After billions of years of monotony, the universe is waking up | David Deutsch

147,703 views ใƒป 2019-11-05

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Ayman Hosny ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Riyad Almubarak
00:12
I'm thrilled to be talking to you by this high-tech method.
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ุฅู†ู†ูŠ ู…ุชุดูˆู‘ู‚ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ู„ู„ุชุญุฏุซ ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ุนุจุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง.
00:18
Of all humans who have ever lived,
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ุฅู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฎุงุถูˆุง ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŒ
00:20
the overwhelming majority would have found what we are doing here
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ุฃูˆ ู„ูˆ ุฃู† ุบุงู„ุจูŠุชูŽู‡ู… ุงู„ูƒุงุณุญุฉูŽ ุฑุฃุช ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
00:24
incomprehensible, unbelievable.
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ู„ูŽู…ุง ูˆูŽุนูŽูˆู’ู‡ ูˆู„ุง ุตุฏู‘ู‚ูˆู‡.
00:27
Because, for thousands of centuries,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู†ุฐ ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆู†ุŒ
00:30
in the dark time before the scientific revolution
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ
00:33
and the Enlightenment,
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ูˆุนุตุฑ ุงู„ุชู†ูˆูŠุฑุŒ
00:35
people had low expectations.
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ูƒุงู† ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู†ูŠ.
00:38
For their lives, for their descendants' lives.
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ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุฏู†ูŠุงู‡ู…ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุนูˆุงู„ู… ุฎู„ูุงุฆู‡ู….
00:41
Typically, they expected
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ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุฏุŒ ู„ู… ูŠุฃู…ู„ูˆุง
00:43
nothing significantly new or better to be achieved, ever.
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ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุดูŠุก ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู…ูŠุฒ ุฃูˆ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุดูŠุก ุฃูุถู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚.
00:48
This pessimism famously appears in the Bible,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุฒุนุฉ ุงู„ุชุดุงุคู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุดุงุฆุนุฉู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุณุŒ
00:53
in one of the few biblical passages with a named author.
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ููŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุณ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุชุญุช ู…ูุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุจุงุฑูŠ (ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚).
00:58
He's called Qohelet, he's an enigmatic chap.
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ูˆูŠูุฏุนู‰ "ูƒูˆู‡ูŠู„ูŠุช"ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฑุฌู„ ุบุงู…ุถ.
01:02
He wrote, "What has been is what will be,
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ูƒุชุจูŽ: "ุฅู†ู‘ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุณูˆู ูŠูƒูˆู†ุŒ
01:07
and what has been done is what will be done;
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ูˆุฅู†ู‘ ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุณูˆู ูŠุญุฏุซุ›
01:10
there is nothing new under the sun.
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ู„ุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏูŽ ุชุญุช ุงู„ุดู…ุณ.
01:14
Is there something of which it is said, 'Look, this is new.'
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ูˆู„ูˆ ุฃู† ุซู…ุฉ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ูŠู‚ุงู„ ู„ู‡ุŒ 'ุงู†ุธุฑุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏ'.
01:18
No, that thing was already done in the ages that came before us."
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ูƒู„ู‘ุงุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ุดูŠุก ู‚ุฏ ุญุฏุซ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ููŠ ุนุตูˆุฑู ุณุจู‚ุชู†ุง".
01:23
Qohelet was describing a world without novelty.
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ูŠุตู ูƒูˆู‡ูŠู„ูŠุช ุนุงู„ู…ู‹ุง ู„ุง ุงุจุชุฏุงุน ููŠู‡.
01:29
By novelty I mean something new in Qohelet's sense,
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุจุงู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุน ููŠ ู…ู†ุทู‚ ูƒูˆู‡ูŠู„ูŠุชุŒ
01:32
not merely something that's changed,
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุจุฃู† ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ุง ูŠุฌุฑูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑุŒ
01:35
but a significant change with lasting effects,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ู„ุงูุช ู„ู‡ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ู…ุณุชู…ุฑุŒ
01:38
where people really would say,
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ
01:40
"Look, this is new,"
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"ุงู†ุธุฑุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ุฌุฏูŠุฏ"ุŒ
01:42
and, preferably, "good."
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ูˆุจุตูŠุบุฉ ุงู„ุชูุถูŠู„ุŒ "ุฌูŠุฏ".
01:46
So, purely random changes aren't novelty.
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒุ› ูุฅู† ู…ุญุถ ุงู„ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑุงุช ุงู„ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ุจุฌุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ู…ู†ุทู‚ ูƒูˆู‡ูŠู„ูŠุช.
