After billions of years of monotony, the universe is waking up | David Deutsch

144,354 views ใƒป 2019-11-05

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Minji Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
I'm thrilled to be talking to you by this high-tech method.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ์ด ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์žฅ๋น„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ์˜๋„ค์š”.
00:18
Of all humans who have ever lived,
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘์—์„œ
00:20
the overwhelming majority would have found what we are doing here
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
incomprehensible, unbelievable.
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์ดํ•ด๋„, ์„ค๋ช…๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
00:27
Because, for thousands of centuries,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ
00:30
in the dark time before the scientific revolution
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๊ณผํ•™ํ˜๋ช… ์ด์ „ ์•”ํ‘๊ธฐ์™€
00:33
and the Enlightenment,
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๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—
00:35
people had low expectations.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
For their lives, for their descendants' lives.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€, ํ›„์†์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์š”.
00:41
Typically, they expected
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
00:43
nothing significantly new or better to be achieved, ever.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
This pessimism famously appears in the Bible,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์ด ๊ณต๊ณต์—ฐํžˆ ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์—๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
in one of the few biblical passages with a named author.
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์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ฑ์„œ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—์š”.
00:58
He's called Qohelet, he's an enigmatic chap.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ฝ”ํ—ฌ๋ ›, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
He wrote, "What has been is what will be,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ด๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ›„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ณ 
01:07
and what has been done is what will be done;
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์ด๋ฏธ ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ›„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ• ์ง€๋ผ.
01:10
there is nothing new under the sun.
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ํ•ด ์•„๋ž˜ ์ƒˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋‚˜๋‹ˆ
01:14
Is there something of which it is said, 'Look, this is new.'
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผœ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ผ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋žด.
01:18
No, that thing was already done in the ages that came before us."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š๋‹ˆ๋ผ."
01:23
Qohelet was describing a world without novelty.
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์ฝ”ํ—ฌ๋ ›์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์ด ์—†๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
By novelty I mean something new in Qohelet's sense,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์€ ์ฝ”ํ—ฌ๋ ›์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ
01:32
not merely something that's changed,
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:35
but a significant change with lasting effects,
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์ž”์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
where people really would say,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:40
"Look, this is new,"
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"๋ณด์•„๋ผ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๋‹ค."
01:42
and, preferably, "good."
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๋” ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” "์ข‹๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
01:46
So, purely random changes aren't novelty.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
OK, Heraclitus did say a man can't step in the same river twice,
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๋„ค, ํ—ค๋ผํด๋ ˆ์ดํ† ์Šค๊ฐ€, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ•์— ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ
01:56
because it's not the same river, he's not the same man.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
But if the river is changing randomly,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ•์ด ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:03
it really is the same river.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
In contrast,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ,
02:07
if an idea in a mind spreads to other minds,
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ํผ์ ธ
02:12
and changes lives for generations,
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์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:15
that is novelty.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
Human life without novelty
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์€
02:20
is life without creativity, without progress.
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š”, ์ง„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ถ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
It's a static society, a zero-sum game.
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์ •์ง€๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ œ๋กœ์„ฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
That was the living hell in which Qohelet lived.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฝ”ํ—ฌ๋ ›์ด ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์˜ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
Like everyone, until a few centuries ago.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
It was hell, because for humans,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ง€์˜ฅ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
02:40
suffering is intimately related to staticity.
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๊ณ ํ†ต์€ ์ •์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
Because staticity isn't just frustrating.
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์ •์ง€๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์— ๊ทธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:48
All sources of suffering --
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๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทผ์›๋“ค์ธ
02:50
famine, pandemics, incoming asteroids,
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๊ธฐ๊ทผ, ์œ ํ–‰๋ณ‘, ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ,
02:54
and things like war and slavery,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
02:58
hurt people only until we have created the knowledge to prevent them.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ง€์‹์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
There's a story in Somerset Maugham's novel "Of Human Bondage"
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์„œ๋จธ์…‹ ๋ชจ์˜ด์˜ ์†Œ์„ค "์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตด๋ ˆ"์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
about an ancient sage
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ํ˜„์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
who summarizes the entire history of mankind as,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
"He was born,
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"๊ทธ๋Š” ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
03:18
he suffered and he died."
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค."
03:21
And it goes on:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
"Life was insignificant and death without consequence."
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์‚ถ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์—†๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
03:28
And indeed, the overwhelming majority of humans who have ever lived
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ, ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š”
03:33
had lives of suffering and grueling labor,
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๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
03:37
before dying young and in agony.
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์ Š์€ ๋•Œ์— ๊ณ ํ†ต ์†์—์„œ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”.
