุซูƒู… ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ
06:38
grew out of the Telegarden.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุดุฃ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุฃูˆู„.
06:40
As it was operating, my students and I were very interested
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ุนู†ุฏ ุนู…ู„ู‡ุŒ ูƒู†ุช ุฃู†ุง ูˆ ุทู„ู‘ุงุจูŠ ู…ู‡ุชู…ู‘ูŠู† ุฌุฏู‘ุง
06:42
in how people were interacting with each other,
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ููŠ ูƒูŠููŠู‘ุฉ ุชูุงุนู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ู… ุงู„ุจุนุถ
06:45
and what they were doing with the garden.
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ูˆู…ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุจุงู„ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชู‘ููƒูŠุฑุŒ ู…ุง ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุฃู† ูŠุบุงุฏุฑ
06:47
So we started thinking:
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06:48
what if the robot could leave the garden
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ุงู„ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจูŠุฆุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰
06:50
and go out into some other interesting environment?
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ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ
06:53
Like, for example, what if it could go to a dinner party
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ู…ุซู„ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุฐู‡ุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญูู„ ุนุดุงุก
ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุช ุงู„ุฃุจูŠุถุŸ (ุถุญูƒ)
06:56
at the White House?
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06:57
(Laughter)
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07:00
So, because we were interested more in the system design
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ูˆู„ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู…ู‡ุชู…ู‘ูŠู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ู†ุธุงู…
07:03
and the user interface than in the hardware,
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ูˆูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉุŒ
07:06
we decided that,
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ู‚ุฑู‘ุฑู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†
07:08
rather than have a robot replace the human to go to the party,
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ูŠุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ุฑู‘ูˆุจูˆุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุญูู„ุฉ ุนูˆุถ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ
07:12
we'd have a human replace the robot.
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ุณูŠู‚ูˆู… ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุจุฃุฎุฐ ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช.
07:15
We called it the Tele-Actor.
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ูˆุณู…ู‘ูŠู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุจTele-Actor.
07:17
We got a human,
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ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ
07:20
someone who's very outgoing and gregarious,
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ุดุฎุต ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠู‘ ุฌุฏู‘ุง ูˆู…ุญุจู‘ ู„ู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌุŒ
07:23
and she was outfitted with a helmet with various equipment,
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ูˆุชู…ู‘ ุชุฌู‡ูŠุฒู‡ุง ุจุฎูˆุฐุฉ
ู…ุน ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุงู„ู…ุนุฏุงุช ูˆุงู„ูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆููˆู†ุงุชุŒ
07:27
cameras and microphones,
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07:28
and then a backpack with wireless Internet connection.
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ุซู…ู‘ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุธู‡ุฑูŠู‘ ุจุงุชู‘ุตุงู„ ู„ุงุณู„ูƒูŠู‘ ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุชุŒ
07:32
And the idea was that she could go
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ูˆุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุณุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ุจูŠุฆุงุช
07:35
into a remote and interesting environment,
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ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุซู…ู‘ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุชุŒ
07:37
and then over the Internet,
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07:39
people could experience what she was experiencing.
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ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุจู…ุดุงุฑูƒุชู‡ุง ุชุฌุฑุจุชู‡ุงุŒ
07:42
So they could see what she was seeing,
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ุฅุฐ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุจุตุฏุฏ ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุŒ
07:45
but then, more importantly, they could participate,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ู‘ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู‚ุงุฏุฑูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ
07:49
by interacting with each other and coming up with ideas
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ูˆุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ู… ุงู„ุจุนุถ
ูˆุทุฑุญ ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุญูˆู„ ู…ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ู‡ ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ
07:53
about what she should do next and where she should go,
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ูˆุฃูŠู† ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ุชุฐู‡ุจุŒ
07:57
and then conveying those to the Tele-Actor.
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ุซู…ู‘ ู†ู‚ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„Tele-Actor.
