Would you sacrifice one person to save five? - Eleanor Nelsen

Da li biste žrtvovali jednu osobu da biste spasili pet? - Elenor Nelsen

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

Imagine you're watching a runaway trolley barreling down the tracks

Zamislite da posmatrate voz koji nekontrolisano juri niz šine

straight towards five workers who can't escape.

pravo prema petorici radnika koji ne mogu da pobegnu.

You happen to be standing next to a switch

Slučajno se nalazite pored poluge

koja će preusmeriti voz na drugu prugu.

that will divert the trolley onto a second track.

Here's the problem.

Evo u čemu je problem.

That track has a worker on it, too, but just one.

Na toj pruzi je takođe radnik, ali samo jedan.

Šta ćete uraditi?

What do you do?

Do you sacrifice one person to save five?

Da li ćete žrtvovati jednu osobu da biste spasili pet?

This is the trolley problem,

To je problem voza,

a version of an ethical dilemma that philosopher Philippa Foot devised in 1967.

verzija etičke dileme koju je osmislio filozof Filipa Fut 1967. godine.

Popularan je jer nas primorava da razmišljamo kako odabrati

It's popular because it forces us to think about how to choose

when there are no good choices.

kada nema dobrih izbora.

Da li da odaberemo akciju da najboljim ishodom

Do we pick the action with the best outcome

or stick to a moral code that prohibits causing someone's death?

ili da se pridržavamo moralnog kodeksa koji zabranjuje da uzrokujemo nečiju smrt?

In one survey, about 90% of respondents said that it's okay to flip the switch,

U jednoj anketi, oko 90% ispitanika reklo je da je u redu povući polugu,

letting one worker die to save five,

dopuštajući da jedan radnik umre da bi se spasilo njih pet,

and other studies, including a virtual reality simulation of the dilemma,

a i druga istraživanja, uključujući simulaciju dileme u virtuelnoj stvarnosti,

have found similar results.

došla su do sličnih rezultata.

Ovakva rasuđivanja su u skladu sa filozofskim principom utilitarizma

These judgments are consistent with the philosophical principle of utilitarianism

koji tvrdi da je moralno ispravna odluka

which argues that the morally correct decision

is the one that maximizes well-being for the greatest number of people.

ona koja maksimalno uvećava dobrobit najvećeg broja ljudi.

The five lives outweigh one,

Pet života nosi prevagu nad jednim,

even if achieving that outcome requires condemning someone to death.

čak i ako postizanje tog ishoda iziskuje osuditi nekoga na smrt.

But people don't always take the utilitarian view,

Ipak, ljudi ne zauzimaju uvek utilitarističko gledište,

which we can see by changing the trolley problem a bit.

što možemo videti ako malo izmenimo problem voza.

Ovoga puta stojite na mostu iznad šina

This time, you're standing on a bridge over the track

as the runaway trolley approaches.

dok se pomahnitali voz približava.

Now there's no second track,

Sada nema druge pruge,

but there is a very large man on the bridge next to you.

ali se na mostu pored vas nalazi veoma krupan čovek.

If you push him over, his body will stop the trolley,

Ako ga gurnete preko mosta, njegovo telo će zaustaviti voz,

saving the five workers,

što će spasiti petoricu radnika,

but he'll die.

ali će on umreti.

Za utilitariste, odluka je sasvim ista,

To utilitarians, the decision is exactly the same,

lose one life to save five.

lišiti se jednog života da bi se spasilo pet.

But in this case, only about 10% of people

Međutim, u ovom slučaju, samo oko 10% ljudi

say that it's OK to throw the man onto the tracks.

kaže da je u redu baciti čoveka na prugu.

Our instincts tell us that deliberately causing someone's death

Naši instinkti nam govore da je namerno izazvati nečiju smrt

is different than allowing them to die as collateral damage.

drugačije nego dopustiti da umre kao kolateralna šteta.

It just feels wrong for reasons that are hard to explain.

To jednostavno deluje pogrešno iz razloga koje je teško objasniti.

