How do daily habits lead to political violence? | Christiane-Marie Abu Sarah

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2020-09-18 ・ TED


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How do daily habits lead to political violence? | Christiane-Marie Abu Sarah

90,883 views ・ 2020-09-18

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Transcriber: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Camille MartΓ­nez
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λ²ˆμ—­: jiwon choo κ²€ν† : DK Kim
μ €λŠ” 역사적인 수수께끼둜 였늘 강연을 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄ 볼까 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
1957년에 두 여성이 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
λ‘˜ λ‹€ 20λŒ€μ˜€κ³ , 같은 λ„μ‹œμ— μ‚΄μ•˜μœΌλ©°,
00:12
So I'm starting us out today with a historical mystery.
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λ™μΌν•œ μ •μΉ˜ 단체에 μ†Œμ†λœ νšŒμ›μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
In 1957, there were two young women,
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κ·Έν•΄, 두 μ—¬μ„± λͺ¨λ‘ 폭λ ₯적인 곡격을 μžν–‰ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
both in their 20s,
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00:21
both living in the same city,
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00:22
both members of the same political group.
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ν•œ 여성은 총을 챙겨 κ²€λ¬Έμ†Œμ˜ κ΅°μΈμ—κ²Œ μ ‘κ·Όν–ˆκ³ ,
00:26
That year, both decided to commit violent attacks.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 여성은 폭탄을 챙겨 λΆμ μ΄λŠ” 카페둜 ν–₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
One girl took a gun and approached a soldier at a checkpoint.
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그런데 ν•œ 가지 μ•Œμ•„λ‘˜ 것은
λ‘˜ 쀑 ν•œ 여성은 곡격을 μžν–‰ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
00:36
The other girl took a bomb and went to a crowded cafΓ©.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 여성은 κ²°κ΅­ μ•ˆ ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
But here's the thing:
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00:44
one of the those girls followed through with the attack,
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μ™œ 이런 차이가 μƒκ²Όμ„κΉŒμš”?
μ €λŠ” ν–‰λ™μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ
00:49
but the other turned back.
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곡격성, 도덕적 인지 λŠ₯λ ₯,
그리고 μ‚¬νšŒμ  행동을 ν•  λ•Œμ˜ μ˜μ‚¬ 결정에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
So what made the difference?
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μ–΄λ§ˆμ–΄λ§ˆν•˜λ„€μš”. (μ›ƒμŒ)
00:56
I'm a behavioral historian, and I study aggression,
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ν•΄μ„ν•˜μžλ©΄,
00:59
moral cognition
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μ €λŠ” ν•œ 개인이 λ°©μ•„μ‡ λ₯Ό λ‹ΉκΈ°κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν•  λ•Œμ˜ μˆœκ°„,
01:01
and decision-making in social movements.
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01:04
That's a mouthful. (Laughs)
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κ·Έ μˆœκ°„μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•œ 맀일맀일의 κ²°μ •λ“€,
01:06
So, the translation of that is:
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01:09
I study the moment an individual decides to pull the trigger,
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그리고 κ·Έ 행동이 μ™œ μ •λ‹Ήν•œμ§€ 슀슀둜 λ˜λ‡ŒλŠ” 이야기듀을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
the day-to-day decisions that led up to that moment
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제게 이 μ£Όμ œλŠ” κ·Έμ € 학ꡬ적인 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
and the stories that they tell themselves about why that behavior is justified.
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사싀 μ•½κ°„ 개인적인 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ €λŠ” μ•„μ΄λ‹€ν˜Έμ— μžˆλŠ” μΏ ν…Œλ‚˜μ΄μ—μ„œ μžλžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
Now, this topic --
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01:26
it's not just scholarly for me.
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그리고 μ•„μ£Ό μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것인데,
이 지역은 μ•„μ΄λ‹€ν˜Έμ—μ„œ κ°μžκ°€ μžλΌμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
It's actually a bit personal.
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01:31
I grew up in Kootenai County, Idaho,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ°μžκ°€ μ—†μ–΄μš”.
01:34
and this is very important.
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μ €μ—κ²Œ κ°μžμ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ¬ΌμœΌμ‹ λ‹€λ©΄ κΈ°ν•„μ½” μ‘μ§•ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
This is not the part of Idaho with potatoes.
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
μ•„μ΄λ‹€ν˜Έμ˜ 이 지역은 μ‚°κ³Ό 계곑,
01:41
We have no potatoes.