01:50
OK, Heraclitus did say a man can't step in the same river twice,
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงู„ ู‡ูŠุฑุงู‚ู„ูŠุทุณ ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฑุก ุฃู† ูŠู‚ู ุนู„ู‰ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ ู…ุฑุชูŠู†ุŒ
01:56
because it's not the same river, he's not the same man.
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ู„ุง ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุฌุฑุช ููŠู‡ ูˆุชุบูŠู‘ุฑุชุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุก ู†ูุณู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ.
01:59
But if the river is changing randomly,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠู‹ุงุŒ
02:03
it really is the same river.
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ูุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ูˆ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ ุฐุงุชู‡.
02:06
In contrast,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุถุŒ
02:07
if an idea in a mind spreads to other minds,
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ู„ูˆ ุฃู† ููƒุฑุฉ ููŠ ุฎูŽู„ูŽุฏ ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู†ุชุดุฑุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎู„ุฏ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†ุŒ
02:12
and changes lives for generations,
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ูˆุฃุญุฏุซุช ุชุบูŠูŠุฑู‹ุง ููŠ ุญูŠูˆุงุช ุฃุฌูŠุงู„ุŒ
02:15
that is novelty.
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ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุน.
02:17
Human life without novelty
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ุฅู† ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฏูˆู† ุงุจุชุฏุงุน
02:20
is life without creativity, without progress.
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ู‡ูŠ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฏูˆู† ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑุŒ ุฏูˆู† ุฅุญุฑุงุฒ ุชู‚ุฏู….
02:24
It's a static society, a zero-sum game.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุฌุงู…ุฏุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุญุตู„ุฉ ุตูุฑูŠุฉ.
02:28
That was the living hell in which Qohelet lived.
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ุชู„ูƒ ูƒุงู†ุช ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฌุญูŠู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุงุดู‡ุง ูƒูˆู‡ูŠู„ูŠุช.
02:32
Like everyone, until a few centuries ago.
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ูƒุดุฃู† ุฃูŠ ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ู‚ุฑูˆู† ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู…ุถุช.
02:36
It was hell, because for humans,
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุฌุญูŠู…ู‹ุงุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูˆุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุจุดุฑุŒ
02:40
suffering is intimately related to staticity.
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ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ุงุฉ ุชุฑุชุจุท ู…ุทู„ู‚ู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุฌู…ูˆุฏ.
02:44
Because staticity isn't just frustrating.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู…ูˆุฏ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฅุญุณุงุณ ุจุฎูŠุจุฉ ุฃู…ู„.
02:48
All sources of suffering --
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ุฅู† ูƒู„ ู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ุงุฉ...
02:50
famine, pandemics, incoming asteroids,
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ุงู„ู…ุฌุงุนุฉุŒ ูˆุชูุดู‘ูŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉุŒ ูˆุชู‡ุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠูƒุจุงุชุŒ
02:54
and things like war and slavery,
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ูˆู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฑูˆุจ ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชุนุจุงุฏุŒ
02:58
hurt people only until we have created the knowledge to prevent them.
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ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุถุฑุจ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ู†ูู‡ูŠุกูŽ ุงู„ุธุฑูˆู ู„ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู„ุชุญูˆู„ ุจูŠู†ู†ุง ูˆุจูŠู†ู‡ุง.
03:04
There's a story in Somerset Maugham's novel "Of Human Bondage"
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ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ุญูƒุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฑูˆุงูŠุฉ ุณูˆู…ุฑุณุช ู…ูˆู… "ุนู† ุงู„ุฑู‚ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ"
03:08
about an ancient sage
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ุนู† ุดุฎุต ุญูƒูŠู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ุงุก
03:10
who summarizes the entire history of mankind as,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ุฎู‘ุต ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุŒ ุจุฃู†ู‡:
03:16
"He was born,
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"ูŠููˆู„ูŽุฏุŒ
03:18
he suffered and he died."
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ุซู… ูŠุนุงู†ูŠุŒ ุซู… ูŠู…ูˆุช".
03:21
And it goes on:
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ูˆูŠุณุชุฑุณู„:
03:23
"Life was insignificant and death without consequence."
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"ุญูŠุงุฉูŒ ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ ูˆู…ูˆุชูŒ ุฏูˆู† ุนุงู‚ุจุฉ".
