Iqbal Quadir: The power of the mobile phone to end poverty

36,158 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Mohamed Achraf BEN MOHAMED ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:25
I'll just take you to Bangladesh for a minute.
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ุณุขุฎุฐูƒู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุจู†ุบู„ุงุฏูŠุด ู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
01:07
Before I tell that story, we should ask ourselves the question:
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ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ุฃุญูƒูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุตู‘ุฉ, ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุณุฃู„ ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณู‘ูˆุงู„:
01:10
Why does poverty exist?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุŸ
01:12
I mean, there is plenty of knowledge and scientific breakthroughs.
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ุฃุนู†ูŠ, ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงูƒุชุดุงูุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ.
01:17
We all live in the same planet,
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ู†ุนูŠุด ุฌู…ูŠุนู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ,
01:20
but there's still a great deal of poverty in the world.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุฏุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
01:22
And I think -- so I want to throw a perspective that I have,
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ -- ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุดุฑุญ ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑูŠ,
01:26
so that we can assess this project, or any other project, for that matter,
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ุญุชู‰ ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน, ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุขุฎุฑ, ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ,
01:33
to see whether it's contributing or --
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ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุง ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุณุงู‡ู… ุฃูˆ --
01:36
contributing to poverty or trying to alleviate it.
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ูŠุณุงู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ ุฃูˆ ูŠุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุชุฎููŠู ู…ู† ุญุฏุชู‡.
01:38
Rich countries have been sending aid to poor countries for the last 60 years.
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ู‚ุงู…ุช ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุบู†ูŠุฉ ุจุฅุฑุณุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุงุช ู„ู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉ ุทูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุณุชู‘ูŠู† ุนุงู…ุง ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ.
01:43
And by and large, this has failed.
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ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ, ูุดู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ.
01:46
And you can see this book,
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ู„ู†ู„ู‚ูŠ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ,
01:48
written by someone who worked in the World Bank for 20 years,
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ูƒูุชูุจ ู…ู† ู‚ูุจูŽู„ู ุดุฎุต ูƒุงู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุจู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ 20 ุนุงู…ุง ,
01:51
and he finds economic growth in this country to be elusive.
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ูˆูŠุฑู‰ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ ุจุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงู„.
01:56
By and large, it did not work.
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆู…, ูู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠุนู…ู„.
01:59
So the question is, why is that?
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ, ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุญุตู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
02:03
In my mind, there is something to learn from the history of Europe.
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ููŠ ุฑุฃูŠูŠ , ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุชุนู„ู‘ู…ู‡ ู…ู† ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง.
02:08
I mean, even here, yesterday I was walking across the street,
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ, ุญุชู‰ ู‡ู†ุง, ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุณ ูƒู†ุช ุฃุณูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุดุงุฑุน,
02:12
and they showed three bishops were executed 500 years ago,
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ูˆู‚ูŠู„ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ู… ุฃุนุฏู…ูˆุง ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุณุงู‚ูุฉ ู‚ุจู„ 500 ุณู†ุฉ ,
02:16
right across the street from here.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุดุงุฑุน ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„.
02:18
So my point is, there's a lot of struggle has gone in Europe,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆู…ู† ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑูŠ , ูู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุถุงู„ ููŠ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง,
02:22
where citizens were empowered by technologies.
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ุญูŠุซ ุชู… ุชู…ูƒูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช.
02:25
And they demanded authorities from --
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ูˆุทุงู„ุจูˆุง ุงู„ุณู„ุทุงุช ู…ู† --
02:28
to come down from their high horses.
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ูŠู†ุฒู„ูˆุง ู…ู† ููˆู‚ ุฎูŠูˆู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ.
02:31
And in the end, there's better bargaining
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ , ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูุงูˆุถุงุช
02:34
between the authorities and citizens,
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุณู„ุทุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู†
02:37
and democracies, capitalism -- everything else flourished.
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ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุงุช , ูˆุงู„ุฑุฃุณู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ -- ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงุฒุฏู‡ุฑุช.
02:40
And so you can see, the real process of --
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุตุงุฑ ุจุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู† ุฑุคูŠุฉ, ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ --
02:43
and this is backed up by this 500-page book --
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ูˆูŠุชู… ุฏุนู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู† ู…ู† 500 ุตูุญุฉ --
02:47
that the authorities came down and citizens got up.
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุณู„ุทุงุช ู†ุฒู„ุช ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† ู†ู‡ุถูˆุง.
02:52
But if you look, if you have that perspective,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุชู… , ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡,
02:55
then you can see what happened in the last 60 years.
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ุณูˆู ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒ ุชุฑู‰ ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุณุชู‘ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ.
02:58
Aid actually did the opposite.
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ุชูุนู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุงุช ุญุงู„ูŠู‘ุง ุงู„ุนูƒุณ.
03:01
It empowered authorities,
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุชุณุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุงุช.
03:03
and, as a result, marginalized citizens.