08:01
So we got a chance to take the Tele-Actor
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ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ู†ู‚ู„ Tele-Actor
08:03
to the Webby Awards in San Francisco.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุญูู„ ุฌูˆุงุฆุฒ ูˆูŠุจูŠ ููŠ ุณุงู† ูุฑุงู†ุณูŠุณูƒูˆุŒ
08:07
And that year, Sam Donaldson was the host.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู…ุŒ ูƒุงู† ุณุงู… ุฏูˆู†ุงู„ุฏุณูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุถูŠู.
ูู‚ุท ู‚ุจู„ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ุณุชุงุฑุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏูŠู‘ 30 ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ
08:12
Just before the curtain went up, I had about 30 seconds
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ู„ุดุฑุญ ู„ู„ุณูŠุฏ ุฏูˆู†ุงู„ุฏุณูˆู† ู…ุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ุณู†ูุนู„ุŒ
08:15
to explain to Mr. Donaldson what we were going to do.
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ู‚ู„ุช ู„ู‡:"Tele-Actor
08:20
And I said, "The Tele-Actor is going to be joining you onstage.
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ุณูŠู†ุถู…ู‘ ุฅู„ูŠูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุดุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญุŒ
08:23
This is a new experimental project,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุชุฌุฑูŠุจูŠ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุŒ
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู†ุงุณ ูŠุฑุงู‚ุจูˆู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุดุงุดุงุชู‡ู…ุŒ
08:26
and people are watching her on their screens,
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08:28
there's cameras involved and there's microphones
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุฒู‘ูˆุฏุฉ ุจูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุงุช ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ
ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆููˆู†ุงุช ูˆุณู…ู‘ุงุนุฉ ููŠ ุฅุฐู†ู‡ุงุŒ
08:31
and she's got an earbud in her ear,
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08:33
and people over the network are giving her advice
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจู†ุตุญู‡ุง
ุญูˆู„ ู…ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนู…ู„ู‡. "
08:36
about what to do next."
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ูˆุฃุฌุงุจู†ูŠ:" ู…ู‡ู„ุงุŒ
08:37
And he said, "Wait a second.
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08:39
That's what I do."
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡." (ุถุญูƒ)
08:41
(Laughter)
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08:46
So he loved the concept,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุญุจู‘ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉุŒ
08:47
and when the Tele-Actor walked onstage, she walked right up to him,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู…ุดู‰ Tele-Actor ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุดุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญุŒ
ุชูˆุฌู‘ู‡ุช ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ู†ุญูˆุฉ ูˆ ู‚ุจู‘ู„ุชู‡
08:52
and she gave him a big kiss right on the lips.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุดูุงู‡ู‡. (ุถุญูƒ)
08:54
(Laughter)
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08:56
We were totally surprised -- we had no idea that would happen.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ููˆุฌุฆู†ุง ุชู…ุงู…ุง.
ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃุฏู†ู‰ ุฃู†ู‘ ุฐู„ูƒ ุณูŠุญุฏุซ.
08:59
And he was great, he just gave her a big hug in return,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุณุงู… ู„ุทูŠูุง ูˆ ุฃุนุทุงู‡ุง ุนู†ุงู‚ุง ูƒุจูŠุฑุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุŒ
09:02
and it worked out great.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฑุงุฆุนุง.
09:03
But that night, as we were packing up,
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุณุชุนุฏู‘ ู„ู„ู…ุบุงุฏุฑุฉุŒ
09:05
I asked the Tele-Actor, how did the Tele-Directors decide
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ุณุฃู„ุช Tele-ActorุŒ ูƒูŠู ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒูˆู† ุจุงู‚ุชุฑุงุญ
ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุณุชู‚ุจู‘ู„ ุณุงู… ุฏูˆู†ุงู„ุฏุณูˆู†ุŸ
09:10
that they would give a kiss to Sam Donaldson?
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09:15
And she said they hadn't.
