Why should you read “The Master and Margarita”? - Alex Gendler

720,943 views ・ 2019-05-30

TED-Ed


Videoni ijro etish uchun quyidagi inglizcha subtitrlarga ikki marta bosing.

Translator: Arofat Akhundjanova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov
00:07
The Devil has come to town.
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Kunlarning birida shaharda Shaytoni-La'in paydo bo'ldi.
00:10
But don’t worry – all he wants to do is stage a magic show.
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Ammo xavotirga hojat yo'q: u bor-yo'g'i teatrda qora jodu tomoshasini qo'ymoqchi.
00:14
This absurd premise forms the central plot
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Mana shu qiziqarli muqaddima Mixail Bulgakovning shoh asari –
00:17
of Mikhail Bulgakov’s masterpiece, "The Master and Margarita."
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"Usta va Margarita" ning asosiy syujet chizig'ini shakllantiradi.
00:22
Written in Moscow during the 1930s,
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XX asrning 30-yillarida Moskvada yozilgan bu asarda
00:24
this surreal blend of political satire, historical fiction,
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siyosiy satira, tarixiy proza va
00:28
and occult mysticism
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okkultizmga yo'girilgan mistika o'zaro
00:30
has earned a legacy as one of the 20th century’s greatest novels–
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uyg'unlashgan bo’lib, 20-asrning eng buyuk, shu bilan birga, eng g'ayrioddiy
00:34
and one of its strangest.
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romanlaridan biri sifatida e'tirof etiladi.
00:37
The story begins when a meeting between two members
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Hikoya boshida Moskva adabiy uyushmasining
00:39
of Moscow’s literary elite
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ikki a'zosi o'rtasidagi suhbat
00:41
is interrupted by a strange gentleman named Woland,
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o'zini qora jodu seansini o'tkazishga taklif qilingan
00:45
who presents himself as a foreign scholar
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chet ellik olim sifatida tanishtirgan
00:47
invited to give a presentation on black magic.
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Voland ismli g'oyat g'alati kimsaning tashrifi bilan bo'linadi.
00:51
As the stranger engages the two companions in a philosophical debate
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Notanish kishi bu ikki hamrohni falsafiy munozaraga jalb qilib, ularning
00:55
and makes ominous predictions about their fates,
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taqdirlari haqida dahshatli bashoratlar qilayotgan
00:58
the reader is suddenly transported to 1st century Jerusalem.
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bir paytda, kitobxon e'tibori to'satdan milodiy I asrda
01:01
There a tormented Pontius Pilate
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Quddusda bo'layotgan voqealarga ko'chiriladi.
01:04
reluctantly sentences Jesus of Nazareth to death.
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Rim prokuratori Pontiy Pilat Iso Masihni istar-istamas o'limga hukm qiladi.
01:08
With the narrative shifting between the two settings,
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Asar syujeti ikkita badiiy olamda parallel ravishda
01:11
Woland and his entourage– Azazello, Koroviev, Hella,
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yuz beradi – Voland va uning sheriklari: Azazello, Korovyov, Gella va
01:16
and a giant cat named Behemoth–
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Begemot ismli bahaybat mushuk
01:18
are seen to have uncanny magical powers,
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aql bovar qilmaydigan sehr-jodu kuchi yordamida
01:21
which they use to stage their performance
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haqiqiy tomosha ko'rsatib,
01:23
while leaving a trail of havoc and confusion in their wake.
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olamonni katta to'palon va sarosima ichida qoldiradilar.
01:28
Much of the novel’s dark humor comes not only from this demonic mischief,
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Romandagi qora yumor ko'pincha nafaqat shaytoniy shumliklarda,
01:32
but also the backdrop against which it occurs.
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balki asarning tarixiy kontekstida ham o'z aksini topadi.
01:35
Bulgakov’s story takes place in the same setting where it was written–
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Bulgakov asari voqealari u yaratilgan siyosiy muhit –
01:39
the USSR at the height of the Stalinist period.
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Stalinizm avj olgan SSSR da sodir bo'ladi. O'sha paytda yozuvchi
01:43
There, artists and authors worked under strict censorship,
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va san'atkorlar kuchli senzura bosimi ostida ishlaganlar,
01:46
subject to imprisonment, exile, or execution
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asarlari davlat mafkurasiga zid bo'lgan taqdirda, qamoqqa olinishlari,
01:50
if they were seen as undermining state ideology.
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quvg'in qilinishlari va hatto qatl etilishlari mumkin edi.
01:53
Even when approved, their work–
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Ishlari ma'qullangan taqdirda ham, ularning
01:55
along with housing, travel, and everything else–
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faoliyati, shuningdek, uy-joyi, safar-sayohatlari,
01:58
was governed by a convoluted bureaucracy.
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butun turmush tarzi qat'iy byurokratiya nazoratiga olingan.
02:01
In the novel,
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Romanda Voland
02:02
Woland manipulates this system along with the fabric of reality,
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mazkur tizimni ustalik bilan manipulyatsiya qiladi, voqelikni aqlni
02:06
to hilarious results.
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shoshirar darajada o'zgartirib yuboradi.
02:08