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μŠΉλ§ˆμ™€ μŠ€ν‚€λ‘œ 유λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
And if you ask me about potatoes,
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01:46
I will find you.
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01:47
(Laughter)
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μš°λ €μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œλ„, 1980λ…„λŒ€λΆ€ν„°λŠ”
01:48
This part of Idaho is known for mountain lakes,
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μ•„λ¦¬μ•ˆ λ„€μ΄μ…˜μ¦ˆμ˜ μ „ 세계 λ³ΈλΆ€λ‘œλ„ 유λͺ…ν•΄μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
horseback riding,
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01:54
skiing.
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01:55
Unfortunately, starting in the 1980s,
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맀년, 지역 λ„€μ˜€λ‚˜μΉ˜ μ†Œμ† νšŒμ›λ“€μ€
01:58
it also became known as the worldwide headquarters
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ„ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄λ©° 우리 λ§ˆμ„μ„ μ§€λ‚˜ 행진을 ν–ˆκ³ ,
02:02
for the Aryan Nations.
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맀년, 주민듀은 그듀을 μƒλŒ€λ‘œ ν•­μ˜ μ‹œμœ„λ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
Every year, members of the local neo-Nazi compound
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그리고 2001λ…„, μ €λŠ” 고등학ꡐλ₯Ό μ‘Έμ—…ν•˜κ³ 
02:08
would turn out and march through our town,
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02:11
and every year,
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λ‰΄μš•μ‹œμ— μžˆλŠ” λŒ€ν•™μ„ κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
members of our town would turn out and protest them.
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02:16
Now, in 2001, I graduated from high school,
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2001λ…„ 8월에 λ„μ°©ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:20
and I went to college in New York City.
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λ§Žμ€ 뢄듀이 μ•„μ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ
3μ£Ό λ’€ 쌍λ‘₯이 λΉŒλ”©μ΄ λ¬΄λ„ˆμ Έ λ‚΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
I arrived in August 2001.
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κ·Έλ•Œ, μ €λŠ” 좩격 λ°›μ•˜μ–΄μš”.
02:29
As many of you probably are aware,
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02:31
three weeks later,
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λ―ΈμΉ  듯이 ν™”κ°€ λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
the Twin Towers went down.
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무언가 ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
Now, I was shocked.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, κ·Έλ•Œ μ œκ°€ 생각해낼 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 것은
02:40
I was incredibly angry.
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μ•„λžμ–΄λ₯Ό λ°°μš°λŠ” κ²ƒλΏμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
I wanted to do something,
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μΈμ •ν•΄μ•Όκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
but the only thing that I could think of doing at that time
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μ €λŠ” β€˜κ·Έλ“€β€˜μ΄ β€˜μš°λ¦¬β€™λ₯Ό μ‹«μ–΄ν•˜λŠ” 이유λ₯Ό μ•Œκ³ μž ν•œ μ†Œλ…€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
was to study Arabic.
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μ €λŠ” λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ 잘λͺ»λœ 이유둜 μ•„λžμ–΄λ₯Ό κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:53
I will admit,
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02:55
I was that girl in class that wanted to know why "they" hate "us."
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그런데 μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ΄μŠ€λΌμ—˜ μœ ν•™ μž₯ν•™κΈˆμ„ 받은 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
I started studying Arabic for very wrong reasons.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έ μ•„μ΄λ‹€ν˜Έ μ†Œλ…€λŠ” μ€‘λ™μœΌλ‘œ κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그리고 κ±°κΈ°μ—μ„œ μ €λŠ”
03:05
But something unexpected happened.
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03:07
I got a scholarship to go study in Israel.
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νŒ”λ ˆμŠ€νƒ€μΈ λ¬΄μŠ¬λ¦Όλ“€, νŒ”λ ˆμŠ€νƒ€μΈ 기독ꡐ인듀,
03:10
So the Idaho girl went to the Middle East.
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μ•„μŠ€λΌμ—˜ μ •μ°©λ―Όλ“€, μ΄μŠ€λΌμ—˜ ν‰ν™”μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
And while I was there, I met Palestinian Muslims,
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그리고 λͺ¨λ“  ν–‰λ™μ—λŠ” μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°°μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
Palestinian Christians,
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03:20
Israeli settlers,
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배경이 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
Israeli peace activists.
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03:23
And what I learned is that every act has an ecology.
