How do daily habits lead to political violence? | Christiane-Marie Abu Sarah

91,134 views ใƒป 2020-09-18

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

00:00
Transcriber: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Camille Martรญnez
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ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: mohamed Al-Dose ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Asala ALmasry
00:12
So I'm starting us out today with a historical mystery.
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ุณุฃุจุฏุฃ ุญุฏูŠุซูŠ ู…ุนูƒู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุจู„ุบุฒู ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠู‘.
00:17
In 1957, there were two young women,
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ููŠ ุนุงู… 1957ุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดุงุจู‘ุชูŠู†ุŒ
00:20
both in their 20s,
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ูƒู„ุชุงู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†ุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑุŒ
00:21
both living in the same city,
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ูˆุชุนูŠุด ูƒู„ุชุงู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉุŒ
00:22
both members of the same political group.
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ูˆูƒู„ุชุงู‡ู…ุง ุนุถูˆูŒ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠู‘ุฉ.
00:26
That year, both decided to commit violent attacks.
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ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณู‘ู†ุฉุŒ ู‚ุฑู‘ุฑุช ูƒู„ุชุงู‡ู…ุง ุฃู†ู’ ุชุดู†ู‘ุง ู‡ุฌูˆู…ู‹ุง ุนู†ูŠูู‹ุง.
00:31
One girl took a gun and approached a soldier at a checkpoint.
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ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ูุชุงุชูŠู† ุฃุฎุฐุชู’ ู…ุณุฏู‘ุณู‹ุง ูˆุงู‚ุชุฑุจุช ู…ู† ุฌู†ุฏูŠู‘ ุนู†ุฏ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฌุฒ.
00:36
The other girl took a bomb and went to a crowded cafรฉ.
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ุงู„ูุชุงุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฃุฎุฐุชู’ ู‚ู†ุจู„ุฉ ูˆุฐู‡ุจุช ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู‚ู‡ู‹ู‰ ู…ุฒุฏุญู….
00:42
But here's the thing:
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู’ ู‡ู†ุง ุชูƒู…ู†ู ุงู„ู…ูุงุฑู‚ุฉ:
00:44
one of the those girls followed through with the attack,
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ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุงุชูŠู† ุงู„ูุชุงุชูŠู† ุฃูƒู…ู„ุชู’ ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุนุงุฒู…ุฉู‹ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ุฌูˆู…ุŒ
00:49
but the other turned back.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‹ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุชุฑุงุฌุนุช.
00:53
So what made the difference?
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงูุŸ
00:56
I'm a behavioral historian, and I study aggression,
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ุฃู†ุง ู…ุคุฑู‘ุฎุฉ ุณู„ูˆูƒูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุฏุฑุณู ุงู„ุนุฏูˆุงู†
00:59
moral cognition
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ูˆุงู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ
01:01
and decision-making in social movements.
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ูˆุงุชุฎุงุฐ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ.
01:04
That's a mouthful. (Laughs)
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ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุซูŠุฑูŒ ุฌุฏู‘ู‹ุง. (ุถุญูƒุงุช)
01:06
So, the translation of that is:
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ุฅู†ู‘ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ:
01:09
I study the moment an individual decides to pull the trigger,
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ุฃู†ู‘ู†ูŠ ุฃุฏุฑุณู ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู‚ุฑุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูุฑุฏ ุฃู†ู’ ูŠุทู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุฑุŒ
01:14
the day-to-day decisions that led up to that moment
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ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฏู‘ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ
01:18
and the stories that they tell themselves about why that behavior is justified.
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ูˆุงู„ู‚ุตุต ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฑูˆูˆู†ู‡ุง ู„ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ุญูˆู„ ุณุจุจ ุชุจุฑูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณู„ูˆูƒ.
01:25
Now, this topic --
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน...
01:26
it's not just scholarly for me.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุฌุฑู‘ุฏ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุซู‚ุงููŠ ูู‚ุท.
01:29
It's actually a bit personal.
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุดุฎุตูŠ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ู‹ุง.
01:31
I grew up in Kootenai County, Idaho,
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ู†ุดุฃุชู ููŠ ู…ู‚ุงุทุนุฉ ูƒูˆุชูŠู†ุงูŠ (ุฃูŠุฏุงู‡ูˆ)ุŒ
01:34
and this is very important.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ู‡ู…ู‘ ุฌุฏู‘ู‹ุง.
01:37
This is not the part of Idaho with potatoes.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠุณุช ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุฃูŠุฏุงู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ูˆุฑุฉ ุจุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุทุงุทุง.
01:41
We have no potatoes.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุจุทุงุทุง.
01:44
And if you ask me about potatoes,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุณุฃู„ุชู†ูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ุจุทุงุทุงุŒ
01:46
I will find you.
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ุณุฃุฌุฏููƒ.
01:47
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
01:48
This part of Idaho is known for mountain lakes,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ุฃูŠุฏุงู‡ูˆ ู…ุดู‡ูˆุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ุจุญูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฌุจู„ูŠู‘ุฉ
01:52
horseback riding,
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ูˆุฑูƒูˆุจ ุงู„ุฎูŠู„
01:54
skiing.