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ูˆู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ , ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูˆู† ู…ู‡ู…ู‘ุดูˆู†.
03:06
The authorities did not have the reason to make economic growth happen
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ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู„ุณู„ุทุงุช ุณุจุจ ู„ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ ูŠุญุฏุซ
03:09
so that they could tax people
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ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ูุฑุถ ุงู„ุถุฑุงุฆุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
03:12
and make more money for to run their business.
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ูˆูƒุณุจ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ู„ุชุณูŠูŠุฑ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ู‡ู….
03:16
Because they were getting it from abroad.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ.
03:19
And in fact, if you see oil-rich countries,
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ููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ , ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ุบู†ูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ูุท ,
03:23
where citizens are not yet empowered, the same thing goes --
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ุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ุณู„ุทุฉ ู„ู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† ุจุนุฏ, ูŠุญุตู„ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก.
03:26
Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, all sorts of countries.
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ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุง , ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณุนูˆุฏูŠุฉ , ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
03:29
Because the aid and oil or mineral money acts the same way.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุนูˆู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู†ูุท ุฃูˆ ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฌู… ุชุนู…ู„ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ.
03:34
It empowers authorities, without activating the citizens --
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุชู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุณู„ุทุงุช ู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ุชูุนูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† --
03:38
their hands, legs, brains, what have you.
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ุฃูŠุฏูŠู‡ู… ูˆุฃุฑุฌู„ู‡ู… , ูˆุนู‚ูˆู„ู‡ู… , ูˆู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ.
03:42
And if you agree with that, then I think the best way to improve these countries
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชูˆุงูู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ , ูุฃู†ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุฃูุถู„ ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู†
03:48
is to recognize that economic development is of the people,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู†ุฏุฑูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู„ู„ุดุนุจ ,
03:51
by the people, for the people.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุนุจ , ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุดุนุจ.
03:54
And that is the real network effect.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ู„ู„ุดู‘ุจูƒุฉ .
03:56
If citizens can network and make themselves more organized and productive,
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ุฅุฐุง ุฃู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุชู‘ูˆุงุตู„ ูˆ ุฌุนู„ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชู†ุธูŠู…ุง ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌูŠุฉ,
04:00
so that their voices are heard,
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ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠุชู… ุณู…ุงุน ุฃุตูˆุงุชู‡ู… ,
04:02
so then things would improve.
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ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุณูˆู ุชุชุญุณู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ.
04:04
And to contrast that, you can see the most important institution in the world,
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุถ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ , ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุงุช ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ,
04:09
the World Bank, is an organization of the government,
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ุงู„ุจู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ , ุชุตุจุญ ู…ู†ุธู‘ู…ุฉ ู„ู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ,
04:13
by the government, for the governments.
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ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ , ูˆ ู„ู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุงุช.
04:16
Just see the contrast.
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ูู‚ุท ุงู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู‘ุจุงูŠู†.
04:18
And that is the perspective I have, and then I can start my story.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑูŠ , ูˆุงู„ุขู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุจุฏุฃ ู‚ุตุชูŠ.
04:23
Of course, how would you empower citizens?
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ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ , ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชู…ูƒูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู†ุŸ
04:26
There could be all sorts of technologies. And one is cell phones.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ูˆูู‘ุฑ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุช. ุฃุญุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู ุงู„ู…ุญู…ูˆู„ุฉ.
04:28
Recently "The Economist" recognized this,
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ุฃุฏุฑูƒุช "ุงู„ุงูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆู…ุณุช" ู…ุคุฎุฑุง ุจู‡ุฐุง,
04:31
but I stumbled upon the idea 12 years ago,
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ู„ูƒู†ูŠ ุนุซุฑุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‚ุจู„ 12 ุนุงู…ุง ,
04:36
and that's what I've been working on.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุฃุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡.
04:42
So 12 years ago, I was trying to be an investment banker in New York.
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ู‚ุจู„ 12 ุนุงู…ุง, ูƒู†ุช ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ุฃูƒูˆู† ู…ุณุชุซู…ุฑุง ู…ุตุฑููŠู‘ุง ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ.
04:45
We had -- quite a few our colleagues were connected by a computer network.
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ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง -- ุชู… ุฑุจุท ุจุนุถ ุฒู…ู„ุงุฆู†ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ.
04:53
And we got more productive because we didn't have to exchange floppy disks;
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ูˆุฃุตุจุญู†ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌูŠุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฑุงุต ุงู„ู…ุฑู†ุฉุ›
05:00
we could update each other more often.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุญุฏูŠุซ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชู†ุง ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ.
05:04
But one time it broke down.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑู‘ุงุช ุชูˆู‚ู‘ูุช ุงู„ุดู‘ุจูƒุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„.
05:06
And it reminded me of a day in 1971.
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ูˆุฐูƒุฑู†ูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ููŠ ุนุงู… 1971.
