Iqbal Quadir: The power of the mobile phone to end poverty

35,972 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Oren Szekatch
00:25
I'll just take you to Bangladesh for a minute.
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ืœื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ืœืจื’ืข.
01:07
Before I tell that story, we should ask ourselves the question:
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”:
01:10
Why does poverty exist?
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ืœืžื” ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื?
01:12
I mean, there is plenty of knowledge and scientific breakthroughs.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื“ืข ื•ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช.
01:17
We all live in the same planet,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
01:20
but there's still a great deal of poverty in the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:22
And I think -- so I want to throw a perspective that I have,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ -- ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™,
01:26
so that we can assess this project, or any other project, for that matter,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜, ืื• ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ืจ, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
01:33
to see whether it's contributing or --
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืจื ืื• --
01:36
contributing to poverty or trying to alleviate it.
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ืชื•ืจื ืœืขื•ื ื™ ืื• ืžื ืกื” ืœืžื’ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
01:38
Rich countries have been sending aid to poor countries for the last 60 years.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื—ื• ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 60 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:43
And by and large, this has failed.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื–ื” ื ื›ืฉืœ.
01:46
And you can see this book,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”,
01:48
written by someone who worked in the World Bank for 20 years,
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ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ 20 ืฉื ื”,
01:51
and he finds economic growth in this country to be elusive.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ืžืงืžืงื”.
01:56
By and large, it did not work.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ืขื‘ื“.
01:59
So the question is, why is that?
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืœืžื”?
02:03
In my mind, there is something to learn from the history of Europe.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
02:08
I mean, even here, yesterday I was walking across the street,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ, ืืชืžื•ืœ ื—ืฆื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘,
02:12
and they showed three bishops were executed 500 years ago,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืœืคื ื™ 500 ืฉื ื”,
02:16
right across the street from here.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืคื”.
02:18
So my point is, there's a lot of struggle has gone in Europe,
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ืื– ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
02:22
where citizens were empowered by technologies.
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ื‘ื”ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื•ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:25
And they demanded authorities from --
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ื•ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืžื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช--
02:28
to come down from their high horses.
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ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ืกื•ืก ืฉืœื”ื.
02:31
And in the end, there's better bargaining
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืงื•ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:34
between the authorities and citizens,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
02:37
and democracies, capitalism -- everything else flourished.
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ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื -- ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืคืจื—ื•.
02:40
And so you can see, the real process of --
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ื•ื›ืš ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ --
02:43
and this is backed up by this 500-page book --
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ 500 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื --
02:47
that the authorities came down and citizens got up.
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ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื• ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขืœื•.
02:52
But if you look, if you have that perspective,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื•, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•,
02:55
then you can see what happened in the last 60 years.
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ืื– ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
02:58
Aid actually did the opposite.
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ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื”ืคืš.
03:01
It empowered authorities,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:03
and, as a result, marginalized citizens.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื“ื—ืง ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
03:06
The authorities did not have the reason to make economic growth happen
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ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื›ืœื›ืœื™
03:09
so that they could tax people
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื
03:12
and make more money for to run their business.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืขืกืงื™ื™ื”ื.
03:16
Because they were getting it from abroad.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:19
And in fact, if you see oil-rich countries,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืชืจืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืคื˜,
03:23
where citizens are not yet empowered, the same thing goes --
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื”.
03:26
Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, all sorts of countries.
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ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
03:29
Because the aid and oil or mineral money acts the same way.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืกื™ื•ืข ื•ื›ืกืฃ ืžื ืคื˜ ืื• ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:34
It empowers authorities, without activating the citizens --
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ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื --
03:38
their hands, legs, brains, what have you.
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ื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื, ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•.
03:42
And if you agree with that, then I think the best way to improve these countries
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื–ื”, ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:48
is to recognize that economic development is of the people,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:51
by the people, for the people.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:54
And that is the real network effect.
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ื•ื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
03:56
If citizens can network and make themselves more organized and productive,
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ืื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจืฉืช ื•ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื,
04:00
so that their voices are heard,
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ื›ืš ืฉืงื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื™ืฉืžืขื•,
04:02
so then things would improve.
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ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉืชืคืจื•.