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ูˆุงู„ุชุฒู„ู‘ุฌ.
01:55
Unfortunately, starting in the 1980s,
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ูˆู„ู„ุฃุณู ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠู†ูŠุงุชุŒ
01:58
it also became known as the worldwide headquarters
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ุฃุตุจุญุช ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุฑู‘ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ
02:02
for the Aryan Nations.
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ู„ุงุฑูŠุงู† ู†ุงูŠุดู†ุฒ.
02:05
Every year, members of the local neo-Nazi compound
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ุณู†ุฉ ูŠุฎุฑุฌ ุฃุนุถุงุก ู…ุญู„ูŠู‘ูŠู† ู…ู† ู…ุฌู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุงุฒูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุฌุฏุฏ ูˆูŠุชุณูƒุนูˆู† ููŠ ุจู„ุฏุชู†ุงุŒ
02:08
would turn out and march through our town,
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02:11
and every year,
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ูˆููŠ ูƒู„ ุณู†ุฉุŒ
02:13
members of our town would turn out and protest them.
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ูŠุฎุฑุฌ ุฃุนุถุงุก ู…ู† ุจู„ุฏุชู†ุง ูˆูŠุญุชุฌู‘ูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ู….
02:16
Now, in 2001, I graduated from high school,
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ููŠ ุนุงู… 2001ุŒ ุชุฎุฑุฌู‘ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉุŒ
02:20
and I went to college in New York City.
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ูˆุฐู‡ุจุชู ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ.
02:24
I arrived in August 2001.
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ูˆุตู„ุชู ููŠ ุดู‡ุฑ ุขุจ ุนุงู… 2001.
02:29
As many of you probably are aware,
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ูƒู…ุง ูŠุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุบู„ุจุŒ
02:31
three weeks later,
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ุจุนุฏ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑุŒ
02:33
the Twin Towers went down.
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ุชู…ู‘ูŽ ุชุฏู…ูŠุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑุฌูŠู† ุงู„ุชูˆุฃู…ูŠู†.
02:36
Now, I was shocked.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุตูุฏูู…ุช.
02:40
I was incredibly angry.
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ูƒู†ุช ุบุงุถุจุฉู‹ ุจุดูƒู„ู ู„ุง ูŠุตุฏู‘ู‚.
02:44
I wanted to do something,
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ุฃุฑุฏุชู ุฃู†ู’ ุฃูุนู„ูŽ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ุงุŒ
02:46
but the only thing that I could think of doing at that time
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‘ุฐูŠ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏุชู ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑูŠ ูุนู„ู‡ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
02:50
was to study Arabic.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ.
02:53
I will admit,
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ุณุฃุนุชุฑูุŒ
02:55
I was that girl in class that wanted to know why "they" hate "us."
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ูƒู†ุช ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูุชุงุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุตู ุงู„ู‘ุชูŠ ุฃุฑุงุฏุช ุฃู†ู’ ุชุนุฑู ู„ู…ุงุฐุง "ูŠูƒุฑู‡ูˆู†ู†ุง."
03:01
I started studying Arabic for very wrong reasons.
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ุจุฏุฃุชู ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุฎุงุทุฆุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
03:05
But something unexpected happened.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู’ ุญุฏุซ ุดูŠุก ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชูˆู‚ุน.
03:07
I got a scholarship to go study in Israel.
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ุญุตู„ุชู ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุญุฉ ู„ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ููŠ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„.
03:10
So the Idaho girl went to the Middle East.
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ู„ุฐุง ูุชุงุฉ ุฃูŠุฏุงู‡ูˆ ุฐู‡ุจุชู’ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุท.
03:13
And while I was there, I met Palestinian Muslims,
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ูˆููŠ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุฅู‚ุงู…ุชูŠ ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ ู‚ุงุจู„ุชู ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู† ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠูŠู†ุŒ
03:18
Palestinian Christians,
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ูˆู…ุณูŠุญูŠูŠู† ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠูŠู†ุŒ
03:20
Israeli settlers,
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ูˆู…ุณุชูˆุทู†ูŠู† ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠูŠู†ุŒ
03:21
Israeli peace activists.
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ูˆู†ุดุทุงุก ุณู„ุงู… ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠูŠู†.
03:23
And what I learned is that every act has an ecology.
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ูˆู…ุง ุชุนู„ู‘ู…ุชู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ูŽ ูƒู„ ูุนู„ ู„ู‡ ุจูŠุฆุฉ.
03:28
It has a context.
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ู„ู‡ ุธุฑูˆู.
03:32
Now, since then, I have gone around the world,
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ู…ู† ูˆู‚ุชู‡ุง ู‚ู…ุชู ุจุงู„ุณู‘ูุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
03:35
I have studied violent movements,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ู…ุชู ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุนู†ูุŒ
03:39
I have worked with NGOs and ex-combatants in Iraq,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุนู…ู„ุชู ู…ุน ู…ุคุณู‘ุณุงุชู ุบูŠุฑ ุญูƒูˆู…ูŠุฉ ูˆู…ู‚ุงุชู„ูŠู† ุณุงุจู‚ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฑุงู‚ุŒ
03:44
Syria,
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ุณูˆุฑูŠุง
03:45
Vietnam,
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ูˆููŠุชู†ุงู…
03:47
the Balkans,
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ูˆุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุจู„ู‚ุงู†
03:48
Cuba.