03:41
And yes, in most generations
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๋„ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—์„œ
03:45
nothing had any novel consequence for subsequent generations.
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
Nevertheless, when ancient people tried to explain their condition,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„, ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
03:58
they typically did so in grandiose cosmic terms.
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ฐฝํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
Which was the right thing to do, as it turns out.
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
Even though their actual explanations, their myths,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ™”๊ฐ€
04:09
were largely false.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฑฐ์ง“์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
04:11
Some tried to explain
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:13
the grimness and monotony of their world
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ž”์ธํ•จ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กœ์›€์€
04:17
in terms of an endless cosmic war between good and evil,
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์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์˜ ๋Š์ž„ ์—†๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „์Ÿ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
in which humans were the battleground.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
04:25
Which neatly explained why their own experience was full of suffering,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ๊ณ ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
and why progress never happened.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์™œ ์ง„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ์š”.
04:32
But it wasn't true.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง„์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
Amazingly enough,
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„
04:38
all their conflict and suffering
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ†ต์€
04:41
were just due to the way they processed ideas.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๊ทผ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
Being satisfied with dogma, and just-so stories,
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์‹ ์กฐ์™€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
rather than criticizing them
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”์š”.
04:53
and trying to guess better explanations of the world and of their own condition.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ํ•ด์„ค์„ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์• ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
Twentieth-century physics did create better explanations,
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ํ•ด์„ค์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
but still in terms of a cosmic war.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ์˜€์ฃ .
05:07
This time, the combatants were order and chaos, or entropy.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์— ์ „ํˆฌ์›๋“ค์€ ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
That story does allow for hope for the future.
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๋ง์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
But in another way,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
05:20
it's even bleaker than the ancient myths,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์‹ ํ™”๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•”์šธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
because the villain, entropy,
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์•…๋‹น์ธ ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ๋Š”
05:26
is preordained to have the final victory,
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์ตœ์ข… ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฅ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
when the inexorable laws of thermodynamics shut down all novelty
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๋ฉˆ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์„ ๋ง‰์•„๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
with the so-called heat death of the universe.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ด์—ญํ•™์  ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:38
Currently, there's a story of a local battle in that war,
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์š”์ฆ˜ ๊ทธ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ง€์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
between sustainability, which is order,
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์งˆ์„œ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ
05:47
and wastefulness, which is chaos --
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ํ˜ผ๋ˆ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ญ๋น„๊ฐ„์—์š”.
05:50
that's the contemporary take on good and evil,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
often with the added twist that humans are the evil,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์•…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ „์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด
05:56
so we shouldn't even try to win.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ค ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
And recently,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š”
06:00
there have been tales of another cosmic war,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
between gravity, which collapses the universe,
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ
06:07
and dark energy, which finally shreds it.
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๋๋‚ด ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์•”ํ‘์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
So this time,
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์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
06:11
whichever of those cosmic forces wins,
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์–ด๋–ค ํž˜์ด ์ด๊ธฐ๋“ ์ง€
06:15
we lose.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
All those pessimistic accounts of the human condition
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ธ ์„ค๋ช…๋“ค์€
06:22
contain some truth,
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์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:24
but as prophecies,
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์˜ˆ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ,
06:26
they're all misleading, and all for the same reason.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
None of them portrays humans as what we really are.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์‹ค์ œ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
As Jacob Bronowski said,
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์ œ์ด์ฝฅ ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋…ธ์Šคํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
06:37
"Man is not a figure in the landscape --
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"์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ’๊ฒฝ ์† ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
he is the shaper of the landscape."
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ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค."
06:43
In other words,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ,
06:45
humans are not playthings of cosmic forces,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ํž˜์˜ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
06:49
we are users of cosmic forces.
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๊ทธ ํž˜์˜ ์ด์šฉ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
I'll say more about that in a moment,
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ›„์— ๋” ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
but first, what sorts of thing create novelty?
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๋จผ์ €, ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?'
07:00
Well, the beginning of the universe surely did.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:03
The big bang, nearly 14 billion years ago,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 140์–ต ๋…„์ „์˜ ๋น…๋ฑ…์€
07:06
created space, time and energy,
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์šฐ์ฃผ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
everything physical.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
07:11
And then, immediately,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณง์ด์–ด
07:13
what I call the first era of novelty,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์˜ ์ฒซ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
with the first atom, the first star,
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์ฒซ ์›์ž, ์ฒซ ํ–‰์„ฑ
07:20
the first black hole,
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์ฒซ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€,
07:21
the first galaxy.