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ุฃุฌุงุจุชู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ู… ูŠูุนู„ูˆุง.
09:17
She said, when she was just about to walk onstage,
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ูˆู‚ุงู„ุช ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุณุชุชูˆุฌู‘ู‡ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุฑู‘ูƒุญุŒ
09:19
the Tele-Directors still were trying to agree on what to do,
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒูˆู† ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ูˆู† ูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุงุชู‘ูุงู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุฌุจู‡ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุŒ
09:22
and so she just walked onstage and did what felt most natural.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู…ุง ูุนู„ุชู‡ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุดูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุดุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญ ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู…
ู…ุง ุจุฏู‰ ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุทุจูŠุนูŠู‘ุฉ. (ุถุญูƒ)
09:26
(Laughter)
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09:30
So, the success of the Tele-Actor that night
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ู†ุฌุงุญ Tele-Actor ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉ
09:33
was due to the fact that she was a wonderful actor.
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ูŠุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู…ุซู‘ู„ุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ.
09:37
She knew when to trust her instincts.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุนุฑู ู…ุชู‰ ุชุซู‚ ุจุบุฑุงุฆุฒู‡ุงุŒ
09:40
And so that project taught me another lesson about life,
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ุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุนู„ู‘ู…ู†ูŠ ุฏุฑุณุง ุขุฎุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŒ
09:44
which is that, when in doubt, improvise.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุดู‘ูƒุŒ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ุงุฑุชุฌุงู„. (ุถุญูƒ)
09:48
(Laughter)
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09:50
Now, the third project grew out of my experience
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ุฃู…ู‘ุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุซู‘ุงู„ุซ ูู‚ุฏ ู†ู…ุง ู…ู†
ุชุฌุฑุจุชูŠ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุดูู‰.
09:55
when my father was in the hospital.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุฎุถุน ู„ุนู„ุงุฌุŒ
09:59
He was undergoing a treatment -- chemotherapy treatments --
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ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนู„ุงุฌ ุฐุงุช ุตู„ุฉ
10:02
and there's a related treatment called brachytherapy,
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ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฅุดุนุงุนูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉุŒ ุญูŠุซ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ุดุนู‘ุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ
10:06
where tiny, radioactive seeds are placed into the body
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ุชูˆุถุน ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑุงู… ุงู„ุณุฑุทุงู†ูŠุฉ.
10:10
to treat cancerous tumors.
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10:13
And the way it's done, as you can see here,
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ูˆุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุนู…ู„ู‡ุงุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
10:15
is that surgeons insert needles into the body
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญูŠู† ูŠุฏุฑุฌูˆู† ุงู„ุฅุจุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู…
10:20
to deliver the seeds.
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ู„ุฅุฏุฎุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉุŒ ูˆูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ
10:21
And all these needles are inserted in parallel.
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ูƒู„ู‘ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุจุฑ ูŠุชู…ู‘ ุบุฑุณู‡ุง ู…ุชุนุงู…ุฏุฉุŒ
10:26
So it's very common that some of the needles penetrate sensitive organs.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุงุฆุน ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฃู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฅุจุฑ
ุชุฎุชุฑู‚ ุฃุนุถุงุก ุญุณู‘ุงุณุฉุŒ ูˆู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ
10:32
And as a result, the needles damage these organs, cause damage,
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ุงู„ุฅุจุฑ ุชุณุจู‘ุจ ุฃุถุฑุงุฑุง ู„ู„ุฃุนุถุงุกุŒ
10:39
which leads to trauma and side effects.
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ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตุฏู…ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุขุซุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจูŠู‘ุฉ.
10:42
So my students and I wondered:
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ุชุณุงุกู„ุช ู…ุน ุทู„ู‘ุงุจูŠุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ูˆ ุฃู…ูƒู†ู†ุง
10:44
what if we could modify the system,
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ุชุนุฏูŠู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู…
10:48
so that the needles could come in at different angles?