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ูˆูƒูˆุจุง.
03:50
I earned my PhD in History,
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ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุงู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎุŒ
03:52
and now what I do is I go to different archives
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ูˆู…ุง ุฃูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู†ูŠ ุฃุทู‘ู„ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุดูŠูุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
03:55
and I dig through documents,
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ูˆุฃู†ู‚ู‘ุจู ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู†ุฏุงุชุŒ
03:57
looking for police confessions,
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ุจุงุญุซุฉู‹ ุนู† ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุดู‘ุฑุทุฉ
04:01
court cases,
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ูˆู‚ุถุงูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุญุงูƒู…ุŒ
04:03
diaries and manifestos of individuals involved in violent attacks.
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ูˆู…ุฐูƒุฑุงุช ูˆุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุฑู‘ุทูŠู† ููŠ ู‡ุฌู…ุงุชู ุนู†ูŠูุฉ.
04:09
Now, you gather all these documents --
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ุฅุฐุง ุฌู…ุนุชู… ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚...
04:12
what do they tell you?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุณุชุฎุจุฑูƒู…ุŸ
04:13
Our brains love causal mysteries,
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ุฅู†ู‘ูŽ ุนู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุชุญุจ ุงู„ุฃู„ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ุณุจุจูŠู‘ุฉุŒ
04:16
it turns out.
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ูƒู…ุง ุงุชู‘ุถุญ.
04:18
So any time we see an attack on the news,
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ู„ุฐุง ูƒู„ูŽู…ุง ู†ุฑู‰ ู‡ุฌูˆู…ู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑุŒ
04:21
we tend to ask one question:
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ูุฅู†ู‘ู†ุง ู†ู…ูŠู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู’ ู†ุณุฃู„ ุณุคุงู„ู‹ุง ูˆุงุญุฏู‹ุง:
04:23
Why?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ
04:24
Why did that happen?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุญุตู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
04:26
Well, I can tell you I've read thousands of manifestos,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู’ ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุจุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู‚ุฑุฃุช ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุชุŒ
04:29
and what you find out is that they are actually imitative.
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ูˆู…ุง ุณุชูƒุชุดููˆู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ูŽ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ู…ู‚ู„ู‘ุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน.
04:33
They imitate the political movement that they're drawing from.
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุชู‚ู„ู‘ุฏ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช.
04:37
So they actually don't tell us a lot about decision-making
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‡ูŠ ู„ุง ุชุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุนู† ุงุชุฎุงุฐ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑ
04:41
in that particular case.
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ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนูŠู‘ู†ุฉ.
04:43
So we have to teach ourselves to ask a totally different question.
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู†ู’ ู†ุณุฃู„ ุณุคุงู„ู‹ุง ู…ุฎุชู„ูู‹ุง ูƒู„ูŠู‹ู‘ุง.
04:48
Instead of "Why?" we have to ask "How?"
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ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† "ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ" ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู†ู’ ู†ุณุฃู„ "ูƒูŠูุŸ"
04:52
How did individuals produce these attacks,
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ูƒูŠู ุงุฑุชูƒุจูŽ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‡ูŽุฌู…ูŽุงุชุŒ
04:55
and how did their decision-making ecology contribute to violent behavior?
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ูˆูƒูŠู ุฃุฏู‘ุช ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุตู†ุน ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุณู„ูˆูƒู ุนุฏูˆุงู†ูŠุŸ
05:00
There's a couple things I've learned from asking this kind of question.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู„ู…ุชู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุทุฑุญ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ.
05:05
The most important thing is that
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ุฃู‡ู… ุดูŠุก
05:07
political violence is not culturally endemic.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู†ู ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุฑุถ ุซู‚ุงููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆุทู†.
05:10
We create it.
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ู†ุญู† ุงู„ู‘ุฐูŠู† ู†ุฎู„ู‚ู‡.
05:12
And whether we realize it or not,
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ูˆุณูˆุงุก ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ู„ุงุญุธ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูˆ ู„ุงุŒ
05:14
our day-to-day habits contribute to the creation of violence
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ูุฅู†ู‘ูŽ ุนุงุฏุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุชุณุงู‡ู… ููŠ ุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ุนู†ู
05:20
in our environment.
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ููŠ ุจูŠุฆุชู†ุง.
05:21
So here's a couple of habits that I've learned contribute to violence.
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ู„ุฐุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุนุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู„ู‘ู…ุชู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ู‘ุชูŠ ุชุคุฏู‘ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู†ู.
05:28
One of the first things that attackers did
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ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‘ุชูŠ ูุนู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฌู…ูˆู†
05:31
when preparing themselves for a violent event
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ุนู†ุฏ ุชุญุถูŠุฑ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ู„ูุนู„ู ุนู†ูŠู
05:35
was they enclosed themselves in an information bubble.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ู… ุชู‚ูˆู‚ุนูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ุถู…ู† ูู‚ุงุนุฉ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช.
