How aspirin was discovered - Krishna Sudhir

2,932,316 views ใƒป 2017-10-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
4,000 years ago, the ancient Sumerians made a surprising discovery.
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ืœืคื ื™ 4000 ืฉื ื”, ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข.
00:12
If they scraped the bark off a particular kind of tree
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ืื ื”ื ื’ืจื“ื• ืงืœื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
00:15
and ate it,
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ื•ืื›ืœื• ืื•ืชื”,
00:16
their pain disappeared.
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ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืขืœื.
00:19
Little did they know that why they'd found
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื•
00:21
was destined to influence the future course of medicine.
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ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
00:25
What the Sumerians had discovered was a precursor to the medicine known today
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื“ื ืœืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื•ื
00:29
as aspirin.
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ื›ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ.
00:32
Aspirin's active ingredient is found commonly in willow trees
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ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืฆื™ ืขืจื‘ื”
00:35
and other wild plants,
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ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:37
which is how it came to infuse the medical traditions
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
00:40
of Sumer,
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ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื”,
00:41
ancient Egypt,
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ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
00:42
ancient Greece,
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ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
00:43
and other cultures.
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ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
00:46
Around 400 BC, Hippocrates, thought of as the father of modern medicine,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 400 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ืก, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื‘ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
00:52
first recommended chewing willow bark for pain relief
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ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืœืขื™ืกืช ืงืœื™ืคืช ืขืจื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ื›ืื‘
00:56
and making willow leaf tea to ease the pain of childbirth.
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ื•ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืชื” ืขืœื™ ืขืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืงืœืช ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”.
01:00
But it took over 2,000 years for us to comprehensively investigate its potential.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืงื— ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2,000 ืฉื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื”.
01:07
In the mid-18th century,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” 18,
01:09
an Englishman named Edward Stone ran five years of experiments,
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ืื ื’ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:14
showing that willow bark crushed into a powder and eaten
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ื•ื”ืจืื” ืฉืื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ืขืจื‘ื”
01:17
could cure a fever.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืคื ื—ื•ื.
01:20
It took nearly another 70 years for a German pharmacist, Johann Buchner,
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื›ืžืขื˜ 70 ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืจื•ืงื— ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ื ืจ,
01:25
to finally identify and purify the substance that made all this possible,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื–ืงืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”,
01:31
a compound called salicin.
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ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื ืกืœืฆื™ืŸ.
01:35
By then, doctors were routinely using willow bark
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ืขื“ ืื–, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ืขืจื‘ื”
01:38
and other salicin-rich plants, like the herb meadowsweet,
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ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืœื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื— ื”ืžืจืคื ืขื•ืงืฆื ื™ืช,
01:42
to ease pain, fever, and inflammation.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ื, ื—ื•ื, ื•ื“ืœืงื•ืช.
01:46
But identifying the exact compound suddenly opened up the possibility
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืื™ืคืฉืจ
01:50
of manipulating its form.
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื•.
01:53
In 1853, a French chemist managed to chemically synthesize the compound,
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ื‘ 1853, ื›ื™ืžืื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกื ืชื– ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘,
01:58
creating a substance called acetylsalicylic acid.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ืืฆื˜ื™ืœืกืœื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืช.
02:03
Then in 1897, the pharmaceutical company Bayer found a new method
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ืื– ื‘ 1897, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
02:08
and began marketing the compound as a pain reliever called aspirin.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื›ืžืฉื›ืš ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ.
02:13
This was widely recognized as one of the first synthetic pharmaceutical drugs.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื›ืื—ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:19
Originally, aspirin was just Bayer's brand name:
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ:
02:22
A for acetyl,
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ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืืฆื˜ื™ืœ,
02:23
and spir for meadowsweet,
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ื•ืกืคื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื•ืงืฆื ื™ืช,
02:25
whose botanical name is Spiraea ulmaria.
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ืฉืฉืžื” ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืื” ืื•ืœืžืจื™ื”.
02:30
Soon, aspirin became synonymous with acetylsalicylic acid.
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื ื ืจื“ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืืฆื˜ื™ืœืกืœื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืช.