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ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุฅุจุฑ ู…ู† ุฒูˆุงูŠุง ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŸ
10:52
So we simulated this;
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ุญุงูƒุงุฉ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ูˆูˆุถุนู†ุง ุจุนุถ
10:54
we developed some optimization algorithms and we simulated this.
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ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุงุช ูˆู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจู…ุญุงูƒุงุฉ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
10:57
And we were able to show
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ูˆูƒู†ุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฌู†ู‘ุจ
10:58
that we are able to avoid the delicate organs,
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ุงู„ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ุญุณู‘ุงุณุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ
11:01
and yet still achieve the coverage of the tumors with the radiation.
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ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑุงู… ุจุงู„ุฅุดุนุงุน.
11:07
So now, we're working with doctors at UCSF
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ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ุฃุทุจู‘ุงุก ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ูƒุงู„ูŠููˆุฑู†ูŠุง ุจุณุงู† ูุฑุงู†ุณูŠูƒูˆ
11:10
and engineers at Johns Hopkins,
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ูˆู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุฌูˆู†ุฒ ู‡ูˆุจูƒู†ุฒ
11:13
and we're building a robot that has a number of --
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ู„ุจู†ุงุก ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู†ุŒ
11:17
it's a specialized design with different joints
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ู‡ูˆ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ู…ุชุฎุตู‘ุต ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ูุงุตู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุณู…ุญ
11:19
that can allow the needles to come in at an infinite variety of angles.
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ุงู„ุฅุจุฑ ูŠุฃุชูŠ ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ุชู†ูˆุนุฉ ู„ุง ุญุตุฑ ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠุงุŒ
11:24
And as you can see here, they can avoid delicate organs
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุชุชุฌู†ู‘ุจ ุงู„ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ุงู„ุญุณุงุณุฉ
ูˆู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ุชุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู‡ุฏุงูู‡ุง.
11:28
and still reach the targets they're aiming for.
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ู‡ูƒุฐุงุŒ ุจุงู„ุชุดูƒูŠูƒ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงูุชุฑุงุถ ุฃู†ู‘ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฅุจุฑ
11:32
So, by questioning this assumption that all the needles have to be parallel,
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุชูˆุงุฒูŠุฉุŒ ุนู„ู‘ู…ู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุฃูŠุถุง
11:37
this project also taught me an important lesson:
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ุฏุฑุณุง ู‡ุงู…ู‘ุง: ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุดูƒ-
11:40
When in doubt, when your path is blocked, pivot.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุบู„ู‚ ุงู„ุณู‘ุจู„ ุฃู…ุงู…ูƒุŒ ุงู†ุธุฑ ู…ู† ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
11:45
And the last project also has to do with medical robotics.
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ุฃูŠุถุง ู…ุฑุชุจุท ุจุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช ุงู„ุทุจูŠุฉ.
11:50
And this is something that's grown out of a system
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุดูŠุก ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ู†ู…ุง ู…ู† ู†ุธุงู… ูŠุณู…ู‘ู‰
11:53
called the da Vinci surgical robot.
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ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุฏุง ููŠู†ุดูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญูŠู‘ุŒ
11:57
And this is a commercially available device.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู…ุชูˆูุฑ ุชุฌุงุฑูŠุงู‹.
12:00
It's being used in over 2,000 hospitals around the world.
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ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 2000 ู…ุณุชุดูู‰ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
ูˆุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุณู…ุญ ู„ู„ุฌุฑุงุญ
12:04
The idea is it allows the surgeon to operate comfortably
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ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุฑูŠุญ ููŠ ุฅุทุงุฑู‡ ุงู„ุชู†ุณูŠู‚ูŠู‘ ุงู„ุฎุงุตู‘ุŒ
12:08
in his own coordinate frame.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงู… ุงู„ูุฑุนูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ
12:12
Many of the subtasks in surgery are very routine and tedious, like suturing,
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ู‡ูŠ ุฑูˆุชูŠู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆู…ู…ู„ุฉ ุฌุฏู‘ุงุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุทุฉุŒ
12:18
and currently, all of these are performed
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ูˆุญุงู„ูŠุงุŒ ูŠุชู… ุชู†ููŠุฐ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡
12:20
under the specific and immediate control of the surgeon.