05:39
We've heard of fake news, yeah?
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุณู…ุนู†ุง ุจุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฐุจุฉุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
05:41
Well, this shocked me:
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุตุฏู…ู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง:
05:44
every group that I studied had some kind of a fake news slogan.
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ูƒู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุฏุฑุณุชู‡ุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุดุนุงุฑ ู„ู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฐุจุฉ.
05:47
French communists called it the "putrid press."
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ุณู…ู‘ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ุดูŠูˆุนูŠู‘ูˆู† ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠู‘ูˆู† "ุงู„ุตู‘ุญุงูุฉ ุงู„ุนูŽููู†ูŽุฉ."
05:51
French ultranationalists called it the "sellout press"
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ุณู…ู‘ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ู‚ูˆู…ูŠู‘ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุชุนุตู‘ุจูˆู† "ุตุญุงูุฉ ุงู„ุชุตููŠุฉ"
05:55
and the "treasonous press."
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ูˆ "ุตุญุงูุฉ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงู†ุฉ."
05:57
Islamists in Egypt called it the "depraved news."
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ุณู…ู‘ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูˆู† ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ "ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ูุงุณุฏุฉ."
06:00
And Egyptian communists called it ...
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ูˆุณู…ู‘ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ุดูŠูˆุนูŠูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุตุฑูŠูˆู†...
06:04
"fake news."
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"ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฐุจุฉ."
06:05
So why do groups spend all this time trying to make these information bubbles?
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุชุตุฑู ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู„ุชุญุงูˆู„ ุตู†ุน ูู‚ุงุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ
06:09
The answer is actually really simple.
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ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุฌุฏู‘ู‹ุง.
06:12
We make decisions based on the information we trust, yeah?
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ู†ุญู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุงุชุฎุงุฐ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุช ุจุงู„ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุซู‚ ุจู‡ุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
06:17
So if we trust bad information,
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ู„ุฐุง ุฅุฐุง ูˆุซู‚ู†ุง ุจุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุถู„ู‘ู„ุฉุŒ
06:21
we're going to make bad decisions.
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ูุฅู†ู‘ู†ุง ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุงุชุฎุงุฐ ู‚ุฑุงุฑุช ุณูŠู‘ุฆุฉ.
06:24
Another interesting habit that individuals used
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ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุนุงุฏุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ูˆุงู„ู‘ุชูŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฃูุฑุงุฏ
06:27
when they wanted to produce a violent attack
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุฑุงุฏูˆุง ุฃู†ู’ ูŠุดู†ู‘ูˆุง ู‡ุฌูˆู…ู‹ุง ุนู†ูŠูู‹ุง
06:30
was that they looked at their victim not as an individual
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ู… ู†ุธุฑูˆุง ู„ุถุญูŠู‘ุชู‡ู… ู„ูŠุณ ูƒูุฑุฏ
06:33
but just as a member of an opposing team.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู’ ูู‚ุท ูƒุนุถูˆ ู…ู† ูุฑูŠู‚ู ู…ุนุงุฑุถ.
06:37
Now this gets really weird.
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ุจุฏุฃ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุตุจุญ ุบุฑูŠุจู‹ุง ุญู‚ู‘ู‹ุง.
06:39
There's some fun brain science behind why that kind of thinking is effective.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุน ูˆุฑุงุก ุณุจุจ ูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠู‘ู‹ุง.
06:43
Say I divide all of you guys into two teams:
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ู„ู†ู‚ู„ ุฃู†ู‘ู†ูŠ ูุตู„ุชูƒู… ูŠุง ุฌูŽู…ุงุนุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ูุฑูŠู‚ูŠู†:
06:47
blue team,
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ูุฑูŠู‚ ุฃุฒุฑู‚ุŒ
06:48
red team.
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ูˆูุฑูŠู‚ ุฃุญู…ุฑ.
06:49
And then I ask you to compete in a game against each other.
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ุซู… ุทู„ุจุช ู…ู†ูƒู… ุฃู†ู’ ุชุชู†ุงูุณูˆุง ููŠ ู…ุจุงุฑุงุฉ ุถุฏ ุจุนุถูƒู… ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
06:53
Well, the funny thing is, within milliseconds,
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ุถุญูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ููŠ ุบุถูˆู† ู…ูŠู„ูŠ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ
06:57
you will actually start experiencing pleasure -- pleasure --
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ุณูˆู ุชุจุฏุฃูˆู† ุจุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ุจุงู„ุณู‘ุนุงุฏุฉ
07:02
when something bad happens to members of the other team.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุดูŠุก ุณูŠุฆ ู„ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ.
07:07
The funny thing about that is if I ask one of you blue team members
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ุถุญูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุทู„ุจุชู ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏู ููŠ ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚
07:11
to go and join the red team,
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ู„ูŠุฐู‡ุจ ูˆูŠู†ุถู… ู„ู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑุŒ
07:14
your brain recalibrates,
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ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ุณูˆู ูŠุบูŠู‘ุฑ ู…ู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชููƒูŠุฑู‡ุŒ
07:16
and within milliseconds,
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ูˆููŠ ุบุถูˆู† ู…ูŠู„ูŠ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ
07:18
you will now start experiencing pleasure
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ุณูˆู ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุดู‘ุนูˆุฑ ุจุงู„ุณุนุงุฏุฉ
07:20
when bad things happen to members of your old team.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุดูŠุก ุณูŠุฆ ู„ุฃุนุถุงุก ูุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู….