05:10
There was a war going on in my country.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุฑุจ ุฌุงุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุจู„ุฏูŠ.
05:14
And my family moved out of an urban place, where we used to live,
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ูˆุงู†ุชู‚ู„ุช ุฃุณุฑุชูŠ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุญุถุฑูŠุฉ , ุญูŠุซ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุนูŠุด ,
05:17
to a remote rural area where it was safer.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุฑูŠููŠุฉ ู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู…ุงู†ุง.
05:21
And one time my mother asked me to get some medicine for a younger sibling.
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ูˆููŠ ุงุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑู‘ุงุช ุทู„ุจุช ู…ู†ู‘ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฏุชูŠ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุดู‚ูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃุตุบุฑ.
05:24
And I walked 10 miles or so, all morning, to get there, to the medicine man.
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ูˆู…ุดูŠุช 10 ู…ูŠู„ุง ุฃูˆ ู†ุญูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ , ุทูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุตู‘ุจุงุญ , ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ , ู„ู„ุทุจูŠุจ.
05:31
And he wasn't there, so I walked all afternoon back.
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ู„ู… ุฃุฌุฏู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ, ูุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ุช ุนูˆุฏุชูŠ ู…ุดูŠุง ุทูˆุงู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุธู‡ุฑ.
05:34
So I had another unproductive day.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุฃู…ุถูŠุช ูŠูˆู…ุง ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู†ุชุงุฌ.
05:36
So while I was sitting in a tall building in New York,
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุฌุงู„ุณุง ููŠ ู…ุจู†ู‰ ุดุงู‡ู‚ ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ,
05:39
I put those two experiences together side by side,
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ูˆุถุนุช ู‡ุชูŠู† ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุชูŠู† ู…ุนุง ุฌู†ุจุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู†ุจ ,
05:42
and basically concluded that connectivity is productivity --
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ูˆุฎู„ุตุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌูŠุฉ --
05:45
whether it's in a modern office or an underdeveloped village.
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ุณูˆุงุก ุฃูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงุชุจ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ู‚ุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุชุฎู„ูุฉ.
05:50
So naturally, I -- the implication of that is
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ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„, ูุฅู†ู†ูŠ -- ูุงู„ุขุซุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุชุจุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ
05:53
that the telephone is a weapon against poverty.
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ุฃู† ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ู‡ูˆ ุณู„ุงุญ ุถุฏ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ.
05:58
And if that's the case, then the question is
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ูˆุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ , ูุฅู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ :
06:00
how many telephones did we have at that time?
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ูƒู… ูƒุงู† ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุจุญูˆุฒุชู†ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŸ
06:04
And it turns out, that there was one telephone in Bangladesh
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ูˆุชุจูŠู† , ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‡ุงุชู ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุจู†ุบู„ุงุฏูŠุด
06:09
for every 500 people.
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ู„ูƒู„ 500 ุดุฎุต.
06:11
And all those phones were in the few urban places.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุฌู…ูŠุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู ู…ู‚ุชุตุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุญุถุฑูŠุฉ.
06:15
The vast rural areas, where 100 million people lived,
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุฑูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ุดุงุณุนุฉ, ุญูŠุซ ูŠุนูŠุด 100 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุดุฎุต ,
06:18
there were no telephones.
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ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‡ูˆุงุชู.
06:21
So just imagine how many man-months or man-years are wasted,
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ุงุฐุง ุชุตูˆุฑุง ูู‚ุท ูƒู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุถูŠุน,
06:24
just like I wasted a day.
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ุชู…ุงู…ุง ูƒู…ุง ุฃู‡ุฏุฑุช ุฃู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
06:27
If you just multiply by 100 million people, let's say losing one day a month,
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ุฅุฐุง ุถุฑุจู†ุง ูู‚ุท ุจู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุดุฎุต , ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ู†ุฎุณุฑ ูŠูˆู…ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ,
06:31
whatever, and you see a vast amount of resource wasted.
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ุฃูŠุง ูƒุงู† , ู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุงู„ูƒู…ู‘ ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ุถุงุฆุนุฉ.
06:35
And after all, poor countries, like rich countries, one thing we've got equal,
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‘ู‡ุงูŠุฉ , ุชุชุดุงุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุบู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุดูŠุก,
06:38
is their days are the same length: 24 hours.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ ู„ุฃูŠุงู…ู‡ู… ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทูˆู„: 24 ุณุงุนุฉ.
06:41
So if you lose that precious resource,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุถุนุช ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ุซู…ูŠู†ุฉ,
06:44
where you are somewhat equal to the richer countries,
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒู†ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุง ููŠ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ุบู†ูŠุฉ,
06:47
that's a huge waste.
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ุชู„ูƒ ู…ุถูŠุนุฉ ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ.
06:50
So I started looking for any evidence that --
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฏุฃุช ุฃุจุญุซ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†,
06:54
does connectivity really increase productivity?
