How aspirin was discovered - Krishna Sudhir

2,930,449 views ・ 2017-10-02

TED-Ed


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: dottie zhao 校对人员: Lipeng Chen
00:07
4,000 years ago, the ancient Sumerians made a surprising discovery.
0
7916
4470
4000年前,古苏美尔人 发现了一个惊人的秘密。
00:12
If they scraped the bark off a particular kind of tree
1
12386
3341
如果他们刮下一种特殊的树上的树皮,
00:15
and ate it,
2
15727
1160
并吃下它,
00:16
their pain disappeared.
3
16887
2299
他们的疼痛就会消失。
00:19
Little did they know that why they'd found
4
19186
2001
他们当时并不知道,
他们的这个发现会影响未来的医学方向。
00:21
was destined to influence the future course of medicine.
5
21187
4439
00:25
What the Sumerians had discovered was a precursor to the medicine known today
6
25626
4201
苏美尔人在那时发现的药物, 就是当今广为人知的
00:29
as aspirin.
7
29827
2201
阿司匹林的前身。
00:32
Aspirin's active ingredient is found commonly in willow trees
8
32028
3619
阿司匹林的活性成分 通常出现在柳树上,
00:35
and other wild plants,
9
35647
2180
或者其他野生植物上,
00:37
which is how it came to infuse the medical traditions
10
37827
2700
因此它被苏美尔人的医学历史所记载,
00:40
of Sumer,
11
40527
1049
因此它被苏美尔人的医学历史所记载,
00:41
ancient Egypt,
12
41576
1062
也包括古埃及、
00:42
ancient Greece,
13
42638
1128
古希腊
00:43
and other cultures.
14
43766
2911
和其他文化中。
00:46
Around 400 BC, Hippocrates, thought of as the father of modern medicine,
15
46677
5452
公元前四百年左右, 现代医学之父,希波克拉底,
00:52
first recommended chewing willow bark for pain relief
16
52129
4069
第一个提出了 咀嚼柳树皮可缓解疼痛,
00:56
and making willow leaf tea to ease the pain of childbirth.
17
56198
4630
并制作柳叶茶 以缓解分娩的痛苦。
01:00
But it took over 2,000 years for us to comprehensively investigate its potential.
18
60828
6870
但是我们花了两千多年的时间 研究它的药效。
01:07
In the mid-18th century,
19
67698
1891
在18世纪中期,
01:09
an Englishman named Edward Stone ran five years of experiments,
20
69589
4620
一个名叫爱德华·斯通的英国人, 经过五年的实验,
01:14
showing that willow bark crushed into a powder and eaten
21
74209
3659
结果表明,食用压成粉末状的柳树皮,
01:17
could cure a fever.
22
77868
2460
可以治愈发烧。
01:20
It took nearly another 70 years for a German pharmacist, Johann Buchner,
23
80328
5339
又花了将近70年, 德国药剂师约翰·毕希纳,
01:25
to finally identify and purify the substance that made all this possible,
24
85667
5961
最终确定了 这种有药效的物质,
01:31
a compound called salicin.
25
91628
4030
是一种叫水杨苷的化合物。
01:35
By then, doctors were routinely using willow bark
26
95658
3016
那时候,医生可以 使用柳树皮
01:38
and other salicin-rich plants, like the herb meadowsweet,
27
98674
4205
和其他富含水杨苷的植物 像草药或绣线菊属植物
01:42
to ease pain, fever, and inflammation.
28
102879
3840
来缓解疼痛,发烧和炎症。
01:46
But identifying the exact compound suddenly opened up the possibility
29
106719
3952
但确定了这种化合物
打开了人们可以改变其形式的大门。
01:50
of manipulating its form.
30
110671
3259
01:53
In 1853, a French chemist managed to chemically synthesize the compound,
31
113930
4881
1853年,法国化学家开始研究 这个合成化合物,
01:58
creating a substance called acetylsalicylic acid.
32
118811
4389
创造了一种物质, 乙酰水杨酸。
02:03
Then in 1897, the pharmaceutical company Bayer found a new method
33
123200
5469
然后在1897年,制药公司 拜耳发现了一种新方法,
02:08
and began marketing the compound as a pain reliever called aspirin.
34
128669
5172
并开始营销这个化合物, 这种止痛药被称为阿司匹林。
02:13
This was widely recognized as one of the first synthetic pharmaceutical drugs.
35
133841
5280
这是被广泛认可的 第一种合成药物。
02:19
Originally, aspirin was just Bayer's brand name:
36
139121
3235
起初,阿司匹林只是 拜耳公司的品牌名称:
02:22
A for acetyl,
37
142356
1256
A是指乙酰基,
02:23
and spir for meadowsweet,
38
143612
2261
spir指绣线菊属植物,
02:25
whose botanical name is Spiraea ulmaria.
39
145873
4388
其植物学名称是 绣线菊属。
02:30
Soon, aspirin became synonymous with acetylsalicylic acid.
40
150261
5550
阿司匹林很快就成了 乙酰水杨酸的代名称。
02:35
As its influence grew, aspirin was found to ease not just pain,
41
155811
4271
随着其发展,人们发现阿司匹林 不仅可以缓解痛苦,
02:40
but also many inflammation-related problems,
42
160082
3080
还可以治愈许多炎症,
02:43
like rheumatoid arthritis,
43
163162
1570
例如,风湿关节炎、
02:44
pericarditis, which enflames the fluid-filled sack around the heart,