04:04
And to contrast that, you can see the most important institution in the world,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
04:09
the World Bank, is an organization of the government,
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ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ,
04:13
by the government, for the governments.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื™ื.
04:16
Just see the contrast.
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ืจืง ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“.
04:18
And that is the perspective I have, and then I can start my story.
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ื•ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื™, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™.
04:23
Of course, how would you empower citizens?
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืชืชื ื• ื›ื•ื— ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื?
04:26
There could be all sorts of technologies. And one is cell phones.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœืœื•ืจื™ื™ื.
04:28
Recently "The Economist" recognized this,
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื”,
04:31
but I stumbled upon the idea 12 years ago,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 12 ืฉื ื”,
04:36
and that's what I've been working on.
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ืชื™.
04:42
So 12 years ago, I was trying to be an investment banker in New York.
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ 12 ืฉื ื”, ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
04:45
We had -- quite a few our colleagues were connected by a computer network.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• -- ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
04:53
And we got more productive because we didn't have to exchange floppy disks;
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ื•ื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื“ื™ืกืงื˜ื™ื;
05:00
we could update each other more often.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:04
But one time it broke down.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ืจืฉืช ืงืจืกื”.
05:06
And it reminded me of a day in 1971.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘1971.
05:10
There was a war going on in my country.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™.
05:14
And my family moved out of an urban place, where we used to live,
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ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืขื‘ืจื” ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื ื•,
05:17
to a remote rural area where it was safer.
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ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื›ืคืจื™ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:21
And one time my mother asked me to get some medicine for a younger sibling.
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ื•ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืžื ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืื—ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ.
05:24
And I walked 10 miles or so, all morning, to get there, to the medicine man.
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ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื›16 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื, ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
05:31
And he wasn't there, so I walked all afternoon back.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื, ืื– ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
05:34
So I had another unproductive day.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
05:36
So while I was sitting in a tall building in New York,
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ืื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
05:39
I put those two experiences together side by side,
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ื—ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
05:42
and basically concluded that connectivity is productivity --
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกืงืชื™ ืฉืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช --
05:45
whether it's in a modern office or an underdeveloped village.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืื• ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืœื ืžืคื•ืชื—.
05:50
So naturally, I -- the implication of that is
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ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื™ -- ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื
05:53
that the telephone is a weapon against poverty.
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ืฉื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
05:58
And if that's the case, then the question is
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”, ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื
06:00
how many telephones did we have at that time?
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ื›ืžื” ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ?
06:04
And it turns out, that there was one telephone in Bangladesh
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ
06:09
for every 500 people.
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ืœื›ืœ 500 ืื ืฉื™ื.
06:11
And all those phones were in the few urban places.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื.
06:15
The vast rural areas, where 100 million people lived,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื• 100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื,
06:18
there were no telephones.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื.
06:21
So just imagine how many man-months or man-years are wasted,
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ืื– ืจืง ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืื“ื ืื• ืฉื ื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–ื•,
06:24
just like I wasted a day.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื–ื‘ื–ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื.
06:27
If you just multiply by 100 million people, let's say losing one day a month,
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ืื ืจืง ืชื›ืคื™ืœื• ื‘100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื ื’ื™ื“ ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
06:31
whatever, and you see a vast amount of resource wasted.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื.
06:35
And after all, poor countries, like rich countries, one thing we've got equal,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ,
06:38
is their days are the same length: 24 hours.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืจืš: 24 ืฉืขื•ืช.
06:41
So if you lose that precious resource,
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ืื– ืื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:44
where you are somewhat equal to the richer countries,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:47
that's a huge waste.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืขืฆื•ื.
06:50
So I started looking for any evidence that --
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื›ืœ ืจืื™ื” ืœื”ืื,
06:54
does connectivity really increase productivity?
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ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช?
06:58
And I couldn't find much, really, but I found this graph produced by the ITU,
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ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ืืžืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ITU,
07:02
which is the International Telecommunication Union, based in Geneva.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื‘ื–'ื ื‘ื”.
07:08
They show an interesting thing.
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ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
07:11
That you see, the horizontal axis is where you place your country.
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ืืชื ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
07:15
So the United States or the UK would be here, outside.