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ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ูŠุณุงู‡ู… ุญู‚ุง ููŠ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌูŠุฉุŸ
06:58
And I couldn't find much, really, but I found this graph produced by the ITU,
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ูˆู„ู… ุฃุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ, ุญู‚ุง, ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ูˆุฌุฏุช ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุตุฏุฑู‡ "ITU",
07:02
which is the International Telecommunication Union, based in Geneva.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุงุชุญุงุฏ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุงุชุตุงู„ุงุช , ูˆู…ู‚ุฑู‡ุง ุฌู†ูŠู.
07:08
They show an interesting thing.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู….
07:11
That you see, the horizontal axis is where you place your country.
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ู…ุง ุชุฑุงู‡ , ุงู„ู…ุญูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃูู‚ูŠ ูŠู…ุซู‘ู„ ุจู„ุฏูƒู….
07:15
So the United States or the UK would be here, outside.
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ูˆู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุณุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง, ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ.
07:18
And so the impact of one new telephone,
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ุฃุซุฑ ู‡ุงุชู ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ,
07:22
which is on the vertical axis, is very little.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฑุงู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฑุฃุณูŠ, ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุฌุฏุง.
07:27
But if you come back to a poorer country, where the GNP per capita is,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ุนุฏู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ู ุฅู„ู‰ ุจู„ุฏ ุฃูู‚ุฑ, ุญูŠุซ ู†ุตูŠุจ ุงู„ูุฑุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู…ูŠ ุงู„ุฅุฌู…ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ,
07:30
let's say, 500 dollars, or 300 dollars,
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ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ , 500 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ , ุฃูˆ 300 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ,
07:33
then the impact is huge: 6,000 dollars. Or 5,000 dollars.
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ูุงู„ุฃุซุฑ ุถุฎู… : 6,000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ. ุฃูˆ 5,000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ.
07:40
The question was,
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ูˆุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุทุฑูˆุญ ู‡ูˆ ,
07:41
how much did it cost to install a new telephone in Bangladesh?
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ูƒู… ุชุจู„ุบ ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ู‡ุงุชู ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุจู†ุบู„ุงุฏูŠุดุŸ
07:45
It turns out: 2,000 dollars.
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุจูŠู† , 2000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ.
07:49
So if you spend 2,000 dollars, and let's say the telephone lasts 10 years,
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ูุฅุฐุง ุฃู†ูู‚ุช 2000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ , ูˆุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ูŠุฏูˆู… 10 ุณู†ูˆุงุช.
07:52
and if 5,000 dollars every year -- so that's 50,000 dollars.
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ูˆุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† 5000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุนุงู… -- ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† 50,000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ.
07:55
So obviously this was a gadget to have.
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ู„ุฐุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃุฏุงุฉ ูŠุฌุจ ุงู‚ุชู†ุงุฆู‡ุง.
07:59
And of course, if the cost of installing a telephone is going down,
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ูˆุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ , ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ุชู†ุฎูุถ ,
08:04
because there's a digital revolution going on,
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ุจุณุจุจ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ,
08:06
then it would be even more dramatic.
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฏุฑุงู…ูŠุฉ.
08:10
And I knew a little economics by then --
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ูƒู†ุช ุฃุนุฑู ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุนู† ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ --
08:13
it says Adam Smith taught us that specialization leads to productivity.
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ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‘ ุขุฏู… ุณู…ูŠุซ ุนู„ู‘ู…ู†ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุชุฎุตู‘ุต ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌูŠุฉ.
08:16
But how would you specialize?
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุญู‚ู‚ ุงู„ุชุฎุตู‘ุตุŸ
08:19
Let's say I'm a fisherman and a farmer.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‘ู†ูŠ ุตูŠุงุฏ ูˆู…ุฒุงุฑุน.
08:23
And Chris is a fisherman farmer. Both are generalists.
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ูˆูƒุฑูŠุณ ู‡ูˆ ุตูŠุงุฏ ูˆู…ุฒุงุฑุน. ูƒู„ุงู†ุง ู„ุณู†ุง ู…ุชุฎุตู‘ุตูŠู†.
08:29
So the point is that we could only -- the only way we could depend on each other,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅู„ุง -- ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุนู„ ูƒู„ุง ู…ู†ุง ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ,
08:33
is if we can connect with each other.
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ุงุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
08:36
And if we are neighbors, I could just walk over to his house.
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ุฌูŠุฑุงู† , ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุฃู† ุฃู…ุดูŠ ุญุชู‘ู‰ ู…ู†ุฒู„ู‡.
08:41
But then we are limiting our economic sphere to something very small area.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู†ูƒูˆู† ุญุฏู‘ุฏู†ุง ู…ุฌุงู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
08:45
But in order to expand that, you need a river,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุชูˆุณูŠุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุทุงู‚ , ูุฅู†ูƒ ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ ,
08:48
or you need a highway, or you need telephone lines.
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ุฃูˆ ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุน , ุฃูˆ ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู.