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κ·Έλ•ŒλΆ€ν„° μ €λŠ” μ „ 세계λ₯Ό λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλ©΄μ„œ
폭λ ₯적인 μ›€μ§μž„λ“€μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆκ³ ,
03:28
It has a context.
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NGO와 전직 μ „νˆ¬μ›λ“€κ³Ό λ§Œλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
Now, since then, I have gone around the world,
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κ·Έ ꡭ가듀은 이라크, μ‹œλ¦¬μ•„,
03:35
I have studied violent movements,
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λ² νŠΈλ‚¨, 발칸 지역과 μΏ λ°”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
I have worked with NGOs and ex-combatants in Iraq,
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μ €λŠ” μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œ 박사 ν•™μœ„λ₯Ό μ·¨λ“ν–ˆκ³ ,
03:44
Syria,
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μ§€κΈˆ ν•˜λŠ” 일은 μ—¬λŸ¬ μžλ£Œμ§‘μ—μ„œ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μ°Ύκ³ ,
03:45
Vietnam,
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03:47
the Balkans,
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03:48
Cuba.
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κ²½μ°° μ‘°μ„œμ™€ 법정 기둝을 μ°Ύκ³ 
03:50
I earned my PhD in History,
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03:52
and now what I do is I go to different archives
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03:55
and I dig through documents,
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폭λ ₯적인 곡격에 μ°Έμ—¬ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 일기μž₯κ³Ό 선언문을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
looking for police confessions,
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이제, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬Έμ„œλ“€μ„ λ‹€ λͺ¨μœΌλ©΄,
04:01
court cases,
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04:03
diaries and manifestos of individuals involved in violent attacks.
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그것듀이 무엇을 λ§ν•΄μ€„κΉŒμš”?
우리 λ‡ŒλŠ” 인과 관계 수수께끼λ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
Now, you gather all these documents --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‰΄μŠ€μ—μ„œ 곡격 μ†Œμ‹μ„ λ³Ό λ•Œλ©΄
04:12
what do they tell you?
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ν•œ 가지 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜κ³€ ν•˜μ£ .
04:13
Our brains love causal mysteries,
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β€œμ™œ? μ™œ 이런 일이 일어났지?”
04:16
it turns out.
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μ €λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ„±λͺ…μ„œλ₯Ό μ½μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
04:18
So any time we see an attack on the news,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 행동듀은 사싀 λͺ¨λ°©μ μΈ μ›€μ§μž„μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
we tend to ask one question:
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04:23
Why?
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04:24
Why did that happen?
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μ„±λͺ…μ„œλ“€μ„ κ°€μ Έλ‹€ μ“΄ μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ μš΄λ™μ„ λͺ¨λ°©ν•œ κ±°μ£ .
04:26
Well, I can tell you I've read thousands of manifestos,
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κ·Έ μ„±λͺ…μ„œλ“€μ€ μ–΄λ–€ νŠΉμ •ν•œ 사건에 μž‘μš©ν•œ μ˜μ‚¬ κ²°μ • 과정에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
04:29
and what you find out is that they are actually imitative.
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04:33
They imitate the political movement that they're drawing from.
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μžμ„Ένžˆ 말해주지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°°μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
So they actually don't tell us a lot about decision-making
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β€œμ™œ?”라고 λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄λŠ” λŒ€μ‹  β€œμ–΄λ–»κ²Œ?β€œλΌκ³  λ¬Όμ–΄ 봐야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
in that particular case.
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04:43
So we have to teach ourselves to ask a totally different question.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ°œμΈλ“€μ΄ 이런 ν…ŒλŸ¬λ₯Ό κ³„νšν•˜κ³ 
그듀이 μ˜μ‚¬ 결정을 ν•˜λŠ” 과정듀이
04:48
Instead of "Why?" we have to ask "How?"
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 폭λ ₯적인 행동에 κΈ°μ—¬λ₯Ό ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:52
How did individuals produce these attacks,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 배운 것이 λͺ‡ 가지 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:55
and how did their decision-making ecology contribute to violent behavior?
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κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
μ •μΉ˜μ  폭λ ₯성은 문화적 ν˜„μƒμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
There's a couple things I've learned from asking this kind of question.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œλ“  λͺ¨λ₯΄λ“  일상적인 μŠ΅κ΄€λ“€μ΄
05:05
The most important thing is that
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05:07
political violence is not culturally endemic.
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우리 ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ 폭λ ₯이 μƒμ„±λ˜λŠ” 것에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
We create it.