44
164732
4321
心包炎(心脏周围产生的炎症)、
02:49
and Kawasaki disease,
45
169053
2160
川崎病(血管病变产生的炎症)。
02:51
where blood vessels become inflamed.
46
171213
3700
川崎病(血管病变产生的炎症)。
02:54
Yet, despite aspirin's medical value,
47
174913
3260
然而,尽管阿司匹林具有医学价值,
02:58
at this point, scientists still didn't actually know how it worked.
48
178173
5740
但在这时,科学家们还没有 依据来证明它是如何治愈这些炎症的。
03:03
In the 1960s and 70s, Swedish and British scientists changed that.
49
183913
5800
20世纪60年代和70年代,瑞典和 英国科学家改变了这一观点。
03:09
They showed that the drug interrupts the production of certain chemicals
50
189713
3680
他们通过中断药物, 发现了这种化学物质,
03:13
called prostaglandins,
51
193393
1991
前列腺素,
03:15
which control the transmission of pain sensations and inflammation.
52
195384
4949
它可以控制 疼痛感和炎症。
03:20
In 1982, that discovery won the researchers a Nobel Prize in Medicine.
53
200333
6550
1982年,这一物质的发现者 获得了诺贝尔医学奖。
03:26
Over time, research has also uncovered aspirin's risks.
54
206883
4451
随着时间的推移,研究也发现了 阿司匹林的风险。
03:31
Overconsumption can cause bleeding in the intestines and the brain.
55
211334
4341
过度服用会导致 肠出血和脑出血。
03:35
It can also trigger Reye's Syndrome,
56
215675
2691
它也可以导致雷尔氏综合症,
03:38
a rare but often fatal illness that affects the brain and liver
57
218366
3929
这一种罕见而又致命的疾病, 它影响着大脑和肝脏,
03:42
in children with an infection.
58
222295
3180
尤其是在儿童群体中 更容易受到感染。
03:45
And in the late 20th century,
59
225475
1729
在二十世纪末期,
03:47
aspirin's success had been overshadowed by newer pain killers
60
227204
3961
阿司匹林由新的止痛药所代替,
03:51
with fewer side effects,
61
231165
1979
这种新的药物副作用较少,
03:53
like acetaminophen and ibuprofen.
62
233144
3368
例如,乙酰氨基酚和布洛芬。
03:56
But in the 1980s, further discoveries about aspirin's benefits
63
236512
3823
但在20世纪80年代, 阿司匹林又有了新的进展,
04:00
revived interest in it.
64
240335
2522
它再次复兴。
04:02
In fact, the 1982 Nobel Prize winners also demonstrated
65
242857
3970
事实上,1982年诺贝尔奖得主 也展示了
04:06
that aspirin slows production of thromboxanes,
66
246827
3479
阿司匹林可以减缓血栓素,
04:10
chemicals that cause clumping of platelets,
67
250306
3500
这种化学物质会使血小板结块,
04:13
which in turn form blood clots.
68
253806
2620
从而形成血栓。
04:16
A landmark clinical trial showed that aspirin reduced heart attack risk by 44%
69
256426
6540
一个重大的临床试验表明, 如果患者服用此药物的话,
04:22
in participants who took the drug.
70
262966
2850
阿司匹林可以使心脏病发作风险降低44%。
04:25
Today, we prescribe it to people at risk of heart attack or stroke
71
265816
3791
今天,我们把用它来帮助患者 降低心脏病发作或中风的危险,
04:29
because it cuts the likelihood of clots forming in the arteries
72
269607
3800
因为它可以减少供应心脏和大脑的动脉中
04:33
that supply the heart and brain.
73
273407
3251
凝块的产生。
04:36
Even more intriguingly,
74
276658
1668
更有趣的是,
04:38
there's a growing body of research that suggests
75
278326
2290
越来越多的研究表明
04:40
aspirin reduces the risk of getting and dying from cancer,
76
280616
4991
阿斯匹林可以降低死于癌症的风险,
04:45
especially colorectal cancer.
77
285607
2659
尤其是结肠直肠癌。
04:48
This might be due to aspirin's anti-platelet effects.
78
288266
4521
这可能是由于 阿司匹林抗血小板效应。
04:52
By reducing platelet activity, aspirin may decrease the levels of a certain protein
79
292787
5701
通过减少血小板活性,阿司匹林 可能会降低某种蛋白质的含量,
04:58
that helps cancer cells spread.
80
298488
2455
抑制癌细胞的传播。
05:00
These discoveries have transformed aspirin from a mere pain reliever
81
300943
3926
这些发现已经改变了阿司匹林, 从一个简单的止痛药
05:04
to a potentially life-saving treatment.
82
304869
3269
到一种挽救生命的药物。
05:08
Today, we consume about 100 billion aspirin tablets each year,
83
308138
4109
今天,我们每年会消耗 约1000亿片阿司匹林,
05:12
and researchers continue searching for new applications.
84
312247
4971
研究人员也在继续探索 其新的作用。
05:17
Already, aspirin's versatility has transformed modern medicine,
85
317218
4311
阿司匹林的药效 已经改变了现代医学,
05:21
which is astounding considering its humble beginnings
86
321529
3060
而让人们震惊的是 这种药物的产生,
05:24
in a scraping of willow bark.
87
324589
2829
起源于刮树皮。
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7