08:50
But in any event, it's connectivity that leads to dependability.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠุฉ ุญุงู„ , ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฅุชู‘ุตุงู„ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ.
08:55
And that leads to specialization.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู‘ุฎุตู‘ุต.
08:57
That leads to productivity.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌูŠุฉ.
08:59
So the question was, I started looking at this issue,
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ , ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุงู„ุจุญุซ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ,
09:03
and going back and forth between Bangladesh and New York.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฌูŠุฆุฉ ูˆุฐู‡ุงุจุง ุจูŠู† ุจู†ุบู„ุงุฏูŠุด ูˆู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ.
09:05
There were a lot of reasons people told me
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ุฃุฎุจุฑู†ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู† ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ
09:09
why we don't have enough telephones.
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ู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ุง ู†ู…ู„ูƒ ู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู.
09:12
And one of them is the lacking buying power.
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ูˆุฃุญุฏู‡ุง ุบูŠุงุจ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุดุฑุงุฆูŠุฉ.
09:14
Poor people apparently don't have the power to buy.
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ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุฑุงุก.
09:17
But the point is, if it's a production tool, why do we have to worry about that?
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ู‡ูˆ , ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ , ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุง ูŠุฏุนูˆ ู„ู„ู‚ู„ู‚ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนุŸ
09:20
I mean, in America, people buy cars,
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ุฃู‚ุตุฏ, ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง , ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠุดุชุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุงุช ,
09:23
and they put very little money down.
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ูˆูŠุฏูุนูˆู† ู…ุจู„ุบุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ุฌุฏุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„.
09:26
They get a car, and they go to work.
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ุซู…ู‘ ูŠุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ , ูˆูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ู„.
09:29
The work pays them a salary;
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ุนู…ู„ู‡ู… ูŠุคู…ู‘ู† ู„ู‡ู… ุฑุงุชุจุง ุ›
09:32
the salary allows them to pay for the car over time.
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ูˆุงู„ุฑุงุชุจ ูŠุณู…ุญ ู„ู‡ู… ุจุฏูุน ุซู…ู† ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูุชุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู…ู†.
09:35
The car pays for itself.
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ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ุชููˆูŽูุฑ ุซู…ู†ู‡ุง.
09:36
So if the telephone is a production tool,
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ูุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ูŠู…ุซู‘ู„ ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ,
09:39
then we don't quite have to worry about the purchasing power.
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ูู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุง ูŠุฏุนูˆ ู„ู„ู‚ู„ู‚ ุงู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ุจุนูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุดุฑุงุฆูŠุฉ.
09:42
And of course, even if that's true, then what about initial buying power?
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ูˆุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ , ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญุง , ูู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุดุฑุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉุŸ
09:47
So then the question is, why can't we have some kind of shared access?
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ุซู… ูุฅู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ , ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุŸ
09:52
In the United States, we have -- everybody needs a banking service,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ , ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง -- ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ููŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎุฏู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุตุฑููŠุฉ ,
09:56
but very few of us are trying to buy a bank.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนุฏุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุฌุฏุง ู…ู†ุง ูŠุญุงูˆู„ ุดุฑุงุก ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุจู†ูˆูƒ.
09:59
So it's -- a bank tends to serve a whole community.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ูˆ -- ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุจู†ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุฏู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุจุฃุณุฑู‡.
10:03
So we could do that for telephones.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ุทุจู‘ู‚ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู.
10:06
And also people told me that we have a lot of important primary needs to meet:
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ุฃุฎุจุฑู†ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃูŠุถุง ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุชูŽู„ุจูŠุชู‡ุง:
10:11
food, clothing, shelter, whatever.
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ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก, ุงู„ูƒุณุงุก, ุงู„ู…ุฃูˆู‰ , ูˆ ุบูŠุฑู‡ุง.
10:14
But again, it's very paternalistic.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ , ุงู†ู‡ุง ุฃุจูˆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
10:16
You should be raising income
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฎู„
10:19
and let people decide what they want to do with their money.
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ูˆุชูŽุชู’ุฑููƒ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠู‚ุฑุฑูˆู† ู…ุง ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ุจุฃู…ูˆุงู„ู‡ู….
10:24
But the real problem is the lack of other infrastructures.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุจู†ู‰ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
10:27
See, you need some kind of infrastructure to bring a new thing.
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ุงู†ุธุฑ , ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ู„ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุดูŠุก ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
10:32
For instance, the Internet was booming in the U.S.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ , ุงุฒุฏู‡ุฑุช ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ
10:35
because there were -- there were people who had computers.
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ -- ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠู…ู„ูƒูˆู† ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ.
10:38
They had modems.
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ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ "ู…ูˆุฏู…".
10:40
They had telephone lines, so it's very easy to bring in a new idea, like the Internet.
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู, ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ุฌุฏุง ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ , ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช.