This intersection between ethics and psychology

Ovo ukrštanje etike i psihologije

is what's so interesting about the trolley problem.

predstavlja ono što je zanimljivo u vezi sa problemom voza.

The dilemma in its many variations reveal that what we think is right or wrong

Ova dilema u mnogim svojim varijacijama

otkriva da šta smatramo ispravnim ili pogrešnim zavisi od više faktora,

depends on factors other than a logical weighing of the pros and cons.

pored logičnog vaganja prednosti i mana.

For example, men are more likely than women

Na primer, veća je verovatnoća kod muškaraca nego kod žena

to say it's okay to push the man over the bridge.

da će reći da je u redu gurnuti čoveka preko mosta.

So are people who watch a comedy clip before doing the thought experiment.

Isto važi za ljude koji pogledaju komični snimak pre misaonog eksperimenta.

And in one virtual reality study,

U jednoj studiji virtuelne stvarnosti,

ljudi su bili spremniji da žrtvuju muškarce nego žene.

people were more willing to sacrifice men than women.

Researchers have studied the brain activity

Istraživači su proučavali aktivnost mozga

of people thinking through the classic and bridge versions.

ljudi koji promišljaju klasičnu verziju i onu sa mostom.

Both scenarios activate areas of the brain involved in conscious decision-making

Oba scenarija aktiviraju oblasti mozga uključene u svesno donošenje odluka

i emocionalne odgovore.

and emotional responses.

But in the bridge version, the emotional response is much stronger.

Međutim, u verziji sa mostom, emocionalna reakcija je mnogo snažnija.

So is activity in an area of the brain

Isto se dešava sa aktivnošću u oblasti mozga

associated with processing internal conflict.

koja je povezana sa obradom unutrašnjeg konflikta.

Why the difference?

Otkud ta razlika?

Jedno objašnjenje je da pogurati nekog u smrt deluje u većoj meri lično,

One explanation is that pushing someone to their death feels more personal,

activating an emotional aversion to killing another person,

što aktivira emocionalnu averziju prema ubijanju druge osobe,

but we feel conflicted because we know it's still the logical choice.

ali osećamo konflikt jer znamo da je to ipak logični izbor.

"Trolleyology" has been criticized by some philosophers and psychologists.

Neki filozofi i psiholozi su kritikovali ideju sa vozom.

They argue that it doesn't reveal anything because its premise is so unrealistic

Oni tvrde da ne razotkriva ništa jer je pretpostavka toliko nerealna

that study participants don't take it seriously.

da je učesnici istraživanja ne uzimaju za ozbiljno.

But new technology is making this kind of ethical analysis

Ipak, usled nove tehnologije,

vršenje ovakvih etičkih analiza postaje važnije nego ikada.

more important than ever.

For example, driver-less cars may have to handle choices

Na primer, automobili bez vozača će možda morati da se bave odlukama

like causing a small accident to prevent a larger one.

kao što je uzrokovanje manje nesreće da bi se sprečila veća.

U međuvremenu, vlasti ispituju autonomne vojne bespilotne letilice

Meanwhile, governments are researching autonomous military drones

that could wind up making decisions of whether they'll risk civilian casualties

koje bi na kraju mogle donositi odluke da li će rizikovati civilne žrtve

to attack a high-value target.

da bi napale metu od visokog značaja.

If we want these actions to be ethical,

Ako želimo da te akcije budu etički ispravne,

we have to decide in advance how to value human life

moramo unapred da odlučimo kako vrednovati ljudski život

and judge the greater good.

i rasuđivati o opštem dobru.

So researchers who study autonomous systems

Stoga istraživači koji izučavaju autonomne sisteme

are collaborating with philosophers

sarađuju sa filozofima

to address the complex problem of programming ethics into machines,

da bi se bavili složenim problemom programiranja etike u mašine,

which goes to show that even hypothetical dilemmas

što ukazuje da se čak i hipotetičke dileme

can wind up on a collision course with the real world.

mogu na kraju naći u sukobu sa stvarnim svetom.