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์ฒซ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€์ฃ .
07:23
But then, at some point,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š”
07:27
novelty vanished from the universe.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
Perhaps from as early as 12 or 13 billion years ago,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ 120์–ต์—์„œ 130์–ต๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
07:34
right up to the present day,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€
07:36
there's never been any new kind of astronomical object.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
There's only been what I call the great monotony.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กœ์›€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
So, Qohelet was accidentally even more right
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฝ”ํ—ฌ๋ ›์€ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ๋„ ๋”์šฑ ์˜ณ์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
about the universe beyond the Sun
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ํƒœ์–‘ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
07:54
than he was about under the Sun.
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ํƒœ์–‘ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
07:57
So long as the great monotony lasts,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ํฐ ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กœ์›€์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ,
08:00
what has been out there
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์–ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:03
really is what will be.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
And there is nothing out there
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ
08:07
of which it can truly be said, "Look, this is new."
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ณด์•„๋ผ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๋‹ค."
08:11
Nevertheless,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
08:13
at some point during the great monotony,
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ํฐ ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กœ์›€์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š”
08:17
there was an event -- inconsequential at the time,
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ค‘์š”์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
and even billions of years later,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡์‹ญ์–ต ๋…„ ํ›„์—๋ผ๋„,
08:23
it had affected nothing beyond its home planet --
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๊ทธ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
yet eventually, it could cause cosmically momentous novelty.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
That event was the origin of life:
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
creating the first genetic knowledge,
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์ฒซ ์œ ์ „ ์ง€์‹์„ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ,
08:40
coding for biological adaptations,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ ์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ,
08:43
coding for novelty.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
On Earth, it utterly transformed the surface.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
Genes in the DNA of single-celled organisms
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๋‹จ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ DNA ์† ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€
08:53
put oxygen in the air,
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๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์–ด๋†“์•˜๊ณ ,
08:55
extracted CO2,
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
put chalk and iron ore into the ground,
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๋ฐฑ์•…๊ณผ ์ฒ ๊ด‘์„์„ ๋•…์— ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
hardly a cubic inch of the surface to some depth has remained unaffected
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๊นŠ์ด์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
by those genes.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์ด์š”.
09:08
The Earth became, if not a novel place on the cosmic scale,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒ™๋„์—์„œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ์†Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•ด๋„
09:14
certainly a weird one.
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๋ถ„๋ช… ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
Just as an example, beyond Earth,
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ,
09:19
only a few hundred different chemical substances have been detected.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
Presumably, there are some more in lifeless locations,
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์ง์ž‘๊ฑด๋Œ€, ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ณณ๋“ค์—” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
but on Earth,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—๋Š”
09:29
evolution created billions of different chemicals.
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์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
And then the first plants, animals,
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์ฒซ ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ๋™๋ฌผ,
09:36
and then, in some ancestor species of ours,
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์ด์–ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ 
09:41
explanatory knowledge.
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์„ค๋ช…์  ์ง€์‹๋“ค์„์š”.
09:43
For the first time in the universe, for all we know.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
09:47
Explanatory knowledge is the defining adaptation of our species.
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์„ค๋ช…์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข…์˜ ์ ์‘์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
It differs from the nonexplanatory knowledge
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด DNA์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ง€์‹๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
in DNA, for instance,
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09:58
by being universal.
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๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
That is to say, whatever can be understood,
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์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“  ์ดํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
can be understood through explanatory knowledge.
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์„ค๋ช…์  ์ง€์‹๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ดํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
10:07
And more, any physical process
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณผ์ •๋„
10:10
can be controlled by such knowledge,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:13
limited only by the laws of physics.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ œํ•œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
And so, explanatory knowledge, too,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์„ค๋ช…์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ
10:21
has begun to transform the Earth's surface.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
And soon, the Earth will become the only known object in the universe
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๊ณง, ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
that turns aside incoming asteroids instead of attracting them.
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๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:36
Qohelet was understandably misled
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์ฝ”ํ—ฌ๋ ›์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
by the painful slowness of progress in his day.
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ง„๋ณด์˜ ๋Š๋ฆผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
10:44
Novelty in human life was still too rare, too gradual,
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ๊ณ , ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ์ง„์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
to be noticed in one generation.
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ํ•œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ์ธ์ง€๋˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š”์š”.
10:51
And in the biosphere,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์—๋Š”
10:53
the evolution of novel species was even slower.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ๋Š๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
But both things were happening.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
Now, why is there a great monotony in the universe at large,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ์™œ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ํฌ๋‚˜ํฐ ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กœ์›€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
11:06
and what makes our planet buck that trend?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์— ๋งž์„œ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
11:10
Well, the universe at large is relatively simple.