10:44
But that's what's lacking in a poor country.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉ.
10:47
So for example, we didn't have ways to have credit checks,
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ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ , ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŠูƒุงุช ุงุฆุชู…ุงู†,
10:49
few banks to collect bills, etc.
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ุนุฏุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู†ูˆูƒ ู„ุชุญุตูŠู„ ุงู„ููˆุงุชูŠุฑ , ูˆู‡ู„ู… ุฌุฑุง.
10:54
But that's why I noticed Grameen Bank, which is a bank for poor people,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุชุจู‡ ู„ู…ุตุฑู "ุบุฑุงู…ูŠู†" , ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุตุฑู ู„ู„ูู‚ุฑุงุก ,
10:57
and had 1,100 branches, 12,000 employees, 2.3 million borrowers.
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ 1.100 ูุฑุน , 12.000 ู…ูˆุธูุง ูˆ 2.3 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ู‚ุชุฑุถ.
11:04
And they had these branches.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูุฑูˆุน.
11:06
I thought I could put cell towers and create a network.
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ุงุนุชู‚ุฏุช ุงู†ู‡ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠ ูˆุถุน ุฃุจุฑุงุฌ ุฎู„ูŠูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุฅู†ุดุงุก ุดุจูƒุฉ.
11:11
And anyway, to cut the time short -- so I started --
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุญุงู„ , ู„ุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช -- ุจุฏุฃุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ --
11:15
I first went to them and said,
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ุฃูˆู„ุง ุฐู‡ุจุช ุฅู„ูŠู‡ู… , ูˆู‚ู„ุช :
11:18
"You know, perhaps I could connect all your branches and make you more efficient."
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"ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† , ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุชูˆุตูŠู„ ูƒู„ ูุฑูˆุนูƒู… ุจุจุนุถู‡ุง ูˆุฌุนู„ูƒู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูƒูุงุกุฉ."
11:21
But you know, they have, after all, evolved in a country without telephones,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† , ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ูˆุง , ุฑุบู… ูƒู„ู‘ ุดูŠุก , ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ููŠ ุจู„ุฏ ู„ูŠุณ ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆุงุชู,
11:25
so they are decentralized. I mean, of course there might be other good reasons,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† ู†ุธุงู…ู‡ู… ู„ุง ู…ุฑูƒุฒูŠ. ูŠุนู†ูŠ , ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุณุจุงุจ ูˆุฌูŠู‡ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ,
11:30
but this was one of the reasons -- they had to be.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ -- ูƒุงู† ู„ุง ุจุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูุนู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒ.
11:32
And so they were not that interested to connect all their branches,
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู…ุชุญู…ู‘ุณูŠู† ุฌุฏู‘ุง ู„ุฑุจุท ุฌู…ูŠุน ูุฑูˆุนู‡ู… ,
11:36
and then to be -- and rock the boat.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† -- ูˆุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุจ.
11:38
So I started focusing. What is it that they really do?
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ุซู…ู‘ ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ. ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจู‡ ุญู‚ุงุŸ
11:42
So what happens is that somebody borrows money from the bank.
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ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุฅุญุฏุงู‡ู… ุชู‚ุชุฑุถ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู†ูƒ.
11:45
She typically buys a cow. The cow gives milk.
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ุนุงุฏุฉ ู…ุง ุชุดุชุฑูŠ ุจู‚ุฑุฉ. ุงู„ุจู‚ุฑุฉ ุชุนุทูŠ ุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจ.
11:49
And she sells the milk to the villagers, and pays off the loan.
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ุซู…ู‘ ุชุจูŠุน ุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆูŠูŠู† , ูˆุชุฏูุน ุงู„ู‚ุฑุถ.
11:53
And this is a business for her, but it's milk for everybody else.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠู…ุซู‘ู„ ู†ุดุงุทุง ุชุฌุงุฑูŠุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ุง , ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจ ู„ู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ุฌู…ูŠุนุง.
11:58
And suddenly I realized that a cell phone could be a cow.
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ุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ูุฌุฃุฉ ุงู† ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ุงู„ู…ุญู…ูˆู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠู…ุซู‘ู„ ุงู„ุจู‚ุฑุฉ.
12:00
Because some way she could borrow 200 dollars from the bank,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชู‚ุชุฑุถ 200 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู†ูƒ ,
12:04
get a phone and have the phone for everybody.
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ูˆุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน.
12:07
And it's a business for her.
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ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ู†ุดุงุทุง ุชุฌุงุฑูŠุง.
12:10
So I wrote to the bank, and they thought for a while, and they said,
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ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุชุจุช ู„ู„ุจู†ูƒ , ููƒู‘ุฑูˆุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช , ุซู…ู‘ ุฃุฌุงุจูˆุง ,
12:14
"It's a little crazy, but logical.
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"ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ุฃู…ุฑ ููŠู‡ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆู†, ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠู‘
12:16
If you think it can be done, come and make it happen."