03:28
And indeed, the overwhelming majority of humans who have ever lived
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ูˆููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ ุฅู† ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจุฉ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุฏุจู‘ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
03:33
had lives of suffering and grueling labor,
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ู‚ุฏ ุฎุงุถ ุญูŠุงุฉู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ุงุฉ ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุดุงู‚ุฉุŒ
03:37
before dying young and in agony.
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ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ูŠู„ู‚ู‰ ุญุชูู‡ ุดุงุจู‹ุง ูˆู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุนุฐุงุจ ู…ู‚ูŠู….
03:41
And yes, in most generations
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ูˆุฏูˆู† ุดูƒุŒ ูุฅู† ููŠ ุบุงู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌูŠุงู„
03:45
nothing had any novel consequence for subsequent generations.
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ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ูŠุชุฎู„ู‘ู ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุฃุฌูŠุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุชู„ุงุญู‚ุฉ.
03:50
Nevertheless, when ancient people tried to explain their condition,
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ู„ูƒู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุญูŠู† ุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ุงุก ุฐูƒุฑ ุณูŠุฑุชู‡ู…ุŒ
03:58
they typically did so in grandiose cosmic terms.
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ู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ู†ุณู‚ ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ุฐูƒุฑูˆู‡ุง ููŠ ุนุจุงุฑุงุช ู…ูุฎู‘ู…ุฉ.
04:02
Which was the right thing to do, as it turns out.
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ุจุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ุณุจ ุดูŠุกุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠูุฑุงุฏ ู„ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูˆูŠุณุชู…ุฑ.
04:05
Even though their actual explanations, their myths,
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ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุณููŠูŽุฑู‡ู…ุŒ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃุณุงุทูŠุฑู‡ู…ุŒ
04:09
were largely false.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุญุถ ุฃูƒุงุฐูŠุจ.
04:11
Some tried to explain
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ุฅู† ุจุนุถู‡ู… ุญุงูˆู„ ุฐูƒุฑ
04:13
the grimness and monotony of their world
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ูƒุขุจุฉ ูˆุฑุชุงุจุฉ ุนุงู„ูŽู…ู‡
04:17
in terms of an endless cosmic war between good and evil,
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ูˆุชุบู„ูŠูู‡ุง ููŠ ุนุจุงุฑุงุช ุนู† ุญุฑุจ ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุง ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุชุฏูˆุฑ ุฑุญุงู‡ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุดุฑุŒ
04:22
in which humans were the battleground.
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ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ุณุงุญุฉู‹ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูƒุฉ.
04:25
Which neatly explained why their own experience was full of suffering,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุฑุจุท ุจูŠู† ู…ุง ุนุงุดูˆู‡ ู…ู† ู…ุนุงู†ุงุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉุŒ
04:29
and why progress never happened.
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ูˆุจูŠู† ุนุฏู… ุฅุญุฑุงุฒู‡ู… ุฃูŠ ุชู‚ุฏู….
04:32
But it wasn't true.
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
04:36
Amazingly enough,
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ูˆูŠูƒููŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฌุจุŒ
04:38
all their conflict and suffering
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ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุงุญุชุฑุงุจู‡ู… ูˆู…ุนุงู†ุงุชู‡ู…
04:41
were just due to the way they processed ideas.
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ุขุชูŠุฉ ูˆุญุณุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠููƒู‘ุฑูˆู† ุจู‡ุง.
04:47
Being satisfied with dogma, and just-so stories,
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ุจุงู„ุฑูƒูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุณู„ูŠู… ุจุงู„ุนู‚ูŠุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ุญูƒุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฌุชุฑู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูƒุฑุฑุฉุŒ
04:51
rather than criticizing them
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ุนูˆุถู‹ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุชุนุฑุถ ู„ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ู†ู‚ุฏ
04:53
and trying to guess better explanations of the world and of their own condition.
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ูˆู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฑูˆุงูŠุงุช ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุชูˆุงูู‚ู‹ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูˆุนู† ุดุฆูˆู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠุฉ.
05:00
Twentieth-century physics did create better explanations,
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ุฅู† ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุฌุงุกุช ุจุชูุณูŠุฑุงุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุตุฏู‚ู‹ุง.
05:05
but still in terms of a cosmic war.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ุฃุณูŠุฑุฉ ุนุจุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉ.
05:07
This time, the combatants were order and chaos, or entropy.
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ูŠุชุŒ ุชู…ุซู‘ู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุงุฑุจูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู…ุŒ ูˆุงู„ููˆุถู‰ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ.
05:12
That story does allow for hope for the future.