07:26
This is a really good example of why us-them thinking is so dangerous
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซุงู„ ุฌูŠู‘ุฏ ุฌุฏู‘ู‹ุง ูŠูˆุถู‘ุญ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู†ุญู†ู ูˆู‡ู…
07:32
in our political environment.
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ููŠ ุจูŠุฆุชู†ุง ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠู‘ุฉ.
07:34
Another habit that attackers used to kind of rev themselves up for an attack
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนุงุฏุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฌู…ูˆู† ู„ุชุณุฑูŠุน ู‡ุฌูˆู…ู‡ู…
07:38
was they focused on differences.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ู… ุฑูƒู‘ุฒูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช.
07:41
In other words, they looked at their victims, and they thought,
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ุจุนุจุงุฑุฉู ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ู… ู‚ุฏ ู†ุธุฑูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุถุญุงูŠุงู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆููƒู‘ุฑูˆุง ู…ุน ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู…:
07:45
"I share nothing in common with that person.
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"ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต.
07:47
They are totally different than me."
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง ุนู†ู‘ูŠ."
07:50
Again, this might sound like a really simple concept,
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ู…ุฑู‘ุฉู‹ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ูู‡ูˆู…ู‹ุง ุจุณูŠุทู‹ุงุŒ
07:54
but there's some fascinating science behind why this works.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠูƒู…ู† ุนู„ู…ูŒ ู…ุฐู‡ู„ ุฎู„ู ุชุนู„ูŠู„ ุนู…ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
07:59
Say I show you guys videos of different-colored hands
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ู„ู†ู‚ู„ ุฃู†ู‘ู†ูŠ ุนุฑุถุช ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูŠุง ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุช ู„ุฃูŠุงุฏู ุจุฃู„ูˆุงู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
08:04
and sharp pins being driven into these different-colored hands,
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ูˆุฏุจุงุจูŠุณ ุญุงุฏุฉ ู„ุชูุบุฑูŽุณ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงุฏูŠ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ
08:08
OK?
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŸ
08:10
If you're white,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุฃุจูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ
08:12
the chances are you will experience the most sympathetic activation,
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ูุฅู† ุงู„ุชุนุงุทูุŒ
08:17
or the most pain,
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ูˆุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ุจุงู„ุฃู„ู…ุŒ
08:19
when you see a pin going into the white hand.
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ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฑู‰ ุฏุจู‘ูˆุณู‹ุง ูŠูุบุฑูŽุณ ููŠ ูŠุฏ ุจูŠุถุงุก.
08:24
If you are Latin American, Arab, Black,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชูŽ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ู„ุงุชูŠู†ูŠุŒ ุนุฑุจูŠ ุฃูˆ ุฃุณูˆุฏุŒ
08:27
you will probably experience the most sympathetic activation
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ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฌู‘ุญ ุฃู† ุชุจุฏูŠ ุชุนุงุทูู‹ุง ุฃูƒุจุฑ
08:31
watching a pin going into the hand that looks most like yours.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฑู‰ ุฏุจู‘ูˆุณู‹ุง ูŠูุบุฑูŽุณ ููŠ ูŠุฏ ุชุดุจู‡ ูŠุฏูƒ ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง.
08:38
The good news is, that's not biologically fixed.
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ุงู„ุฎุจุฑ ุงู„ุณุงุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุบูŠุฑ ุซุงุจุช ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠู‹ุง.
08:42
That is learned behavior.
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ุณู„ูˆูƒ ู…ุชุนู„ูŽู‘ู….
08:45
Which means the more we spend time with other ethnic communities
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูƒู„ู…ุง ู‚ุถูŠู†ุง ูˆู‚ุช ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุงู„ุนุฑู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰
08:49
and the more we see them as similar to us and part of our team,
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ูˆูƒู„ู‘ู…ุง ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ู… ูŠุดุจู‡ูˆู†ู†ุง ูˆุฃู†ู‘ู‡ู… ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ูุฑูŠู‚ู†ุงุŒ
08:56
the more we feel their pain.
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ูƒู„ู‘ู…ุง ุดุนุฑู†ุง ุจุฃู„ู…ู‡ู….
08:58
The last habit that I'm going to talk about
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ุขุฎุฑ ุนุงุฏุฉ ุณุฃุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง
09:01
is when attackers prepared themselves to go out and do one of these events,
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ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฌู‡ู‘ุฒ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฌู…ูˆู† ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ู„ู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฅุญุฏู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุญุฏุงุซุŒ
09:06
they focused on certain emotional cues.
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ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡ู… ุฑูƒู‘ุฒูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุดุงุฑุงุชู ุนุงุทููŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู‘ู†ุฉ.
09:09
For months, they geared themselves up by focusing on anger cues, for instance.