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ู‡, ูุชุนุงู„ ูˆุงุฌุนู„ู‡ ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚".
12:20
So I quit my job; I went back to Bangladesh.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุชุฑูƒุช ุนู…ู„ูŠ , ูˆุนุฏุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุจู†ุบู„ุงุฏูŠุด.
12:23
I created a company in America called Gonofone,
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุจุนุซ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุฏุนูˆู†ุงู‡ุง "ุฌูˆู†ูˆููˆู†",
12:26
which in Bengali means "people's phone."
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุจู†ุบุงู„ูŠุฉ "ู‡ุงุชู ุงู„ู†ุงุณ."
12:29
And angel investors in America put in money into that.
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ูˆู…ูŽูˆู‘ูŽู„ูŽ ู…ูุณู’ุชุซู…ุฑูˆ "ุฃู†ุฌู„" ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน.
12:31
I flew around the world.
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ุชุฌูˆู‘ู„ุช ุจุงู„ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
12:33
After about a million -- I mean, I got rejected from lots of places,
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ุจุนุฏ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† -- ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‘ูŠ ุชู…ู‘ ุฑูุถูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ,
12:36
because I was not only trying to go to a poor country,
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ูƒู†ุช ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจู„ุฏ ูู‚ูŠุฑ,
12:39
I was trying to go to the poor of the poor country.
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ูƒู†ุช ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃูู‚ุฑ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉ.
12:41
After about a million miles, and a meaningful --
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ุจุนุฏ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ูŠู„ , ูˆ --
12:45
a substantial loss of hair, I eventually put together a consortium, and --
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ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุดุนุฑ , ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ุช ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ู…ู† ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ุงุฆุชู„ุงู , ูˆ--
12:48
which involved the Norwegian telephone company,
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ุฌู…ุน ุจูŠู† ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ุงู„ู†ุฑูˆูŠุฌูŠุฉ ,
12:52
which provided the know-how,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆูุฑุช ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุฉ,
12:55
and the Grameen Bank provided the infrastructure to spread the service.
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ูˆู‚ุฏู‘ูŽู… ุจู†ูƒ "ุบุฑุงู…ูŠู†" ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุฏู…ุฉ.
13:01
To make the story short, here is the coverage of the country.
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ู„ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ, ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุชุบุทูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ.
13:05
You can see it's pretty much covered.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุชุบุทูŠุฉ ุดู…ู„ุช ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ .
13:08
Even in Bangladesh, there are some empty places.
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ุญุชู‰ ููŠ ุจู†ุบู„ุงุฏูŠุด , ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ูุงุฑุบุฉ.
13:11
But we are also investing around another 300 million dollars this year
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงุณุชุซู…ุฑู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุง 300 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ุงุถุงููŠู‘ุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู…
13:15
to extend that coverage.
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ู„ุชูˆุณูŠุน ู†ุทุงู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุบุทูŠุฉ.
13:20
Now, about that cow model I talked about.
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ุงู„ุขู† , ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุจุฉ ู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุจู‚ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุฏุซุช ุนู†ู‡.
13:23
There are about 115,000 people who are retailing telephone services
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ูŠูˆุฌุฏ 115.000 ุดุฎุต ูŠู‚ุฏู‘ู…ูˆู† ุฎุฏู…ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ุจู†ุธุงู… ุชุฌุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุฌุฒุฆุฉ
13:29
in their neighborhoods.
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ููŠ ุฃุญูŠุงุฆู‡ู….
13:31
And it's serving 52,000 villages, which represent about 80 million people.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฎุฏู… 52.000 ู‚ุฑูŠุฉ, ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠู…ุซู„ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 80 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู†ุณู…ุฉ.
13:37
And these phones are generating
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ูˆ ุชูˆูุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู
13:41
about 100 million dollars for the company.
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ู†ุญูˆ 100 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ู„ู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ.
13:44
And two dollars profit per entrepreneur per day, which is like 700 dollars per year.
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ูˆุฏูˆู„ุงุฑูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุงุญ ู„ู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ , ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠู…ุซู„ 700 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ.
13:53
And of course, it's very beneficial in a lot of ways.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุน, ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุง ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู‘ุคูˆู†.
13:55
It increases income, improves welfare, etc.
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ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฎู„ , ูˆูŠุญุณู† ุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ , ูˆู‡ู„ู… ุฌุฑุง.
13:58
And the result is, right now, this company is the largest telephone company,
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู‡ูŠ , ุญุงู„ูŠู‘ุง , ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ู„ู„ู‡ุงุชู ,
14:02
with 3.5 million subscribers,
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ู…ุน 3.5 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ.
14:05
115,000 of these phones I talked about --
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115,000 ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุฏุซุช ุนู†ู‡ุง,
14:07
that produces about a third of the traffic in the network.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุชุฌ ู†ุญูˆ ุซู„ุซ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ.