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ุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชูู…ู†ู‘ูŠ ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุจู…ุฌูŠุก ุงู„ุบุฏ.
05:18
But in another way,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑุŒ
05:20
it's even bleaker than the ancient myths,
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ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃุดุฏ ุธู„ุงู…ู‹ุง ุญุชู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงุทูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉุŒ
05:23
because the villain, entropy,
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุชูˆุงูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ูŠุชุฉ
05:26
is preordained to have the final victory,
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ุชูุถูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุญุฑุงุฒ ุงู„ู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠุŒ
05:30
when the inexorable laws of thermodynamics shut down all novelty
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ุญูŠู† ุชูˆู‚ูู ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุตุงุฑู…ุฉ ู„ู„ุฏูŠู†ุงู…ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ ูƒู„ ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุชุฌุฏูŠุฏ
05:35
with the so-called heat death of the universe.
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ูˆูŠูุนุจู‘ุฑ ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจู€"ู…ูˆุช ูˆู‡ูŽุฌ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†".
05:38
Currently, there's a story of a local battle in that war,
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ุชุณูˆุฏ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุนุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠุฉ ุนู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุฑุจุŒ
05:43
between sustainability, which is order,
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุงุณุชุฏุงู…ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู….
05:47
and wastefulness, which is chaos --
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ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฅูุณุฑุงูุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ููˆุถู‰...
05:50
that's the contemporary take on good and evil,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฒุฌ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุญุฏุงุซุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุซู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุดุฑุŒ
05:53
often with the added twist that humans are the evil,
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ูˆูŠุตุญุจู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ู…ู†ุนุทู ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุถูŠ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ู‡ู… ุงู„ุดุฑุŒ
05:56
so we shouldn't even try to win.
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ูู„ุง ูŠุชูˆุฌู‘ุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุณุนูŠ ููŠ ุณุจูŠู„ ุฅุญุฑุงุฒ ุงู†ุชุตุงุฑ.
05:59
And recently,
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ูˆู…ุคุฎุฑู‹ุงุŒ
06:00
there have been tales of another cosmic war,
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃุญุงุฏูŠุซ ุนู† ุญุฑุจ ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
06:02
between gravity, which collapses the universe,
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฏู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
06:07
and dark energy, which finally shreds it.
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ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู…ุฒูŠู‚ู‡.
06:10
So this time,
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉุŒ
06:11
whichever of those cosmic forces wins,
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ู…ุชู‰ ุฃุญุฑุฒ ุงู†ุชุตุงุฑู‹ุง ุฃูŠูŒ ู…ู† ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุชู„ูƒุŒ
06:15
we lose.
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ูู„ุณูˆู ู†ุฎุณุฑ.
06:17
All those pessimistic accounts of the human condition
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ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุชุดุงุคู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุนู† ุณูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†
06:22
contain some truth,
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ุชุญูˆูŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
06:24
but as prophecies,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ูƒู†ุจูˆุกุงุชุŒ
06:26
they're all misleading, and all for the same reason.
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ูุฅู† ุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ุง ุถู„ุงู„ุงุช ูˆูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุนุฒู‰ ู„ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุณุจุจ.
06:29
None of them portrays humans as what we really are.
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ู„ุง ุฃุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุงุณุชุนุฑุถ ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆ ู…ุง ู†ุญู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุจุงู„ูุนู„.
06:34
As Jacob Bronowski said,
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ุฃูˆ ูƒู…ุง ู‚ุงู„ ุฌุงูƒูˆุจ:
06:37
"Man is not a figure in the landscape --
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"ุฅู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู„ูŠุณ ุฑู‚ู…ู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑูู‚ุนุฉ...
06:41
he is the shaper of the landscape."
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฑูู‚ุนุฉ".
06:43
In other words,
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ุจูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
06:45
humans are not playthings of cosmic forces,
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ุฅู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู„ุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉุŒ
06:49
we are users of cosmic forces.
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ุฅู†ู†ุง ู…ุณุชุนู…ูู„ูˆู† ู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
06:53
I'll say more about that in a moment,
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ุณูˆู ุฃุณุชููŠุถ ููŠ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุนู†ุฏ ู„ุญุธุฉ ู…ุงุŒ
06:54
but first, what sorts of thing create novelty?
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‚ุจู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ู…ุง ุนุณู‰ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุจุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุŸ
07:00
Well, the beginning of the universe surely did.