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05:12
And whether we realize it or not,
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이것듀이 폭λ ₯을 μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λŠ” λͺ‡ 가지 μŠ΅κ΄€λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:14
our day-to-day habits contribute to the creation of violence
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κ°€ν•΄μžλ“€μ΄ ν…ŒλŸ¬λ₯Ό κ³„νšν•  λ•Œ
05:20
in our environment.
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05:21
So here's a couple of habits that I've learned contribute to violence.
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κ°€μž₯ 첫 번쨰둜 ν–ˆλ˜ 것은
슀슀둜λ₯Ό 정보 μš°λ¬Όμ— κ°€λ‘” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:28
One of the first things that attackers did
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κ°€μ§œ λ‰΄μŠ€λΌκ³  듀어보셨겠죠?
05:31
when preparing themselves for a violent event
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μ €λ₯Ό 정말 λ†€λΌκ²Œ ν•œ 것이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
05:35
was they enclosed themselves in an information bubble.
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μ œκ°€ μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆλ˜ λͺ¨λ“  집단에 κ°€μ§œ λ‰΄μŠ€ κ΅¬ν˜Έκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
We've heard of fake news, yeah?
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€ 곡산당원듀은 β€˜λΆ€νŒ¨ν•œ 언둠’이라고 ν–ˆκ³ 
05:41
Well, this shocked me:
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€ μ΄ˆκ΅­κ°€μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ€ β€˜λ§€μˆ˜λœ 언둠’
05:44
every group that I studied had some kind of a fake news slogan.
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β€˜λ°°μ‹ μž 언둠’이라 ν–ˆκ³ 
05:47
French communists called it the "putrid press."
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μ΄μ§‘νŠΈ λ¬΄μŠ¬λ¦Όλ“€μ€ β€˜μ €μ§ˆ λ‰΄μŠ€β€™λΌκ³  ν–ˆκ³ 
05:51
French ultranationalists called it the "sellout press"
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μ΄μ§‘νŠΈ 곡산당원듀은 β€˜κ°€μ§œ λ‰΄μŠ€β€™λΌκ³  λΆˆλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
and the "treasonous press."
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μ™œ 이런 집단듀은 거짓 정보λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데 μ‹œκ°„μ„ 많이 νˆ¬μžν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:57
Islamists in Egypt called it the "depraved news."
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06:00
And Egyptian communists called it ...
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닡은 사싀 ꡉμž₯히 λ‹¨μˆœν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
"fake news."
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μžμ‹ μ΄ λ―ΏλŠ” 사싀에 κ·Όκ±°ν•΄μ„œ 결정을 λ‚΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:05
So why do groups spend all this time trying to make these information bubbles?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‚˜μœ 정보λ₯Ό λ―ΏλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
06:09
The answer is actually really simple.
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06:12
We make decisions based on the information we trust, yeah?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‚˜μœ 선택을 ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ°œμΈλ“€μ΄ 폭λ ₯적인 곡격을 ν•˜κ³  싢을 λ•Œ
06:17
So if we trust bad information,
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가지고 있던 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν₯미둜운 μŠ΅κ΄€μ€
06:21
we're going to make bad decisions.
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그듀이 ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ„ 인간이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
06:24
Another interesting habit that individuals used
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κ·Έμ € μƒλŒ€ νŒ€μ˜ μΌμ›μœΌλ‘œλ§Œ λ΄€λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
when they wanted to produce a violent attack
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œλΆ€ν„° 정말 μ΄μƒν•΄μ§€λŠ”λ°
06:30
was that they looked at their victim not as an individual
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 행동이 효과적인 μ΄μœ μ—λŠ” μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” λ‡Œκ³Όν•™μ΄ μˆ¨μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
but just as a member of an opposing team.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ 두 νŒ€μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆˆλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
06:37
Now this gets really weird.
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νŒŒλž€νŒ€, λΉ¨κ°„νŒ€μœΌλ‘œμš”.
06:39
There's some fun brain science behind why that kind of thinking is effective.
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그러고 λ‚˜μ„œ μ„œλ‘œ 이기도둝 κ²½μŸμ„ μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:43
Say I divide all of you guys into two teams:
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μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 것은, μˆœμ‹κ°„μ—,
06:47
blue team,
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06:48
red team.