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ุชุญุช ุณูŠุทุฑุฉ ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ูˆููˆุฑูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญุŒ
12:25
So the surgeon becomes fatigued over time.
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ู„ุฐุง ูŠุชุนุจ ุงู„ุฌุฑู‘ุงุญ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†.
ูˆ ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุชุณุงุกู„ุŒ
12:28
And we've been wondering,
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12:29
what if we could program the robot to perform some of these subtasks,
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ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุจุฑู…ุฌุฉ ุฑูˆุจูˆุช
ู„ุฃุฏุงุก ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงู… ุงู„ูุฑุนูŠุฉุŒ
12:33
and thereby free the surgeon
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ู„ูุณุญ ู…ุฌุงู„ ู„ู„ุฌุฑุงุญูŠู† ู„ู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ
12:35
to focus on the more complicated parts of the surgery,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญูŠุฉุŒ
12:38
and also cut down on the time that the surgery would take
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ูˆ ูŠุชูŠุญ ุฃูŠุถุง ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุณุชุบุฑู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ
12:41
if we could get the robot to do them a little bit faster?
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ุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุง ุฃุณุฑุน ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ุŸ
12:44
Now, it's hard to program a robot to do delicate things like this.
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุจุฑู…ุฌุฉ ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุญุณุงุณุฉ
ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„ุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุชุจูŠู‘ู† ุฃู†ู‘ ุฒู…ูŠู„ูŠ ุจูŠุชุฑ ุฃุจู„ุŒ
12:48
But it turns out my colleague Pieter Abbeel, who's here at Berkeley,
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ู…ู† ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุจูŠุฑูƒู„ูŠุŒ ู‚ุงู… ุจุชุทูˆูŠุฑ
12:53
has developed a new set of techniques for teaching robots from example.
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ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช ู…ู† ู…ุซุงู„.
12:59
So he's gotten robots to fly helicopters,
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช ุชู‚ูˆุฏ ุทุงุฆุฑุงุช ุงู„ู‡ู„ูŠูƒูˆุจุชุฑุŒ
13:01
do incredibly interesting, beautiful acrobatics,
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ูˆ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุญุฑูƒุงุช ุจู‡ู„ูˆุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ ูˆ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌูˆุŒ
13:05
by watching human experts fly them.
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ูู‚ุท ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุก ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠู‘ูŠู† ูŠุทูŠุฑูˆู†.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช.
13:08
So we got one of these robots.
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13:10
We started working with Pieter and his students.
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ูˆ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ุจูŠุชุฑ ูˆุทู„ุงุจู‡ุŒ
13:12
And we asked a surgeon to perform a task --
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ูˆุทู„ุจู†ุง ู…ู† ุทุจูŠุจ ุฌุฑู‘ุงุญ ุฃู† ูŠุฌุฑูŠ
ู…ู‡ู…ุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆุŒ
13:18
with the robot.
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13:19
So what we're doing is asking the surgeon to perform the task,
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ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู†ุทู„ุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุŒ
ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉุŒ
13:22
and we record the motions of the robot.
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ูˆู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุณุฌูŠู„ ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช.
13:25
So here's an example.
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ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ู…ุซุงู„ุง ุจุณูŠุทุงุŒ ุณุฃุณุชุฎุฏู… ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฑู‚ู… ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ
13:26
I'll use tracing out a figure eight as an example.
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ูˆู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุฑู‘ู‚ู… ูƒู…ุซุงู„.
ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช
13:30
So here's what it looks like when the robot --
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13:33
this is what the robot's path looks like, those three examples.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุงู… ุจุฑุณู…ู‡ ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุŒ
ู‡ุฐู‡ 3 ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ.
13:36
Now, those are much better than what a novice like me could do,
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุฃูุถู„ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู…ู‘ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู…ุจุชุฏุฆ
ู…ุซู„ูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠู‚ูˆู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ู…ุชุดู†ุฌุฉ ูˆุบูŠุฑ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
13:41
but they're still jerky and imprecise.
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13:43
So we record all these examples, the data,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุณุฌูŠู„ ุฌู…ูŠุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุชุŒ
ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู†ุชู‚ุฏู‘ู… ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุงุช.
13:46
and then go through a sequence of steps.
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ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹ุŒ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ dynamic time warping
13:50
First, we use a technique called dynamic time warping
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13:53
from speech recognition.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู‘ุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎุทุงุจุŒ ูˆู…ูƒู‘ู†ุชู†ุง ู…ู†
13:54
And this allows us to temporally align all of the examples.
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ู…ุญุงุฐุงุฉ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ูˆู‚ุชูŠู‘ุงุŒ
13:58
And then we apply Kalman filtering, a technique from control theory,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุทุจูŠู‚ ู…ุตูุงุช ูƒุงู„ู…ุงู†ุŒ
ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู…ุŒ ุชุณู…ุญ ู„ู†ุง
14:04
that allows us to statistically analyze all the noise
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ู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุตูˆุงุช ุงุญุตุงุฆูŠู‘ุง
ุซู…ู‘ ุงุณุชุฎุฑุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูƒู…ู† ูˆุฑุงุกู‡ุง.
14:07
and extract the desired trajectory that underlies them.
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14:13
Now we take those human demonstrations --
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฃู† ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ุชู„ูƒ
14:15
they're all noisy and imperfect --
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ุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุงุช ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุงู„ู…ุดูˆุจุฉ
14:17
and we extract from them an inferred task trajectory
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ูˆู†ุณุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุณุงุฑ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุชู… ุงุณุชู†ุชุงุฌู‡
14:20
and control sequence for the robot.
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ูˆุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุชุณู„ุณู„ ู„ู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช.
14:23
We then execute that on the robot,
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ู†ุญู† ุซู… ุชู†ููŠุฐ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุŒ
14:25
we observe what happens,
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ูˆู†ู„ุงุญุธ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซุŒ
14:27
then we adjust the controls,
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ุซู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ุถุจุท ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช
14:28
using a sequence of techniques called iterative learning.
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ุชุณู…ู‘ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ุชูƒุฑุงุฑูŠู‘.
14:33
Then what we do is we increase the velocity a little bit.
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ุซู… ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ูˆู†ุญู† ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹.
14:37
We observe the results, adjust the controls again,
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ูˆู†ู„ุงุญุธ ุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌุŒ ูˆู†ุถุจุท ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
ูˆู†ุฑุงู‚ุจ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ.
14:41
and observe what happens.
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14:43
And we go through this several rounds.
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ูˆู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุนุฏู‘ุฉ ู…ุฑู‘ุงุช.
14:45
And here's the result.
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ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ.
14:46
That's the inferred task trajectory,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุณุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉุŒ
14:48
and here's the robot moving at the speed of the human.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†.
14:51
Here's four times the speed of the human.
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ู‡ู†ุง ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุชู‚ุงุฑุจ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุถุนุงู ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†.
14:54
Here's seven times.
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ู‡ู†ุง ุณุจุน ู…ุฑุงุช.
14:57
And here's the robot operating at 10 times the speed of the human.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ูŠุดุชุบู„ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ 10 ุฃุถุนุงู
ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†.
15:02
So we're able to get a robot to perform a delicate task
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุญู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุญุณุงุณุฉุŒ
15:05
like a surgical subtask,
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ู…ุซู„ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ูุฑุนูŠุฉ ุฌุฑุงุญูŠุฉุŒ
15:09
at 10 times the speed of a human.