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ู„ุดู‡ูˆุฑุŒ ู‚ุงู… ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุจุชุญุถูŠุฑ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุบุถุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„.
09:15
I bring this up because it's really popular right now.
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ุฅู†ู‘ู†ูŠ ุฃุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุฏ ุฃุตุจุญุช ุดุงุฆุนุฉ ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง ุงู„ุขู†.
09:17
If you read blogs or the news,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชู‚ุฑุฃ ุงู„ู…ุฏูˆู‘ู†ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑุŒ
09:21
you see talk of two concepts from laboratory science:
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ุชุฑุงู‡ู… ูŠุชุญุฏุซูˆู† ุนู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู…ูŠู† ู…ู† ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…:
09:25
amygdala hijacking and emotional hijacking.
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ุงุฎุชุทุงู ุงู„ู„ูˆุฒุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุฎุชุทุงู ุงู„ุนุงุทููŠ.
09:28
Now, amygdala hijacking:
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุงุฎุชุทุงู ุงู„ู„ูˆุฒุฉ:
09:31
it's the concept that I show you a cue -- say, a gun --
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู„ ุจุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ... ู…ุณุฏู‘ุณ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง
09:35
and your brain reacts with an automatic threat response
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ูุฅู†ู‘ูŽ ุนู‚ู„ูƒ ูŠุณุชุฌูŠุจ ุจุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุชู‡ุฏูŠุฏ ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠู‘ุฉ
09:39
to that cue.
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ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ.
09:40
Emotional hijacking -- it's a very similar concept.
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ูˆุงู„ุงุฎุชุทุงู ุงู„ุนุงุทููŠ... ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ู…ุดุงุจู‡ ุฌุฏู‘ู‹ุง.
09:43
It's the idea that I show you an anger cue, for instance,
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ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุบุถุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ
09:48
and your brain will react with an automatic anger response
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ูุฅู†ู‘ูŽ ุนู‚ู„ูƒ ุณูŠุณุชุฌูŠุจ ุจุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุบุถุจ ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠุฉ
09:53
to that cue.
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ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ.
09:54
I think women usually get this more than men. (Laughs)
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ุฃุธู† ุฃู†ู‘ูŽ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุญุตู„ ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„. (ุถุญูƒุงุช)
09:58
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
09:59
That kind of a hijacking narrative grabs our attention.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‘ูˆุน ู…ู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุงุฎุชุทุงู ูŠู„ูุช ุงู†ุชุจุงู‡ู†ุง.
10:03
Just the word "hijacking" grabs our attention.
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ุฅู†ู‘ูŽ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ "ุงุฎุชุทุงู" ุชู„ูุชู ุงู†ุชุจุงู‡ู†ุง.
10:06
The thing is,
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ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู‡ูˆุŒ
10:07
most of the time, that's not really how cues work in real life.
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ุฃู†ู‘ ุชู„ูƒ ู„ูŠุณุช ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ.
10:12
If you study history,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชู… ุชุฏุฑุณูˆู† ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎุŒ
10:14
what you find is that we are bombarded with hundreds of thousands of cues
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ูุณุชุฌุฏูˆู† ุฃู†ู‘ูƒู… ู†ูู‚ุฐูŽููˆู† ุจู…ุฆุงุช ูˆุขู„ุงู ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุงุช
10:19
every day.
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ูƒู„ ูŠูˆู….
10:20
And so what we do is we learn to filter.
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุญู† ู†ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ูƒูŠู ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ุชู‘ุตููŠุฉ.
10:22
We ignore some cues,
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ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุฌุงู‡ู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุงุชุŒ
10:24
we pay attention to other cues.
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ู†ุจุฏูŠ ุงู†ุชุจุงู‡ู‹ุง ู„ุฅุดุงุฑุชู ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
10:27
For political violence, this becomes really important,
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ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุนู†ู ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุŒ ูุฅู†ู‘ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุตุจุญ ุฐูˆ ุฎุทูˆุฑุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ
10:30
because what it meant is that attackers usually didn't just see an anger cue
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฌู…ูŠู† ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ู„ู… ูŠุฑูŽูˆุง ู…ุฌุฑู‘ุฏ ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุบุถุจ
10:36
and suddenly snap.
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ูˆูุฌุฃุฉู‹ ุงุณุชุดุงุทูˆุง ุบุถุจู‹ุง.
10:38
Instead,
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ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
10:40
politicians, social activists spent weeks, months, years
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ู‚ุถู‰ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠู‘ูˆู† ูˆุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุดุทูˆู† ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠู‘ูˆู† ุฃุณุงุจูŠุนู‹ุง ูˆุดู‡ูˆุฑู‹ุง ูˆุณู†ูŠู† ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉู‹
10:46
flooding the environment with anger cues, for instance,
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ูˆู‡ู… ูŠุฏุณู‘ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุจุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุบุถุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ
10:51
and attackers,
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ูˆุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฌู…ูˆู†ุŒ
10:53
they paid attention to those cues,
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ู‚ุฏ ุตุฑููˆุง ุงู†ุชุจุงู‡ู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุงุชุŒ
10:56
they trusted those cues,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูˆุซู‚ูˆุง ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุงุชุŒ
10:58
they focused on them,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฑูƒู‘ุฒูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ
11:00
they even memorized those cues.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจุญูุธ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ุญุชู‘ู‰.