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μƒλŒ€λ°© νŒ€μ›μ— λ‚˜μœ 일이 생겼을 λ•Œ
06:49
And then I ask you to compete in a game against each other.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 기쁨을 느끼기 μ‹œμž‘ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
Well, the funny thing is, within milliseconds,
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06:57
you will actually start experiencing pleasure -- pleasure --
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λ§Œμ•½ νŒŒλž€νŒ€ νŒ€μ›μ—κ²Œ λΉ¨κ°„νŒ€μ— ν•©λ₯˜ν•˜λΌκ³  μ§€μ‹œν•œλ‹€λ©΄
07:02
when something bad happens to members of the other team.
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λ‡Œκ°€ μˆœμ‹κ°„μ— μž¬μ‘°μ •μ„ ν•˜κ³ 
07:07
The funny thing about that is if I ask one of you blue team members
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μžμ‹ μ΄ μ›λž˜ 속해 있던 νŒ€μ—
07:11
to go and join the red team,
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λ‚˜μœ 일이 생길 λ•Œ 기쁨을 λŠλ‚„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
your brain recalibrates,
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07:16
and within milliseconds,
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07:18
you will now start experiencing pleasure
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우리의 μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ
07:20
when bad things happen to members of your old team.
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μš°λ¦¬μ™€ 그듀을 κ΅¬λΆ„μ§€μ–΄μ„œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ³΅κ²©μžλ“€μ΄ 곡격을 μ€€λΉ„ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ ν•œ 또 ν•œ κ°€μ§€λŠ”
07:26
This is a really good example of why us-them thinking is so dangerous
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차이점에 μ£Όλͺ©ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:32
in our political environment.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 말둜 ν•˜λ©΄ 그듀은 ν¬μƒμžλ“€μ„ λ³΄λ©΄μ„œ μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
07:34
Another habit that attackers used to kind of rev themselves up for an attack
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β€™λ‚˜λŠ” μ € μ‚¬λžŒκ³ΌλŠ” 곡톡점이 μ—†μ–΄, λ‚˜μ™€λŠ” μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ•Ό.β€²
07:38
was they focused on differences.
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07:41
In other words, they looked at their victims, and they thought,
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이 말도 ꡉμž₯히 λ‹¨μˆœν•˜κ²Œ 듀릴 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ
07:45
"I share nothing in common with that person.
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이것이 μ™œ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ—λŠ” ꡉμž₯히 ν₯미둜운 과학이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
They are totally different than me."
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07:50
Again, this might sound like a really simple concept,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ—¬λŸ¬ μΈμ’…μ˜ 손을 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
but there's some fascinating science behind why this works.
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이 색색 가지 손에 λΎ°μ‘±ν•œ λ°”λŠ˜μ„ 찌λ₯Ό κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:59
Say I show you guys videos of different-colored hands
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 백인이라면
ν•˜μ–€ 손이 λ°”λŠ˜μ— μ°”λ¦¬λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό λ•Œ
08:04
and sharp pins being driven into these different-colored hands,
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08:08
OK?
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κ·Έ 고톡에 κ°€μž₯ 크게 곡감할 ν™•λ₯ μ΄ λ†’μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
If you're white,
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08:12
the chances are you will experience the most sympathetic activation,
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λ§Œμ•½ 남미, μ•„λž, 흑인이라면
08:17
or the most pain,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 손과 κ°€μž₯ λΉ„μŠ·ν•΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 손이
08:19
when you see a pin going into the white hand.
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λ°”λŠ˜μ— μ°”λ¦¬λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό λ•Œ κ°€μž₯ 크게 곡감이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:24
If you are Latin American, Arab, Black,
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08:27
you will probably experience the most sympathetic activation
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쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°
08:31
watching a pin going into the hand that looks most like yours.
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μ΄λŠ” μƒλ¬Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ κ³ μ •λœ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³  λ°°μ›Œμ„œ 얻은 ν–‰λ™μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
즉, λ‹€λ₯Έ 인쒅 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό μ‹œκ°„μ„ 더 많이 λ³΄λ‚Όμˆ˜λ‘
08:38
The good news is, that's not biologically fixed.
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κ·Έλ“€κ³Ό λ‚˜λ₯Ό κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
08:42
That is learned behavior.
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같은 νŒ€μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κΈ°λ©° κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 고톡을 더 λŠλΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
Which means the more we spend time with other ethnic communities
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08:49
and the more we see them as similar to us and part of our team,
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μ œκ°€ 말할 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μŠ΅κ΄€μ€
κ°€ν•΄μžλ“€μ΄ 곡격을 μ€€λΉ„ν•˜κ³  μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 곡격을 ν•  λ•Œ
08:56
the more we feel their pain.