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุฌุงุกุช ุจุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
07:03
The big bang, nearly 14 billion years ago,
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ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู… (ุงู„ุจูŠุบ ุจุงู†ุบ)ุŒ ู‚ุจู„ ุฒู‡ุงุก 14 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉุŒ
07:06
created space, time and energy,
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ุฃูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ูุถุงุกุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉุŒ
07:09
everything physical.
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ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ุงุฏูŠู‹ุง.
07:11
And then, immediately,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู…ุŒ ูˆููˆุฑู‹ุงุŒ
07:13
what I call the first era of novelty,
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ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ุฃุฏุนูˆู‡ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุนุŒ
07:17
with the first atom, the first star,
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู†ุฌู… ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ
07:20
the first black hole,
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ูˆุฃูˆู„ ุซู‚ุจ ุฃุณูˆุฏุŒ
07:21
the first galaxy.
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ูˆุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฌุฑู‘ุฉ.
07:23
But then, at some point,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ุŒ ู„ุฏู‰ ู…ุญุทุฉ ู…ุงุŒ
07:27
novelty vanished from the universe.
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ุงุฎุชูู‰ ุงู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
07:30
Perhaps from as early as 12 or 13 billion years ago,
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ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุจูƒุฑู‹ุง ู…ู†ุฐ 12 ุฃูˆ 13 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุชุŒ
07:34
right up to the present day,
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ูŠูˆู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
07:36
there's never been any new kind of astronomical object.
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ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุน ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุฑุงู… ุงู„ูู„ูƒูŠุฉ.
07:41
There's only been what I call the great monotony.
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ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฅู„ู‘ุง ู…ุง ุฃุฏุนูˆู‡ ุจุงู„ุฑุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ.
07:46
So, Qohelet was accidentally even more right
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูƒูˆู‡ูŠู„ูŠุช ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ูŠุฏุฑูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ุตูŠุจู‹ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ
07:51
about the universe beyond the Sun
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ููŠู…ุง ูŠุฎุตู‘ ุนุงู„ู… ู…ุง ูˆุฑุงุก ุงู„ุดู…ุณ
07:54
than he was about under the Sun.
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ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุตูŠุจู‹ุง ุจุดุฃู† ุนุงู„ู… ู…ุง ุชุญุช ุงู„ุดู…ุณ.
07:57
So long as the great monotony lasts,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูู…ุง ุงุณุชู…ุฑุช ุงู„ุฑุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉุŒ
08:00
what has been out there
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ูุณูŠุธู„ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
08:03
really is what will be.
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ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ู…ุง ุณูˆู ูŠูƒูˆู†.
08:05
And there is nothing out there
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ูˆู…ุง ู…ู† ุดูŠุก ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ
08:07
of which it can truly be said, "Look, this is new."
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงู„ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉู‹ ุนู†ู‡: "ุงู†ุธุฑุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏ".
08:11
Nevertheless,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
08:13
at some point during the great monotony,
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ูˆู„ุฏู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุญู„ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฑุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉุŒ
08:17
there was an event -- inconsequential at the time,
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ูƒุงู† ุซู…ุฉ ุญุฏุซ... ูƒุงู† ุญุฏุซู‹ุง ูุฌุงุฆูŠู‹ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ
08:21
and even billions of years later,
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ุชุชุงุจุน ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ููŠู…ุง ุจุนุฏุŒ
08:23
it had affected nothing beyond its home planet --
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ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุคุซุฑู‹ุง ููŠู…ุง ูˆุฑุงุก ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃู…...
08:27
yet eventually, it could cause cosmically momentous novelty.
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ุญุชู‰ ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ุจูˆุณุนู‡ ุฅุญุฏุงุซ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
08:33
That event was the origin of life:
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏุซ ู‡ูˆ ุงุจุชุฏุงุก ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ:
08:37
creating the first genetic knowledge,
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ู…ุนุงุตุฑู‹ุง ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉ (ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ)ุŒ
08:40
coding for biological adaptations,
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ูˆุชู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ุชุฃู‚ู„ู… ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุŒ
08:43
coding for novelty.
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ูˆุงู„ุชู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุฅุชูŠุงู† ุจุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
08:46
On Earth, it utterly transformed the surface.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุนู…ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ุณุทุญ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
08:50
Genes in the DNA of single-celled organisms
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ุฅู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ู„ู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุฃุญุงุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ
08:53
put oxygen in the air,
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ูˆูู‘ุฑุช ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุกุŒ
08:55
extracted CO2,
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ูˆุงุณุชุฎู„ุตุช ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†ุŒ
08:57
put chalk and iron ore into the ground,
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ูˆูˆุถุนุช ุงู„ุทุจุงุดูŠุฑ ูˆุฎุงู… ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุจุงุทู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
09:00
hardly a cubic inch of the surface to some depth has remained unaffected
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ูˆุจู‚ูŠุช ุจุงู„ูƒุงุฏ ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจูˆุตุฉ ู…ูƒุนุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุถุนูŠุฉ ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ุจุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ุชุชุฃุซู‘ุฑ
09:06
by those genes.