11:03
All of this just really goes to show how important it is to study history.
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ูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู„ู†ุง ู…ุฏู‰ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุชู‘ุงุฑูŠุฎ.
11:09
It's one thing to see how cues operate in a laboratory setting.
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ู„ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ุฃู†ู’ ู†ุฑู‰ ูƒูŠู ุชุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฎุจุฑูŠ.
11:13
And those laboratory experiments are incredibly important.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุงู„ู…ุฎุจุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ู‘ุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
11:17
They give us a lot of new data about how our bodies work.
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุชุนุทูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุฃุฌุณุงู…ู†ุง.
11:22
But it's also very important to see how those cues operate in real life.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฃู†ู’ ู†ุฑู‰ ูƒูŠู ุชุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนูŠุฉ.
11:30
So what does all this tell us about political violence?
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ู…ุง ุงู„ู‘ุฐูŠ ู†ุฎุฑุฌ ุจู‡ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจู…ุงู‡ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนู†ู ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุŸ
11:35
Political violence is not culturally endemic.
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ุงู„ุนู†ู ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุฑุถ ุซู‚ุงููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆุทู†.
11:39
It is not an automatic, predetermined response to environmental stimuli.
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠุฉ ู…ุญุฏู‘ุฏุฉ ู…ุณุจู‚ู‹ุง ู„ู„ู…ุญูู‘ุฒุงุช ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠู‘ุฉ.
11:45
We produce it.
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ู†ุญู† ุงู„ู‘ุฐูŠู† ู†ุฎู„ู‚ู‡.
11:47
Our everyday habits produce it.
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ุชุฎู„ู‚ู‡ ุนุงุฏุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ.
11:50
Let's go back, actually, to those two women that I mentioned at the start.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุนูˆุฏ ู„ู„ุงู…ุฑุฃุชูŠู† ุงู„ู‘ู„ุชูŠู† ุฐูƒุฑุชู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ.
11:55
The first woman had been paying attention to those outrage campaigns,
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ุงู„ุงู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุจุฏูŠ ุงู†ุชุจุงู‡ู‹ุง ู„ุญู…ู„ุงุช ุงู„ุบุถุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ
12:01
so she took a gun
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุฎุฐุชู’ ู…ุณุฏู‘ุณู‹ุง
12:02
and approached a soldier at a checkpoint.
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ูˆุงู‚ุชุฑุจุชู’ ู…ู† ุนุณูƒุฑูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุงุฌุฒ.
12:07
But in that moment, something really interesting happened.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู’ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ู„ุญุธุฉ ุญุฏุซูŽ ุดูŠุกูŒ ู…ุซูŠุฑูŒ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุญู‚ู‘ู‹ุง.
12:10
She looked at that soldier,
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ู‚ุงู…ุชู’ ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนุณูƒุฑูŠุŒ
12:13
and she thought to herself,
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ูˆููƒู‘ุฑุชู’ ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆุจูŠู† ู†ูุณู‡ุงุŒ
12:18
"He's the same age as me.
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"ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุนู…ุฑูŠ.
12:21
He looks like me."
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠุดุจู‡ู†ูŠ."
12:24
And she put down the gun, and she walked away.
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ูˆูˆุถุนุชู’ ุงู„ู…ุณุฏู‘ุณุŒ ูˆุฐู‡ุจุชู’ ุจุนูŠุฏู‹ุง.
12:28
Just from that little bit of similarity.
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ูู‚ุท ุจุณุจุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุดุงุจู‡ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ.
12:32
The second girl had a totally different outcome.
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ูƒุงู† ู„ู„ูุชุงุฉ ุงู„ุซู‘ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง.
12:37
She also listened to the outrage campaigns,
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ูŠ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุชุณุชู…ุน ู„ุญู…ู„ุงุช ุงู„ุบุถุจุŒ
12:40
but she surrounded herself with individuals
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุงู†ุฎุฑุทุช ู…ุน ุฃูุฑุงุฏู
12:43
who were supportive of violence,
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ูŠุดุฌู‘ุนูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู†ู.
12:45
with peers who supported her violence.
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ู…ุน ุฃู‚ุฑุงู†ู ุดุฌุนูˆู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุนู†ูู‡ุง.
12:48
She enclosed herself in an information bubble.
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ู‚ุงู…ุช ุจุงู„ุชู‚ูˆู‚ุน ุญูˆู„ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุถู…ู† ูู‚ุงุนุฉ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช.
12:52
She focused on certain emotional cues for months.
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ู‚ุงู…ุช ุจุงู„ุชู‘ุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุดุงุฑุงุชู ุนุงุทููŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู‘ู†ุฉ ู„ุดู‡ูˆุฑ.
12:56
She taught herself to bypass certain cultural inhibitions against violence.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุนู„ู‘ู…ุช ู†ูุณู‡ุง ูƒูŠู ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงู†ุน ุซู‚ุงููŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู‘ู†ุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุนู†ู.