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08:58
The last habit that I'm going to talk about
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그듀은 νŠΉμ •ν•œ 감정적인 계기에 μ£Όλͺ©ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 그듀은 λΆ„λ…ΈλΌλŠ” 감정에 λͺ‡ 달씩 μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜λ©° 감정을 μ˜¬λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
is when attackers prepared themselves to go out and do one of these events,
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09:06
they focused on certain emotional cues.
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μ œκ°€ 이 μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό κΊΌλ‚΄λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” μš”μ¦˜ 맀우 인기있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:09
For months, they geared themselves up by focusing on anger cues, for instance.
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λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έλ‚˜ λ‰΄μŠ€λ₯Ό 읽으면
μ‹€ν—˜ κ³Όν•™ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ 두 가지 κ°œλ…μ΄ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
I bring this up because it's really popular right now.
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νŽΈλ„μ²΄ κ°•μ œ λ‚©μΉ˜μ™€ 감정적 κ°•μ œ λ‚©μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
If you read blogs or the news,
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λ¨Όμ € νŽΈλ„μ²΄ κ°•μ œ λ‚©μΉ˜λŠ”
09:21
you see talk of two concepts from laboratory science:
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ μ–΄λ–€ μ‹ ν˜Έ, 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 총을 보여쀀닀면
09:25
amygdala hijacking and emotional hijacking.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œκ°€ μœ„ν˜‘μ— λŒ€μ‘ν•˜λ €κ³ 
09:28
Now, amygdala hijacking:
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μ‹ ν˜Έμ— μžλ™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:31
it's the concept that I show you a cue -- say, a gun --
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감정적 κ°•μ œ λ‚©μΉ˜λ„ 맀우 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ‚΄μš©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ λΆ„λ…Έ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보여쀀닀면
09:35
and your brain reacts with an automatic threat response
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09:39
to that cue.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œλ„ μžλ™μ μœΌλ‘œ
09:40
Emotional hijacking -- it's a very similar concept.
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μ‹ ν˜Έμ— λ§žμΆ°μ„œ 뢄노에 λŒ€μ‘ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:43
It's the idea that I show you an anger cue, for instance,
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이건 μ—¬μžλ“€μ΄ λ‚¨μžλ“€λ³΄λ‹€ 더 많이 λŠλΌλŠ” 것 κ°™μ•„μš”.
09:48
and your brain will react with an automatic anger response
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ°•μ œ λ‚©μΉ˜λŠ” 우리의 관심을 λ•λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:53
to that cue.
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09:54
I think women usually get this more than men. (Laughs)
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β€˜κ°•μ œ λ‚©μΉ˜β€™λΌλŠ” 말뢀터 우리의 이λͺ©μ„ 끌죠.
09:58
(Laughter)
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그런데 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 경우,
09:59
That kind of a hijacking narrative grabs our attention.
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ν˜„μ‹€μ—μ„œ κ³„κΈ°λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
Just the word "hijacking" grabs our attention.
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역사λ₯Ό κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜λ©΄
ν˜„μž¬ 맀일 μˆ˜μ‹­λ§Œ 개 μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ νΌλΆ€μ–΄μ§„λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:06
The thing is,
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10:07
most of the time, that's not really how cues work in real life.
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10:12
If you study history,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ±°λ₯΄λŠ” 것을 λ°°μ›λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:14
what you find is that we are bombarded with hundreds of thousands of cues
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ μ‹ ν˜ΈλŠ” λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κ³  λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ—λŠ” μ£Όλͺ©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ •μΉ˜μ  폭λ ₯의 경우, μ΄λŠ” 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:19
every day.
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10:20
And so what we do is we learn to filter.
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10:22
We ignore some cues,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ³΅κ²©μžλ“€μ΄ λΆ„λ…Έ μ‹ ν˜Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œμ„ 보고
10:24
we pay attention to other cues.
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κ·Έλƒ₯ κ°‘μžκΈ° 이성을 μžƒλŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” 뜻이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:27
For political violence, this becomes really important,
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10:30
because what it meant is that attackers usually didn't just see an anger cue
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그게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ •μΉ˜κ°€, μ‚¬νšŒμš΄λ™κ°€λ“€μ€ λͺ‡ μ£Ό, λͺ‡ κ°œμ›”, λͺ‡ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
10:36
and suddenly snap.