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ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช.
09:08
The Earth became, if not a novel place on the cosmic scale,
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ูˆุตุงุฑ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ ูˆู„ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู…ูƒุงู†ู‹ุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏู‹ุง ุจุงู„ู…ุนูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุŒ
09:14
certainly a weird one.
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ุตุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชู†ูˆู‘ุนู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ.
09:16
Just as an example, beyond Earth,
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ูู‚ุท ู„ู„ุชุฏู„ูŠู„ ุนู…ู‘ุง ูˆุฑุงุก ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
09:19
only a few hundred different chemical substances have been detected.
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ูู‚ุฏ ุฌุฑู‰ ุฑุตุฏ ุนุฏุฉ ู…ุฆุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
09:24
Presumably, there are some more in lifeless locations,
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ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุชูˆุงูุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฃู‡ูˆู„ุฉุŒ
09:27
but on Earth,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
09:29
evolution created billions of different chemicals.
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ุฃู†ุนุด ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุชู ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
09:33
And then the first plants, animals,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู…ุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ
09:36
and then, in some ancestor species of ours,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู…ุŒ ุชูˆุงุฌุฏุช ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุฃุณู„ุงูู†ุงุŒ
09:41
explanatory knowledge.
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ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู„ูŠุฉ.
09:43
For the first time in the universe, for all we know.
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ูˆู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡.
09:47
Explanatory knowledge is the defining adaptation of our species.
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ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุถุจุท ุชุฃู‚ู„ู… ุฃู†ูˆุงุนู†ุง.
09:53
It differs from the nonexplanatory knowledge
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู„ูŠุฉ
09:56
in DNA, for instance,
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ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ
09:58
by being universal.
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ุญูŠู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠ.
10:00
That is to say, whatever can be understood,
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูˆู„ุŒ ุฅู† ุฃูŠู‹ุง ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงุณุชูŠุนุงุจู‡ุŒ
10:04
can be understood through explanatory knowledge.
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ูู‡ูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู† ูู‡ู…ูู‡ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู„ูŠุฉ.
10:07
And more, any physical process
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ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูุฅู† ุฃูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ
10:10
can be controlled by such knowledge,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฎุถุน ู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉุŒ
10:13
limited only by the laws of physics.
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ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชูุญูƒูŽู… ูู‚ุท ุจู…ูˆุฌุจ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก.
10:17
And so, explanatory knowledge, too,
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู„ูŠุฉุŒ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ
10:21
has begun to transform the Earth's surface.
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ุฃุนุงุฏุช ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ุณุทุญ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
10:24
And soon, the Earth will become the only known object in the universe
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ูˆู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุงุŒ ุณูŠุตูŠุฑ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌูุฑู… ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆู ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
10:30
that turns aside incoming asteroids instead of attracting them.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุตุฑู ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠูƒุจุงุช ุงู„ุฏุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ ุฌุงู†ุจู‹ุง ุนูˆุถู‹ุง ุนู† ุงู†ุฌุฐุงุจู‡ุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡.
10:36
Qohelet was understandably misled
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุณุงุก ูƒูˆู‡ูŠู„ูŠุช ูู‡ู…ู‹ุง
10:39
by the painful slowness of progress in his day.
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ุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ู…ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุจุทุก ุฅูŠู‚ุงุน ูŠูˆู…ูู‡.
10:44
Novelty in human life was still too rare, too gradual,
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ุฅู† ุงู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุน ูˆุงู„ุชุฌุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูƒุงู† ุดุญูŠุญู‹ุงุŒ ูˆุฑุชูŠุจู‹ุงุŒ
10:48
to be noticed in one generation.
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ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆ ู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู„ุงุญุธุชู‡ ููŠ ุฌูŠู„ู ูˆุงุญุฏ.
10:51
And in the biosphere,
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุŒ
10:53
the evolution of novel species was even slower.
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ูƒุงู† ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุทูŠุฆู‹ุง.