02:35
As its influence grew, aspirin was found to ease not just pain,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื’ื“ืœื”, ื ืžืฆื ืฉืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžืงืœ ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื›ืื‘,
02:40
but also many inflammation-related problems,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื“ืœืงืชื™ื•ืช,
02:43
like rheumatoid arthritis,
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ื›ืžื• ื“ืœืงืช ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืช,
02:44
pericarditis, which enflames the fluid-filled sack around the heart,
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ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืœื‘, ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืฉืง ืžืœื ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืœื‘,
02:49
and Kawasaki disease,
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ื•ืžื—ืœืช ืงื•ื•ืืกืงื™,
02:51
where blood vessels become inflamed.
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ื‘ื” ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ื“ืœืงื™ื.
02:54
Yet, despite aspirin's medical value,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ,
02:58
at this point, scientists still didn't actually know how it worked.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
03:03
In the 1960s and 70s, Swedish and British scientists changed that.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60 ื•ื” 70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
03:09
They showed that the drug interrupts the production of certain chemicals
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ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
03:13
called prostaglandins,
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืคืจื•ืกื˜ื’ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ื,
03:15
which control the transmission of pain sensations and inflammation.
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ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื›ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื“ืœืงื•ืช.
03:20
In 1982, that discovery won the researchers a Nobel Prize in Medicine.
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ื‘ 1982, ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”.
03:26
Over time, research has also uncovered aspirin's risks.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ.
03:31
Overconsumption can cause bleeding in the intestines and the brain.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ืžืขื™ ื•ื‘ืžื•ื—.
03:35
It can also trigger Reye's Syndrome,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืจื™ื™,
03:38
a rare but often fatal illness that affects the brain and liver
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ืžื—ืœื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื“
03:42
in children with an infection.
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ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื.
03:45
And in the late 20th century,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
03:47
aspirin's success had been overshadowed by newer pain killers
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ืžืืคื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
03:51
with fewer side effects,
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ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™,
03:53
like acetaminophen and ibuprofen.
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ื›ืžื• ืืฆื˜ืžื™ื ื•ืคืŸ ื•ืื™ื‘ื•ืคืจื•ืคืŸ.
03:56
But in the 1980s, further discoveries about aspirin's benefits
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ
04:00
revived interest in it.
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ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•.
04:02
In fact, the 1982 Nobel Prize winners also demonstrated
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ 1982 ื’ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื•
04:06
that aspirin slows production of thromboxanes,
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ืฉืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžืื˜ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืกืื ื™ื,
04:10
chemicals that cause clumping of platelets,
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ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจืฉื•ืช ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช,
04:13
which in turn form blood clots.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืจื™ืฉื™ ื“ื.
04:16
A landmark clinical trial showed that aspirin reduced heart attack risk by 44%
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืื” ืฉืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘ ื‘ 44%
04:22
in participants who took the drug.
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ื‘ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”.
04:25
Today, we prescribe it to people at risk of heart attack or stroke
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘ ื•ืฉื‘ืฅ
04:29
because it cuts the likelihood of clots forming in the arteries
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ืช ื”ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืงืจื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจืงื™ื
04:33
that supply the heart and brain.
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ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ื“ื ืœืœื‘ ื•ืœืžื•ื—.
04:36
Even more intriguingly,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
04:38
there's a growing body of research that suggests
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ
04:40
aspirin reduces the risk of getting and dying from cancer,
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ืฉืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ืื• ืœืžื•ืช ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ,
04:45
especially colorectal cancer.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก.
04:48
This might be due to aspirin's anti-platelet effects.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ.
04:52
By reducing platelet activity, aspirin may decrease the levels of a certain protein
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืจืžืชื ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
04:58
that helps cancer cells spread.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜.
05:00
These discoveries have transformed aspirin from a mere pain reliever
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉื›ืš ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜
05:04
to a potentially life-saving treatment.
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:08
Today, we consume about 100 billion aspirin tablets each year,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
05:12
and researchers continue searching for new applications.
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ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
05:17
Already, aspirin's versatility has transformed modern medicine,
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ื”ื•ืจืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
05:21
which is astounding considering its humble beginnings
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื•
05:24
in a scraping of willow bark.
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ื‘ื’ืจื•ื“ ืงืœื™ืคืช ืขืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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