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
Stars are so simple
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๋ณ„๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
that we can predict their behavior billions of years into the future,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋…„ ํ›„์˜ ๋ณ„๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
and retrodict how they formed billions of years ago.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋…„ ๋’ค ์ด ๋ณ„๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ง€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
So why is the universe simple?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์™œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
11:28
Basically, it's because big, massive, powerful things
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ , ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
strongly affect lesser things, and not vice versa.
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๋” ์ ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ , ๋” ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
I call that the hierarchy rule.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„๊ณ„์งˆ์„œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
For example, when a comet hits the Sun,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ํ˜œ์„ฑ์ด ํƒœ์–‘์„ ํƒ€๊ฒฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
the Sun carries on just as before,
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ํƒœ์–‘์€ ์ด์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
but the comet is vaporized.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜œ์„ฑ์€ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
For the same reason,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ,
11:52
big things are not much affected by small parts of themselves,
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ํฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
i.e., by details.
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์„ธ์„ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
Which means that their overall behavior
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์ด ๋ง์€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ทจ๊ฐ€
12:04
is simple.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
And since nothing very new can happen to things
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
12:09
that remain simple,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ 
12:11
the hierarchy rule, by causing large-scale simplicity,
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ํฐ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•จ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์œ„๊ณ„์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€
12:16
has caused the great monotony.
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ํฐ ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กœ์›€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
But, the saving grace is
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๋‹จ, ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฅ์ ์€
12:23
the hierarchy rule is not a law of nature.
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์œ„๊ณ„์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
It just happens to have held so far in the universe,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ
12:30
except here.
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์ด๊ณณ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
In our biosphere, molecule-sized objects, genes,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์—์„œ, ๋ถ„์žํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค, ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์ด
12:37
control vastly disproportionate resources.
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๊ด‘๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•ํ•œ ์ž์›๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
The first genes for photosynthesis,
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€
12:43
by causing their own proliferation,
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
12:46
and then transforming the surface of the planet,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด์„œ,
12:49
have violated or reversed the hierarchy rule
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์œ„๊ณ„์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
by the mind-blowing factor of 10 to the power 40.
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํž˜์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
12:59
Explanatory knowledge is potentially far more powerful
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์„ค๋ช…์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์€ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
because of universality,
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๊ทธ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์š”.
13:05
and more rapidly created.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
When human knowledge has achieved a factor 10 to the 40,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง€์‹์ด ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํž˜์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋•Œ
13:12
it will pretty much control the entire galaxy,
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์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
and will be looking beyond.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
So humans,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€,
13:20
and any other explanation creators who may exist out there,
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์ €๊ธฐ ๋ฐ–์˜ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์€
13:24
are the ultimate agents of novelty for the universe.
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์˜ ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ–‰์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
We are the reason and the means
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์œ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
by which novelty and creativity, knowledge, progress,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€, ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ, ์ง€์‹, ์ง„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ
13:39
can have objective, large-scale physical effects.
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ํฐ ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ด์ž ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด์ง€์š”.
13:45
From the human perspective,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ,
13:48
the only alternative to that living hell of static societies
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์ •์ง€๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์˜ฅ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€
13:52
is continual creation of new ideas,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ถœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
behaviors, new kinds of objects.
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ํ–‰๋™, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
This robot will soon be obsolete,
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์ด ๋กœ๋ด‡์€ ๊ณง ๊ตฌ์‹์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
because of new explanatory knowledge, progress.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ค๋ช…์  ์ง€์‹, ์ง„๋ณด์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
14:08
But from the cosmic perspective,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ์ฃผ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ,
14:11
explanatory knowledge is the nemesis of the hierarchy rule.
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์„ค๋ช…์  ์ง€์‹์€ ์œ„๊ณ„์งˆ์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
It's the destroyer of the great monotony.
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ํฐ ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กœ์›€์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
So it's the creator of the next cosmological era,
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๋‹ค์Œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์  ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ž๋Š”
14:25
the Anthropocene.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์ธ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์„ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
If one can speak of a cosmic war,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
14:31
it's not the one portrayed in those pessimistic stories.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
It's a war between monotony and novelty,
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•จ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
between stasis and creativity.
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์ •์ง€์™€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
And in this war,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ
14:45
our side is not destined to lose.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŽธ์€ ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:50
If we choose to apply our unique capacity to create explanatory knowledge,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ธ ์„ค๋ช…์  ์ง€์‹ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งˆ์Œ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
14:57
we could win.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:00
Thanks.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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