As heads are separated from bodies and money rains from the sky,
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Qahramonlardan birini tramvay urib boshi uziladi, shiftdan pul yomg'ir bo'lib
02:12
the citizens of Moscow react with petty-self interest,
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yog'iladi – moskvaliklar bularning barchasiga o'ziga xos manfaatparastlik
02:16
illustrating how Soviet society bred greed and cynicism
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bilan munosabat bildiradi. Bu Sovet jamiyatida o'zining yuqori ideallariga
02:20
despite its ideals.
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qaramay ochko'zlik va xudbinlik hukm
02:22
And the matter-of-fact narration
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surayotganini ko'rsatadi. Quruq hikoya uslubi
02:24
deliberately blends the strangeness of the supernatural events
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sekin-asta g'ayrioddiy hodisalarni sovet tuzumidagi
02:27
with the everyday absurdity of Soviet life.
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kundalik hayotning bema'niligi bilan qorishtirib yuboradi.
02:31
So how did Bulgakov manage to publish such a subversive novel
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Ammo qanday qilib Bulgakov avtoritarizm davrida bunday
02:35
under an oppressive regime?
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isyonkor romanni nashr etishga muvaffaq bo'ldi?
02:38
Well… he didn’t.
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Afsuski, u buni uddalay olmadi...
02:40
He worked on "The Master and Margarita" for over ten years.
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U "Usta va Margarita" ustida o'n yildan ortiq ishladi.
02:43
But while Stalin’s personal favor
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Stalinning shaxsiy iltifoti Bulgakovni
02:45
may have kept Bulgakov safe from severe persecution,
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og'ir jazodan saqlab qolgan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ko'plab pyesalarning
02:48
many of his plays and writings were kept from production,
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sahnalashtirilishi va asarlarining chop etilishi taqiqlandi,
02:51
leaving him safe but effectively silenced.
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tirik qoldirishsa-da, ijodiy faoliyati cheklandi.
02:55
Upon the author’s death in 1940,
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1940-yil muallif vafot etgach,
02:57
the manuscript remained unpublished.
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qo'lyozma chop etilmay qoldi.
03:00
A censored version was eventually printed in the 1960s,
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1960-yillarga kelibgina senzura qilingan nusxasi bosilib chiqdi,
03:03
while copies of the unabridged manuscript
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qo'lyozmaning asl nusxalari esa
03:05
continued to circulate among underground literary circles.
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yashirin doiralarda tarqalishda davom etdi.
03:09
The full text was only published in 1973,
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Kitobning to'liq matni u yozib tugatilganiga 30 yildan oshgach,
03:12
over 30 years after its completion.
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1973-yildagina nashr etildi.
03:15
Bulgakov’s experiences with censorship and artistic frustration
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Bulgakovning senzura bilan murosasiz kurashi va ijodiy inqiroz davri
03:19
lend an autobiographical air to the second part of the novel,
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romanning ikkinchi qismiga avtobiografik ruh bag'ishlaydi,
03:23
when we are finally introduced to its namesake.
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unda biz asar nomidagi qahramon bilan tanishamiz.
03:26
"The Master" is a nameless author who’s worked for years on a novel
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"Usta" noma'lum yozuvchi bo'lib, uzoq yil roman ustida ishlaydi, ammo
03:30
but burned the manuscript after it was rejected by publishers–
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nashriyotlar rad etgach, xuddi Bulgakov kitobning birinchi nusxasini yoqib
03:34
just as Bulgakov had done with his own work.
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yuborgani singari u ham qo'lyozmasini yondirib yuboradi.
03:36
Yet the true protagonist is the Master’s mistress Margarita.
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Biroq bosh qahramon Ustaning sevgilisi Margaritadir.
03:41
Her devotion to her lover’s abandoned dream
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Sevgilisining sarobga aylangan orzusiga sadoqati
03:43
bears a strange connection to the diabolical company’s escapades–
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tufayli u iblis to'dasining nayrangbozliklarida ishtirok etadi
03:48
and carries the story to its surreal climax.
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va roman syujeti kulminatsiya nuqtasiga yetadi.
03:51
Despite its dark humor and complex structure,
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O'zining qora yumori va murakkab tuzilishiga qaramay,
03:55
"The Master and Margarita" is, at its heart,
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"Usta va Margarita" aslida san'at, sevgi va poklanish to'g'risida
03:58
a meditation on art, love, and redemption,
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mulohaza yuritadi, chunki aynan ular
04:02
that never loses itself in cynicism.
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umidsizlik va xudbinlikka berilishdan saqlaydi.
04:05
And the book’s long overdue publication and survival against the odds
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Ko'p yillardan so'ng, barcha qiyinchiliklarga qaramay kitobning nashr
04:09
is a testament to what Woland tells the Master:
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etilishi Voland Ustaga aytgan so'zlarning o'ziga xos tasdig'idir:
04:14
“Manuscripts don’t burn.”
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"Qo'lyozmalar yonmaydi".
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