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ื›ืš ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ืื• ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื”, ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
07:18
And so the impact of one new telephone,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ,
07:22
which is on the vertical axis, is very little.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™, ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
07:27
But if you come back to a poorer country, where the GNP per capita is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื—ื–ืจื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืœื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
07:30
let's say, 500 dollars, or 300 dollars,
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ื ื’ื™ื“, 500 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืื• 300 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
07:33
then the impact is huge: 6,000 dollars. Or 5,000 dollars.
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ืื– ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื”: 6000 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืื• 5000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:40
The question was,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื”,
07:41
how much did it cost to install a new telephone in Bangladesh?
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ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ?
07:45
It turns out: 2,000 dollars.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉ 2000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:49
So if you spend 2,000 dollars, and let's say the telephone lasts 10 years,
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ืื– ืื ืชื•ืฆื™ื 2000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
07:52
and if 5,000 dollars every year -- so that's 50,000 dollars.
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ื•ืื 5000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” -- ืื– ื–ื” 50000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:55
So obviously this was a gadget to have.
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ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื’ืื“ื’'ื˜ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”.
07:59
And of course, if the cost of installing a telephone is going down,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช,
08:04
because there's a digital revolution going on,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื”ืคื›ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช,
08:06
then it would be even more dramatic.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
08:10
And I knew a little economics by then --
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ื•ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืื– --
08:13
it says Adam Smith taught us that specialization leads to productivity.
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
08:16
But how would you specialize?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืชืชืžื—ื•?
08:19
Let's say I'm a fisherman and a farmer.
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ื‘ื•ื ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื•ื—ืงืœืื™.
08:23
And Chris is a fisherman farmer. Both are generalists.
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ื•ื›ืจื™ืก ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื—ืงืœืื™. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื.
08:29
So the point is that we could only -- the only way we could depend on each other,
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ืื– ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง -- ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
08:33
is if we can connect with each other.
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ื”ื™ื ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
08:36
And if we are neighbors, I could just walk over to his house.
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืชื•.
08:41
But then we are limiting our economic sphere to something very small area.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ.
08:45
But in order to expand that, you need a river,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื ื”ืจ,
08:48
or you need a highway, or you need telephone lines.
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ืื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
08:50
But in any event, it's connectivity that leads to dependability.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื–ื” ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช.
08:55
And that leads to specialization.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช.
08:57
That leads to productivity.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
08:59
So the question was, I started looking at this issue,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื”, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”,
09:03
and going back and forth between Bangladesh and New York.
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ื•ื ืกืขืชื™ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ื•ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
09:05
There were a lot of reasons people told me
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™
09:09
why we don't have enough telephones.
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ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื.
09:12
And one of them is the lacking buying power.
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ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื ืžื•ืš.
09:14
Poor people apparently don't have the power to buy.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช.
09:17
But the point is, if it's a production tool, why do we have to worry about that?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื, ืื ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื–ื”?
09:20
I mean, in America, people buy cars,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
09:23
and they put very little money down.
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ื•ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืงื“ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื”.
09:26
They get a car, and they go to work.
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
09:29
The work pays them a salary;
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืœืžืช ืœื”ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช;
09:32
the salary allows them to pay for the car over time.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
09:35
The car pays for itself.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืœืžืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”.
09:36
So if the telephone is a production tool,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
09:39
then we don't quite have to worry about the purchasing power.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžืžืฉ ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื”.
09:42
And of course, even if that's true, then what about initial buying power?
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื– ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™?
09:47
So then the question is, why can't we have some kind of shared access?
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช?
09:52
In the United States, we have -- everybody needs a banking service,
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• -- ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™,
09:56
but very few of us are trying to buy a bank.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื ืง.
09:59
So it's -- a bank tends to serve a whole community.
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ืื– ื–ื” -- ื‘ื ืง ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืฉืจืช ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœืžื”.
10:03
So we could do that for telephones.
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื.
10:06
And also people told me that we have a lot of important primary needs to meet:
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ื•ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื:
10:11
food, clothing, shelter, whatever.
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ืื•ื›ืœ, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“, ืžื—ืกื”, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
10:14
But again, it's very paternalistic.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคื˜ืจื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™.