10:57
But both things were happening.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ุง ุงู„ุดูŠุฆูŠู† ูƒุงู† ูŠุญุฏุซ.
11:00
Now, why is there a great monotony in the universe at large,
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ูˆุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุถุน ุงู„ุฑุชุงุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู… ุนู†ุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ุŒ
11:06
and what makes our planet buck that trend?
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ูˆู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃูˆุฏู‰ ุจูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ุฎุงุตุฉู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุตูŠุฑุŸ
11:10
Well, the universe at large is relatively simple.
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ุฅู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุจุตูุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุจุณูŠุท ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุง.
11:16
Stars are so simple
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ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง
11:18
that we can predict their behavior billions of years into the future,
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ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุญุณุงุจ ู…ุขู„ุงุชู‡ุง ู„ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุŒ
11:21
and retrodict how they formed billions of years ago.
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ุฃูˆ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุชู†ุจุฃ ุจูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชุดูƒู‘ูู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†.
11:26
So why is the universe simple?
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ูู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุนู‚ุฏู‹ุงุŸ
11:28
Basically, it's because big, massive, powerful things
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ุจุตูุฉ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉุŒ ูŠุนุฒู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ
11:34
strongly affect lesser things, and not vice versa.
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ุชุคุซู‘ุฑ ุจู‚ูˆุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุนูƒุณ ู„ูŠุณ ุตุญูŠุญู‹ุง.
11:39
I call that the hierarchy rule.
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุฏุนูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุจู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑูŽู…ูŠ.
11:42
For example, when a comet hits the Sun,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ุญูŠู† ูŠุถุฑุจ ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŽ ู…ุฐู†ุจุŒ
11:45
the Sun carries on just as before,
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ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ุŒ
11:47
but the comet is vaporized.
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠุชุจุฎู‘ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฐู†ุจ.
11:50
For the same reason,
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ู„ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุณุจุจุŒ
11:52
big things are not much affected by small parts of themselves,
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ู„ุง ุชุชุฃุซุฑ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง ุจูุนู„ ุฃุฌุฒุงุฆู‡ุง ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู„ู‡ุงุŒ
11:59
i.e., by details.
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ุฃูŠุ› ุจุงู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„.
12:01
Which means that their overall behavior
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ุจู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุชุตุฑูู‡ุง ูƒูƒู„
12:04
is simple.
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ุจุณูŠุท.
12:06
And since nothing very new can happen to things
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ูˆุทุงู„ู…ุง ุฃู† ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏู‹ุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฌุฏุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ููŠ ุณุจูŠู„ู‡ ู„ุฃู† ูŠุทุฑุฃ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰
12:09
that remain simple,
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ู…ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ุจุณูŠุทุฉุŒ
12:11
the hierarchy rule, by causing large-scale simplicity,
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ูุฅู†ู‡ ูˆุจู…ูˆุฌุจ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูŠุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ุถูŠ ุจูุฑุถ ู…ุนูŠุงุฑ ูˆุงุณุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุณุงุทุฉุŒ
12:16
has caused the great monotony.
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ุณูˆู ูŠุชุณุจุจ ููŠ ุฑุชุงุจุฉ ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ.
12:20
But, the saving grace is
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ุŒ ู…ู…ุง ูŠุญุจูŽุฐ ุฐูƒุฑูู‡ ู‡ู†ุง
12:23
the hierarchy rule is not a law of nature.
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ุฃู† ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ู‹ุง ู…ู† ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ.
12:27
It just happens to have held so far in the universe,
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ู‡ูˆ ูู‚ุท ูŠุณุฑูŠ ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุซุจุช ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ููŠ ุนู…ู‚ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
12:30
except here.
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุง.
12:32
In our biosphere, molecule-sized objects, genes,
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ูˆููŠ ู…ุญูŠุทู†ุง ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุชุŒ
12:37
control vastly disproportionate resources.
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ูŠุฎุถุน ู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ูˆุงุณุน ุงู„ู†ุทุงู‚ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏู ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชุฌุงู†ุณุฉ.
12:40
The first genes for photosynthesis,
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ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠุŒ
12:43
by causing their own proliferation,
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ุงู„ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠุŒ
12:46
and then transforming the surface of the planet,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
12:49
have violated or reversed the hierarchy rule
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ุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุฎุงู„ูุช ุฃูˆ ุญูˆู‘ุฑุช ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูŠ
12:54
by the mind-blowing factor of 10 to the power 40.
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ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ู…ุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู…ู† 10 ุฅู„ู‰ 40.