14:12
And 2004, the net profit, after taxes --
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ูˆููŠ ุณู†ุฉ 2004 , ุจู„ุบุช ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุงุญ ุงู„ุตุงููŠุฉ , ุจุนุฏ ุฎุตู… ุงู„ุถุฑุงุฆุจ --
14:16
very serious taxes -- was 120 million dollars.
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ุถุฑุงุฆุจ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุง -- 120 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ.
14:20
And the company contributed about 190 million dollars to the government coffers.
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ูˆุณุงู‡ู…ุช ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุจุชู…ูˆูŠู„ ุฎุฒูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุจู†ุญูˆ 190 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ.
14:26
And again, here are some of the lessons.
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ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰, ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฏุฑูˆุณ.
14:28
"The government needs to provide economically viable services."
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"ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุฎุฏู…ุงุช ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ ู…ุฌุฏูŠุฉ ".
14:30
Actually, this is an instance where private companies can provide that.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน , ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซุงู„ ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุทุงุน ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุงู† ุชูˆูุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ.
14:33
"Governments need to subsidize private companies."
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"ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุงุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏุนู… ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ".
14:36
This is what some people think.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุธู†ู‡ ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
14:38
And actually, private companies help governments with taxes.
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ุญุงู„ูŠู‘ุง, ุชู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุงุช ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฏูุน ุงู„ุถุฑุงุฆุจ.
14:41
"Poor people are recipients."
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"ุฃุตุจุญ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุงุก ู…ุชู„ู‚ูŠู†."
14:43
Poor people are a resource.
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ูŠุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุงุก ู…ูˆุฑุฏุง.
14:46
"Services cost too much for the poor."
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"ุงู„ุฎุฏู…ุงุช ู…ูƒู„ูุฉ ุฌุฏุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ูู‚ุฑุงุก."
14:48
Their involvement reduces the cost.
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ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุชู‡ู… ุชู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ.
14:52
"The poor are uneducated and cannot do much."
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"ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุงุก ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชุนู„ู…ูŠู† ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ู… ูุนู„ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ".
14:55
They are very eager learners and very capable survivors.
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ู‡ู… ู…ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุญุฑูŠุตูˆู† ุฌุฏุง ูˆู†ุงุฌูˆู† ุฐูˆ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ.
14:58
I've been very surprised.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุช ู…ู†ุฏู‡ุดุง ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
15:00
Most of them learn how to operate a telephone within a day.
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ู…ุนุธู…ู‡ู… ุชุนู„ู… ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ุฎู„ุงู„ ูŠูˆู… ูˆุงุญุฏ.
15:03
"Poor countries need aid."
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"ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉ ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุณุงุนุฏุงุช".
15:06
Businesses -- this one company has raised the --
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ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช -- ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ู„ูˆุญุฏู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฑูุน --
15:09
if the ideal figures are even five percent true, this one company
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ุญุชู‰ ุจู†ุณุจุฉ 5 ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ , ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ู„ูˆุญุฏู‡ุง
15:14
is raising the GNP of the country much more than the aid the country receives.
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ู…ู† ุฑูุน ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู…ูŠ ุงู„ุฅุฌู…ุงู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุจู„ุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู„ู‚ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ.
15:19
And as I was trying to show you, as far as I'm concerned,
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ุฃุธู‡ุฑ ู„ูƒู… , ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ุฃู†ุง ู‚ู„ู‚,
15:22
aid does damages because it removes the government from its citizens.
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ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุงุช ุชุณุจู‘ุจ ุงู„ุฃุถุฑุงุฑ , ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชูุจู’ุนูุฏู ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ู…ู† ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู‡ุง.
15:27
And this is a new project I have with Dean Kamen, the famous inventor in America.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุดุฑูˆุนูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู…ุน "ุฏูŠู† ูƒุงู…ูŠู†" , ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุฑุน ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ.
15:31
He has produced some power generators,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ุชุฌ ุจุนุถ ู…ูˆู„ุฏุงุช ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ,
15:34
which we are now doing an experiment in Bangladesh,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุญุงู„ูŠู‘ุง ุจุชุฌุฑุจุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุจู†ุบู„ุงุฏูŠุด,
15:38
in two villages where cow manure is producing biogas,
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ููŠ ู‚ุฑูŠุชูŠู† ูŠูู†ู’ุชูŽุฌู ููŠู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุจุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ุณู…ุงุฏ ุงู„ุจู‚ุฑ,
15:41
which is running these generators.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุดุบูŠู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ุฏุงุช.
15:45
And each of these generators is selling electricity to 20 houses each.
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ูˆูƒูู„ู‘ูŒ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ุฏุงุช ูŠุจูŠุน ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ุฅู„ู‰ 20 ู…ู†ุฒู„ุง ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง.
15:48
It's just an experiment.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ.
15:52
We don't know how far it will go,
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ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ุฏู‰ ุณูˆู ุชุตู„,
15:53
but it's going on.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุชุชู‚ุฏู‘ู….
15:55
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒู….
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7