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10:38
Instead,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λΆ„λ…Έ μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€λ‘œ ν™˜κ²½μ„ 가득 μ±„μ› μœΌλ©°
10:40
politicians, social activists spent weeks, months, years
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κ³΅κ²©μžλ“€μ€
κ·Έ μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ— 주의λ₯Ό 기울이고
10:46
flooding the environment with anger cues, for instance,
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κ·Έ μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ„ μ‹ λ’°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έ μ‹ ν˜Έμ— μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜λ©° μ™Έμš°κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:51
and attackers,
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10:53
they paid attention to those cues,
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것은 사싀 역사 곡뢀가 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:56
they trusted those cues,
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10:58
they focused on them,
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11:00
they even memorized those cues.
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μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•„λŠ” 것은,
11:03
All of this just really goes to show how important it is to study history.
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이런 μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ€ ꡉμž₯히 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
우리 λͺΈμ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κΈ° λ–„λ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:09
It's one thing to see how cues operate in a laboratory setting.
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11:13
And those laboratory experiments are incredibly important.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν˜„μ‹€μ—μ„œ 이런 μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•„λŠ” 것도 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:17
They give us a lot of new data about how our bodies work.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 λͺ¨λ“  것이 μ •μΉ˜μ  폭λ ₯에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 무엇을 λ§ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
11:22
But it's also very important to see how those cues operate in real life.
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μ •μΉ˜μ  폭λ ₯은 λ¬Έν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ κ³ μœ ν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:30
So what does all this tell us about political violence?
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ν™˜κ²½ μžκ·Ήμ— μžλ™μœΌλ‘œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ” 것도 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ 
미리 정해진 것도 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
Political violence is not culturally endemic.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
일상적인 μŠ΅κ΄€λ“€μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:39
It is not an automatic, predetermined response to environmental stimuli.
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μ²˜μŒμ— μ–ΈκΈ‰ν–ˆλ˜ 두 μ—¬μ„±λ“€λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:45
We produce it.
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11:47
Our everyday habits produce it.
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첫 번째 여성은 λΆ„λ…Έλ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 정보에 주의λ₯Ό κΈ°μšΈμ˜€κ³ 
11:50
Let's go back, actually, to those two women that I mentioned at the start.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 총을 λ“€κ³  κ²€λ¬Έμ†Œ κ΅°μΈμ—κ²Œ μ ‘κ·Όν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:55
The first woman had been paying attention to those outrage campaigns,
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그런데 κ·Έ μˆœκ°„ 무척 μ‹ κΈ°ν•œ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:01
so she took a gun
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12:02
and approached a soldier at a checkpoint.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” ꡰ인을 λ³΄μ•˜κ³ 
생각을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:07
But in that moment, something really interesting happened.
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β€˜λ‚΄ λ˜λž˜κ΅¬λ‚˜.’
12:10
She looked at that soldier,
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β€˜λ‚˜λž‘ λ‹―μ•˜λ„€.’
12:13
and she thought to herself,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 총을 내리고 λ– λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:18
"He's the same age as me.
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κ·Έ μž‘μ€ 곡톡점을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³  말이죠.
12:21
He looks like me."
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 두 번째 μ—¬μ„±μ—μ„œλŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:24
And she put down the gun, and she walked away.
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12:28
Just from that little bit of similarity.
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κ·Έλ…€ μ—­μ‹œ λΆ„λ…Έλ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έμ— κ·€λ₯Ό κΈ°μšΈμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 폭λ ₯을 μ§€μ§€ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έμ—¬ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:32
The second girl had a totally different outcome.
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 폭λ ₯을 μ§€μ§€ν•˜λŠ” λ™λ£Œλ“€μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
12:37
She also listened to the outrage campaigns,
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12:40
but she surrounded herself with individuals
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 슀슀둜λ₯Ό 정보 μš°λ¬Όμ— κ°€λ’€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
who were supportive of violence,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” νŠΉμ •ν•œ 감정 μ‹ ν˜Έμ— λͺ‡ 달간 μ£Όλͺ©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:45
with peers who supported her violence.
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폭λ ₯을 κ·œμ œν•˜λŠ” 문화적 μ–΅μ œλŠ” 피해가도둝 슀슀둜 κ°€λ₯΄μ³€μ£ .