12:59
Explanatory knowledge is potentially far more powerful
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ุฅู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู„ูŠุฉ ุฐุงุช ู‚ูˆุฉ ู…ุทู„ู‚ุฉ ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ
13:03
because of universality,
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ุจุณุจุจ ูู‡ู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ูˆุงุณุน ู„ู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
13:05
and more rapidly created.
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ูˆุชุทูˆุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุชุณุงุฑุน.
13:08
When human knowledge has achieved a factor 10 to the 40,
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ุญูŠู† ุชุตู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ 10 ุฅู„ู‰ 40ุŒ
13:12
it will pretty much control the entire galaxy,
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ุณุชุฎุถุน ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุฉ ุจูƒุงู…ู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏู ุจุนูŠุฏุŒ
13:15
and will be looking beyond.
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ูˆุชุนุฏูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูˆุฑุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุฉ.
13:17
So humans,
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ูุงู„ุจุดุฑุŒ
13:20
and any other explanation creators who may exist out there,
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ูˆุฃูŠ ู…ุจุฏุนูŠู† ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ูŠูุฑุฌู‘ุญ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
13:24
are the ultimate agents of novelty for the universe.
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ู‡ู… ุงู„ูˆูƒู„ุงุก ุงู„ุญุตุฑูŠูˆู† ู„ู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุน ูˆุงู„ุชุฌุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุนู…ูˆู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
13:30
We are the reason and the means
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ุฅู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุณุจุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ
13:33
by which novelty and creativity, knowledge, progress,
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ุจุญูŠุซ ู„ูˆู„ุงู†ุง ู…ุง ุงู…ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุนุŒ ูˆุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู…ุŒ
13:39
can have objective, large-scale physical effects.
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ู‡ุฏูู‹ุงุŒ ูˆุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุชู ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉู‹ ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑ.
13:45
From the human perspective,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุŒ
13:48
the only alternative to that living hell of static societies
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ูุฅู† ุงู„ุจุฏูŠู„ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฌุญูŠู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนูŠุดู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุฏุฉ
13:52
is continual creation of new ideas,
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุถูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ู‹ุง ููŠ ุฅุจุฏุงุน ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ
13:57
behaviors, new kinds of objects.
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ูˆุงุชุฎุงุฐ ู…ุณุงุฑุงุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ ูˆุชู†ูˆูŠุน ุงู„ุฃู‡ุฏุงู.
14:00
This robot will soon be obsolete,
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ููŠ ูŠูˆู…ู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู… ุณูŠุณูˆุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุขู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุทู„ู ุนุจุฑู‡ุŒ
14:02
because of new explanatory knowledge, progress.
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ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู….
14:08
But from the cosmic perspective,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆุงุณุน ู„ู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
14:11
explanatory knowledge is the nemesis of the hierarchy rule.
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ูุฅู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ุนุฏูˆ ู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูŠ.
14:16
It's the destroyer of the great monotony.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุนูˆู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู… ู„ู„ุฑุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ.
14:20
So it's the creator of the next cosmological era,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ูŠุฏู ุงู„ุจู†ุงุกู ู„ู„ุญู‚ุจุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุณูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉ
14:25
the Anthropocene.
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ุงู„ุฃู†ุซุฑูˆุจูˆุณูŠู†.
14:27
If one can speak of a cosmic war,
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ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ ุฃุญุฏู‹ุง ุจูˆุณุนู‡ ุงู„ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุญุฑุจ ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉุŒ
14:31
it's not the one portrayed in those pessimistic stories.
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ูุฅู†ู‡ ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุชุนุฑุถ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุตุต ุงู„ุจุงุฆุณุฉ.
14:34
It's a war between monotony and novelty,
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ู„ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุญุฑุจูŒ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฑุชุงุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุจุชุฏุงุนุŒ
14:39
between stasis and creativity.
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู…ูˆุฏ ูˆุงู„ุฅุจุฏุงุน.
14:43
And in this war,
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ูˆููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑุจุŒ
14:45
our side is not destined to lose.
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ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูƒุชูˆุจู‹ุง ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ.
14:50
If we choose to apply our unique capacity to create explanatory knowledge,
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ู„ูˆ ุงุฎุชุฑู†ุง ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุงู„ูุฑูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุชุนู„ูŠู„ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
14:57
we could win.
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ูู„ุณูˆู ู†ู†ุชุตุฑ.
15:00
Thanks.
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ุดูƒุฑู‹ุง.
15:02
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7