10:16
You should be raising income
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”
10:19
and let people decide what they want to do with their money.
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ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื›ืกืคื.
10:24
But the real problem is the lack of other infrastructures.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช.
10:27
See, you need some kind of infrastructure to bring a new thing.
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ืชื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฆืจื™ืš ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:32
For instance, the Internet was booming in the U.S.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขืœื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
10:35
because there were -- there were people who had computers.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• -- ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
10:38
They had modems.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืžื•ื“ืžื™ื.
10:40
They had telephone lines, so it's very easy to bring in a new idea, like the Internet.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืงื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
10:44
But that's what's lacking in a poor country.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื”.
10:47
So for example, we didn't have ways to have credit checks,
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ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฆ'ืงื™ื ืืฉืจืื™,
10:49
few banks to collect bills, etc.
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ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ื•'.
10:54
But that's why I noticed Grameen Bank, which is a bank for poor people,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื’ืจืžื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื,
10:57
and had 1,100 branches, 12,000 employees, 2.3 million borrowers.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื• 1100 ืกื ื™ืคื™ื, 12000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, 2.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื.
11:04
And they had these branches.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
11:06
I thought I could put cell towers and create a network.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืชืื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉืช.
11:11
And anyway, to cut the time short -- so I started --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ -- ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ --
11:15
I first went to them and said,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืืžืจืชื™,
11:18
"You know, perhaps I could connect all your branches and make you more efficient."
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"ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืชื›ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื."
11:21
But you know, they have, after all, evolved in a country without telephones,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื,
11:25
so they are decentralized. I mean, of course there might be other good reasons,
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ืื– ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจื™ื. ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
11:30
but this was one of the reasons -- they had to be.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช -- ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
11:32
And so they were not that interested to connect all their branches,
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ืื– ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
11:36
and then to be -- and rock the boat.
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ื™ื•ืช -- ื•ืœื ืขื ืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจื”.
11:38
So I started focusing. What is it that they really do?
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“. ืžื” ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
11:42
So what happens is that somebody borrows money from the bank.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ื‘ื ืง.
11:45
She typically buys a cow. The cow gives milk.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ื ื” ืคืจื”. ื”ืคืจื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ื—ืœื‘.
11:49
And she sells the milk to the villagers, and pays off the loan.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ, ื•ืžืฉืœืžืช ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”.
11:53
And this is a business for her, but it's milk for everybody else.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืกืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:58
And suddenly I realized that a cell phone could be a cow.
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ื•ืœืคืชืข ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื”.
12:00
Because some way she could borrow 200 dollars from the bank,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื•ื•ืช 200 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื”ื‘ื ืง,
12:04
get a phone and have the phone for everybody.
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ืœืงื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื•ืœื.
12:07
And it's a business for her.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืกืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”.
12:10
So I wrote to the bank, and they thought for a while, and they said,
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ืื– ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœื‘ื ืง, ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืงืฆืช, ื•ืืžืจื•,
12:14
"It's a little crazy, but logical.
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"ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
12:16
If you think it can be done, come and make it happen."
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ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช."
12:20
So I quit my job; I went back to Bangladesh.
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ืื– ื”ืชืคื˜ืจืชื™ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™; ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ.
12:23
I created a company in America called Gonofone,
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ื”ืงืžืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื’ื•ื ื•ืคื•ืŸ,
12:26
which in Bengali means "people's phone."
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ืฉื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื•ืžืจ "ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื."
12:29
And angel investors in America put in money into that.
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ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉืžื• ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
12:31
I flew around the world.
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ื˜ืกืชื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
12:33
After about a million -- I mean, I got rejected from lots of places,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ -- ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื ื“ื—ืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
12:36
because I was not only trying to go to a poor country,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ืจืง ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื”,
12:39
I was trying to go to the poor of the poor country.
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ื•ืช.
12:41
After about a million miles, and a meaningful --
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ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืขืจ --
12:45
a substantial loss of hair, I eventually put together a consortium, and --
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื”ืงืžืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, --
12:48
which involved the Norwegian telephone company,
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ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ืช,
12:52
which provided the know-how,
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ืฉืกื™ืคืงื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข,
12:55
and the Grameen Bank provided the infrastructure to spread the service.