12:48
She enclosed herself in an information bubble.
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12:52
She focused on certain emotional cues for months.
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κ³„νšμ„ μ—°μŠ΅ν–ˆκ³  μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μŠ΅κ΄€λ“€μ„ ν•™μŠ΅ν–ˆμœΌλ©°
12:56
She taught herself to bypass certain cultural inhibitions against violence.
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ 폭탄을 λ“€κ³  μΉ΄νŽ˜μ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ
κ³„νšλŒ€λ‘œ 곡격을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:02
She practiced her plan,
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13:03
she taught herself new habits,
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13:06
and when the time came, she took her bomb to the cafΓ©,
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좩동적인 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
and she followed through with that attack.
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ν•™μŠ΅μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ μ–‘κ·Ήμ˜ λŒ€λ¦½μ€ 좩동이 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³  ν•™μŠ΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:15
This was not impulse.
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13:18
This was learning.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 맀일 슀슀둜λ₯Ό κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:22
Polarization in our society is not impulse,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ—΄μ–΄ λ³΄λŠ” λ‰΄μŠ€,
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜λŠ” 감정듀,
13:26
it's learning.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λΉ¨κ°„νŒ€μ΄λ‚˜ νŒŒλž€νŒ€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ ν•˜λŠ” 생각듀.
13:28
Every day we are teaching ourselves:
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13:31
the news we click on,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžκ°ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ™€ 상관없이 이 λͺ¨λ“  것듀이 ν•™μŠ΅μ— κΈ°μ—¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:33
the emotions that we focus on,
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13:35
the thoughts that we entertain about the red team or the blue team.
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쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ€
μ œκ°€ μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆλ˜ κ°œμΈλ“€μ€ 이미 결정을 ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
13:40
All of this contributes to learning,
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13:42
whether we realize it or not.
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13:44
The good news
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아직 미래λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:47
is that while the individuals I study already made their decisions,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그듀이 λ‚΄λ Έλ˜ 결정은 μ ˆλŒ€ ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ² μ§€λ§Œ
κ·Έλž˜λ„ 폭λ ₯적인 μƒνƒœκ³„μ— κΈ°μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” 것은 막을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:53
we can still change our trajectory.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ“€μ–΄κ°€ μžˆλŠ” 정보 μš°λ¬Όμ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚  수 있고
13:57
We might never make the decisions that they made,
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14:00
but we can stop contributing to violent ecologies.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜λŠ” 감정적인 μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ΄λ‚˜
14:05
We can get out of whatever news bubble we're in,
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자극적인 λ‚šμ‹œ 기사듀을 더 잘 μ•Œμ•„μ°¨λ¦΄ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
14:10
we can be more mindful about the emotional cues
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό λŒ€λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” νŒ€μ˜ κ΅¬μ„±μ›μœΌλ‘œ
14:14
that we focus on,
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λ³΄λŠ” 것을 막을 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:15
the outrage bait that we click on.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 기독ꡐ인, 무슬림, μœ λŒ€κ΅μΈ, 무ꡐ이든,
14:18
But most importantly,
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14:19
we can stop seeing each other as just members of the red team
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진보든 λ³΄μˆ˜λ“ ,
14:24
or the blue team.
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14:25
Because whether we are Christian, Muslim, Jewish, atheist,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 같은 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄κ³  μΈκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 정말 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μŠ΅κ΄€μ„ κ³΅μœ ν•  λ•Œκ°€ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:31
Democrat or Republican,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 면이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:34
we're human.
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14:35
We're human beings.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ°¨μ΄λŠ” μ•„λ¦…λ‹΅κ³  μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ°¨μ΄λŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:37
And we often share really similar habits.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 우리의 λ―Έλž˜λŠ”
14:42
We have differences.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°˜λŒ€νŽΈκ³Ό 곡톡점을 μ°ΎλŠ” 것에 달렀 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:44
Those differences are beautiful,
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14:46
and those differences are very important.
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14:48
But our future depends on us being able to find common ground
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 정말 정말 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‡Œλ₯Ό μž¬κ΅μœ‘ν•˜μ—¬
14:55
with the other side.
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폭λ ₯적인 μƒνƒœκ³„μ— κΈ°μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ©ˆμΆ°μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:57
And that's why it is so, so important
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(λ°•μˆ˜)
15:01
for us to retrain our brains
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15:03
and stop contributing to violent ecologies.
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15:08
Thank you.
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15:09
(Applause)
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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