13:02
She practiced her plan,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงู…ุช ุจู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ุฎุทุชู‡ุงุŒ
13:03
she taught herself new habits,
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ู‚ุงู…ุช ุจุชุนู„ูŠู… ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุนุงุฏุงุชู ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
13:06
and when the time came, she took her bomb to the cafรฉ,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุญุงู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ุฃุฎุฐุช ู‚ู†ุจู„ุชู‡ุง ูˆุงุชุฌู‡ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู‚ู‡ู‰ุŒ
13:10
and she followed through with that attack.
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ูˆุฃูƒู…ู„ุชู’ ู…ู‡ู…ู‘ุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู‡ุฌูˆู…ูŠู‘ุฉ.
13:15
This was not impulse.
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ุฅู†ู‘ูŽ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุฑุบุจุฉู‹ ุฌุงู…ุญุฉ.
13:18
This was learning.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุชุนู„ู‘ูู….
13:22
Polarization in our society is not impulse,
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ุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ุทุงุจ ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนู†ุง ู„ูŠุณ ุฑุบุจุฉู‹ ุฌุงู…ุญุฉ.
13:26
it's learning.
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ุชุนู„ู‘ูู….
13:28
Every day we are teaching ourselves:
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ูƒู„ ูŠูˆู… ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุนู„ูŠู… ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง:
13:31
the news we click on,
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ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุทู‘ู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ
13:33
the emotions that we focus on,
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ุงู„ู…ุดุงุนุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ
13:35
the thoughts that we entertain about the red team or the blue team.
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ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณุชู…ุชุน ุจู‡ุง ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑ.
13:40
All of this contributes to learning,
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ูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุณู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนู„ู‘ูู…ุŒ
13:42
whether we realize it or not.
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ุณูˆุงุก ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุฏุฑูƒ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูˆ ู„ุง.
13:44
The good news
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ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌูŠู‘ุฏุฉ
13:47
is that while the individuals I study already made their decisions,
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ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฑุบู… ุฃู†ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฏุฑุณุชูู‡ู… ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจุงุชู‘ุฎุงุฐ ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุชู‡ู… ู…ุณุจู‚ู‹ุงุŒ
13:53
we can still change our trajectory.
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ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุบูŠู‘ูŽุฑ ู…ุณุงุฑู†ุง.
13:57
We might never make the decisions that they made,
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ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุงุชุฎุงุฐ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุชุฎุฐูˆู‡ุงุŒ
14:00
but we can stop contributing to violent ecologies.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู’ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู†ู’ ู†ุชูˆู‚ู ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ุนู†ูŠูุฉ.
14:05
We can get out of whatever news bubble we're in,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู†ู’ ู†ุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุฃูŠู‘ ูู‚ุงุนุฉ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู†ุญู† ููŠู‡ุงุŒ
14:10
we can be more mindful about the emotional cues
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู’ ุฃู†ู’ ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุนูŠู‹ุง ุจู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‘ู‚ ุจุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุนุงุทููŠู‘ุฉ
14:14
that we focus on,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ
14:15
the outrage bait that we click on.
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ู†ูˆุจุงุช ุงู„ุบุถุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุซูŠุฑู‡ุง.
14:18
But most importantly,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃู‡ู… ุดูŠุกุŒ
14:19
we can stop seeing each other as just members of the red team
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุชูˆู‚ู ุนู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู„ุจุนุถู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ ูƒู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃุนุถุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑ
14:24
or the blue team.
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚.
14:25
Because whether we are Christian, Muslim, Jewish, atheist,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุณูˆุงุก ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู…ุณูŠุญูŠูŠู† ุฃูˆ ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู†ุŒ ุฃูˆ ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠูŠู† ุฃูˆ ู…ู„ุญุฏูŠู†
14:31
Democrat or Republican,
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ุฃูˆ ุฏูŠู…ูˆู‚ุฑุงุทูŠูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑูŠูŠู†
14:34
we're human.
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ูู†ุญู† ุจุดุฑ.
14:35
We're human beings.
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ู†ุญู† ุจุดุฑ.
14:37
And we often share really similar habits.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุดุชุฑูƒ ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ุจุนุงุฏุงุช ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ.
14:42
We have differences.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช.
14:44
Those differences are beautiful,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉุŒ
14:46
and those differences are very important.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช ู…ู‡ู…ู‘ุฉ ุฌุฏู‘ู‹ุง.
14:48
But our future depends on us being able to find common ground
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ู„ู†ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุฃุฑุถูŠู‘ุฉ ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ
14:55
with the other side.
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ู…ุน ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ.
14:57
And that's why it is so, so important
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ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุจุจ ูุฅู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏู‘ู‹ุง
15:01
for us to retrain our brains
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ู„ู†ุง ุฃู†ู’ ู†ุนูŠุฏ ุชุฏุฑูŠุจ ุนู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง
15:03
and stop contributing to violent ecologies.
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ูˆู†ุชูˆู‚ู ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ุนู†ูŠูุฉ.
15:08
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑู‹ุง ู„ูƒู….
15:09
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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