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ื•ื‘ื ืง ื’ืจืžื™ืŸ ืฉืกื™ืคืง ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืช.
13:01
To make the story short, here is the coverage of the country.
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ื•ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
13:05
You can see it's pretty much covered.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ ืžื›ื•ืกื”.
13:08
Even in Bangladesh, there are some empty places.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื™ืงื™ื.
13:11
But we are also investing around another 300 million dollars this year
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืขื•ื“ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืฉื ื”
13:15
to extend that coverage.
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ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™.
13:20
Now, about that cow model I talked about.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืจื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•.
13:23
There are about 115,000 people who are retailing telephone services
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 115000 ืงื™ืžืขื•ื ืื™ ืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™
13:29
in their neighborhoods.
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ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
13:31
And it's serving 52,000 villages, which represent about 80 million people.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืจืช 52000 ื›ืคืจื™ื, ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 80 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
13:37
And these phones are generating
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ื•ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื
13:41
about 100 million dollars for the company.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.
13:44
And two dollars profit per entrepreneur per day, which is like 700 dollars per year.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืจื•ื•ื— ืœื™ื–ื ืœื™ื•ื, ืฉื–ื” 700 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”.
13:53
And of course, it's very beneficial in a lot of ways.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
13:55
It increases income, improves welfare, etc.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื•ื›ื•'.
13:58
And the result is, right now, this company is the largest telephone company,
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืจื’ืข, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:02
with 3.5 million subscribers,
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ืขื 3.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื.
14:05
115,000 of these phones I talked about --
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115000 ืžื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
14:07
that produces about a third of the traffic in the network.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉืช.
14:12
And 2004, the net profit, after taxes --
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ื•ื‘ 2004, ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื ืงื™, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ืกื™ื --
14:16
very serious taxes -- was 120 million dollars.
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ืžื™ืกื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื -- ื”ื™ื” 120 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
14:20
And the company contributed about 190 million dollars to the government coffers.
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืจืš 190 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช.
14:26
And again, here are some of the lessons.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืœืงื—ื™ื.
14:28
"The government needs to provide economically viable services."
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"ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืกืคืง ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช."
14:30
Actually, this is an instance where private companies can provide that.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื–ื”.
14:33
"Governments need to subsidize private companies."
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"ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ืกื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช."
14:36
This is what some people think.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
14:38
And actually, private companies help governments with taxes.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ืกื™ื.
14:41
"Poor people are recipients."
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"ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื."
14:43
Poor people are a resource.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉืื‘.
14:46
"Services cost too much for the poor."
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"ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื."
14:48
Their involvement reduces the cost.
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ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช.
14:52
"The poor are uneducated and cannot do much."
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"ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”."
14:55
They are very eager learners and very capable survivors.
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ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืื“ ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื.
14:58
I've been very surprised.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™.
15:00
Most of them learn how to operate a telephone within a day.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ื.
15:03
"Poor countries need aid."
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"ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข."
15:06
Businesses -- this one company has raised the --
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ืขืกืงื™ื -- ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื’ื™ื™ืกื” --
15:09
if the ideal figures are even five percent true, this one company
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ืื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘5% ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•
15:14
is raising the GNP of the country much more than the aid the country receives.
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ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช.
15:19
And as I was trying to show you, as far as I'm concerned,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื, ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™,
15:22
aid does damages because it removes the government from its citizens.
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ืกื™ื•ืข ืขื•ืฉื” ื ื–ืง ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืžื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
15:27
And this is a new project I have with Dean Kamen, the famous inventor in America.
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืŸ, ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืืžืจื™ืงื”.
15:31
He has produced some power generators,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
15:34
which we are now doing an experiment in Bangladesh,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ,
15:38
in two villages where cow manure is producing biogas,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื–ื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ื’ื–,
15:41
which is running these generators.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
15:45
And each of these generators is selling electricity to 20 houses each.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœ20 ื‘ืชื™ื.
15:48
It's just an experiment.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
15:52
We don't know how far it will go,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ,
15:53
but it's going on.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš.
15:55
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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