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ุจุณุฑุนุฉ 10 ุฃุถุนุงู ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†.
15:12
So this project also,
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ู„ุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุฃูŠุถุงุŒ ุจุณุจุจ ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ
15:14
because of its involved practicing and learning,
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ูˆุงู„ุชุนู„ู…ุŒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุฑุงุฑุง ูˆุชูƒุฑุงุฑุงุŒ
15:17
doing something over and over again,
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15:18
this project also has a lesson, which is:
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ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุฃูŠุถุง ุฏุฑุณุง
15:21
if you want to do something well,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ ุดูŠุฆุง ุจุงุชู‚ุงู†ุŒ
ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุจุงู„ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ุซู…ู‘ ุงู„ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ.
15:25
there's no substitute for practice, practice, practice.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู„ู…ุชู‡ุง
15:33
So these are four of the lessons that I've learned from robots
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŒ
15:36
over the years.
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ูˆุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุชุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชูŠุงุช ุฃูุถู„ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ
15:39
And the field of robotics has gotten much better over time.
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ู…ุน ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
15:46
Nowadays, high school students can build robots,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุญุงุถุฑุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช
15:48
like the industrial robot my dad and I tried to build.
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุญุงูˆู„ุช ุจู†ุงุกู‡ ู…ุน ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ.
15:52
But, it's very -- now ...
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ูˆุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู‘ ุงุจู†ุฉุŒ
15:55
And now, I have a daughter,
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15:59
named Odessa.
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ุงุณู…ู‡ุง (ุฃูˆุฏูŠุณุง).
16:01
She's eight years old.
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ุชุจู„ุบ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ 8 ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŒ
16:03
And she likes robots, too.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุญุจ ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุชุŒ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
16:05
Maybe it runs in the family.
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ุฑุจู‘ู…ุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูˆุฑุงุซูŠู‘. (ุถุญูƒ)
16:07
(Laughter)
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16:08
I wish she could meet my dad.
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ุฃุชู…ู†ู‘ู‰ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุจุงู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ.
16:12
And now I get to teach her how things work,
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ุฃุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ู…ู† ุชุนู„ูŠู…ู‡ุง ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ
16:15
and we get to build projects together.
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ูˆู„ู†ุง ูุฑุตุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุน ู…ุนุงุŒ ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุชุณุงุกู„
16:17
And I wonder what kind of lessons she'll learn from them.
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ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุชุชุนู„ู‘ู…ู‡ุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง.
16:22
Robots are the most human of our machines.
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ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช ู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ
ู…ู† ุขู„ุงุชู†ุง.
16:26
They can't solve all of the world's problems,
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุญู„ู‘ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
16:29
but I think they have something important to teach us.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุดูŠุก ู…ู‡ู… ู„ูŠุนู„ู‘ู…ูˆู†ุง ุฅูŠู‘ุงู‡.
16:34
I invite all of you
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุฏุนูˆูƒู… ุฌู…ูŠุนุง ู„ู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑุงุช
16:36
to think about the innovations that you're interested in,
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ุงู„ู…ู‡ุชู…ู‘ูŠู† ุจู‡ุงุŒ
16:40
the machines that you wish for.
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ุงู„ุขู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ
16:43
And think about what they might be telling you.
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ูˆุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู†ู‡ ู„ูƒุŒ
ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ู„ุฏูŠู‘ ุญุฏุณุง
16:47
Because I have a hunch that many of our technological innovations,
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุŒ
16:50
the devices we dream about,
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ุงู„ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญู„ู… ุจู‡ุงุŒ
ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชู„ู‡ู…ู†ุง ู„ู†ูƒูˆู† ุจุดุฑุง ุฃูุถู„.
16:54
can inspire us to be better humans.
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16:57
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุง. (ุชุตููŠู‚)
16:59
(Applause)
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ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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