Can you spot the problem with these headlines? (Level 1) - Jeff Leek & Lucy McGowan

491,048 views ・ 2019-05-21

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Alexandra Franziska Boos Lektor: Ivana Korom
[Da li možete uočiti kako bi se ovi naslovi mogli poboljšati?]
00:11
"New drug may cure cancer."
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"Novi lek mogao bi da izleči rak".
00:14
"Aspirin may reduce risk of heart attacks."
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"Aspirin možda smanjuje rizik od srčanog udara".
00:16
"Eating breakfast can help you lose weight."
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"Doručkovanje vam pomaže da izgubite težinu".
00:19
Health headlines like these flood the news,
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Naslovi kao ovi iz oblasti zdravstva preplavljuju vesti
00:21
often contradicting each other.
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često protivrečeći jedni drugima.
00:29
So how can you figure out what’s a genuine health concern
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Kako možete shvatiti šta je istinska zdravstvena briga
00:31
or a truly promising remedy,
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ili zaista obećavajući lek,
00:33
and what’s less conclusive?
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i šta je manje konkluzivno?
00:36
In medicine,
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00:36
there’s often a disconnect between news headlines
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U medicini,
često postoji odvojenost između novinskih naslova
00:39
and the scientific research they cover.
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i naučnog istraživanja koje pokrivaju.
00:42
That’s because a headline is designed to catch attention—
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To je tako zato što je naslov sastavljen da bi privukao pažnju -
00:45
it’s most effective when it makes a big claim.
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najefektivniji je kada iskazuje veliku tvrdnju.
00:48
By contrast,
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Nasuprot tome,
00:49
many scientific studies produce meaningful results
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mnoga naučna istraživanja prave značajne rezultate
00:52
when they focus on a narrow, specific question.
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kada se fokusiraju na usko, specifično pitanje.
00:55
The best way to bridge this gap
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Najbolji način da se premosti ovaj jaz
00:57
is to look at the original research behind a headline.
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je da se pogleda originalno istraživanje koje stoji iza naslova.
01:02
We’ve come up with a simplified research scenario
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Mi smo osmislili pojednostavljen istraživački scenario
01:05
for each of these three headlines to test your skills.
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za svaki od ova tri naslova da bismo testirali vaše veštine.
01:08
Keep watching for the explanation of the first study;
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Nastavite da gledate za objašnjenje prve studije;
01:11
then pause at the headline to figure out the flaw.
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onda pauzirajte kod naslova da biste shvatili grešku.
01:14
Assume all the information you need to spot the flaw is included.
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Pretpostavite da su uključene sve informacije da bi uočili grešku.
01:19
Let’s start with this hypothetical scenario:
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Počnimo sa ovim hipotetičnim scenariom:
01:21
a study using mice to test a new cancer drug.
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studija koja koristi miševe za testiranje novog leka za rak.
01:25
The study includes two groups of mice,
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Studija uključuje dve grupe miševa,
01:27
one treated with the drug, the other with a placebo.
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jednu koja dobija lek, drugu koja dobija placebo.
01:30
At the end of the trial,
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Na kraju istraživanja,
01:31
the mice that receive the drug are cured,
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miševi koji su primali lek su izlečeni,
01:34
while those that received the placebo are not.
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dok oni koji su primali placebo nisu.
01:37
Can you spot the problem with this headline:
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Da li možete uočiti problem sa ovim naslovom:
01:40
"Study shows new drug could cure cancer"
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"Studija pokazuje novi lek bi mogao izlečiti rak".
01:44
Since the subjects of the study were mice,
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Pošto su subjekti istraživanja bili miševi,
01:46
we can’t draw conclusions about human disease based on this research.
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ne možemo izvući zaključke o ljudskoj bolesti na osnovu ovog istraživanja.
01:50
In real life, early research on new drugs and therapies is not conducted on humans.
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U stvarnosti istraživanja o novim lekovima i terapijama se ne vrše na ljudima.
01:56
If the early results are promising,
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Ako su rani rezultati obećavajući,
01:57
clinical trials follow to determine if they hold up in humans.
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klinička ispitivanja slede kako bi se odredilo da li deluju na ljudima.
02:03
Now that you’ve warmed up,
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Sada kada ste se zagrejali,
02:04
let’s try a trickier example:
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hajde da probamo malo teži primer:
02:06
a study about the impact of aspirin on heart attack risk.
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studija o uticaju aspirina na rizik od srčanog udara.
02:10
The study randomly divides a pool of men into two groups.
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Studija nasumično deli skup muškaraca u dve grupe.
02:14
The members of one group take aspirin daily,
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Članovi jedne grupe dnevno uzimaju aspirin,
02:17
while the others take a daily placebo.
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dok drugi dnevno uzimaju placebo.
02:19
By the end of the trial,
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Do kraja istraživanja,
02:21
the control group suffered significantly more heart attacks
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kontrolna grupa je doživela znatno veći broj srčanih udara
02:24
than the group that took aspirin.
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od grupe koja je uzimala aspirin.
02:26
Based on this situation, what’s wrong with the headline:
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Na osnovu ove situacije, šta nije u redu sa naslovom:
02:29
"Aspirin may reduce risk of heart attacks"
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"Aspirin možda smanjuje rizik od srčanog udara"
02:32
In this case, the study shows evidence that aspirin reduces heart attacks in men,
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U ovom slučaju, studija ukazuje da aspirin smanjuje srčane udare kod muškaraca,
02:37
because all the participants were men.
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jer su svi učesnici bili muškarci.
02:40
But the conclusion “aspirin reduces risk of heart attacks” is too broad;
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Ali zaključak "aspirin umanjuje rizik srčanih udara" je previše širok;
02:43
we can’t assume that results found in men would also apply to women.
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ne možemo pretpostaviti da su rezultati za muškarce primenjivi i na ženama.
02:48
Studies often limit participants based on geographic location, age, gender,
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Studije često ograničavaju učesnike na osnovu geografskog položaja,
starosti, pola ili mnogih drugih faktora.
02:53
or many other factors.
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02:55
Before these findings can be generalized,
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Pre nego što se ovi nalazi mogu generalizovati,
02:57
similar studies need to be run on other groups.
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moraju se sprovesti slične studije na drugim grupama.
03:00
If a headline makes a general claim,
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Ako naslov pravi opštu tvrdnju,
03:02
it should draw its evidence from a diverse body of research, not one study.
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ono treba da uzima dokaze iz različitih istraživanja, ne samo od jedne studije.
03:07
Can you take your skills from the first two questions to the next level?
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Da li možete svoje veštine od prva dva pitanja dovesti na naredni nivo?
03:11
Try this example about the impact of eating breakfast on weight loss.
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Probajte ovaj primer o uticaju doručkovanja na gubitak težine.
03:16
Researchers recruit a group of people who had always skipped breakfast
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Istraživači regrutuju grupu ljudi koji su uvek preskakali doručak
03:20
and ask them to start eating breakfast everyday.
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i zamolili su ih da počnu svaki dan da jedu doručak.
03:22
The participants include men and women of a range of ages and backgrounds.
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U učesnike su uključeni muškarci i žene raznih uzrasta i životnih pozadina.
03:27
Over a year-long period,
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U toku perioda od godinu dana,
03:28
participants lose an average of five pounds.
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učesnici izgube u proseku oko 2 kilograma.
03:32
So what’s wrong with the headline:
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Dakle šta nije u redu sa naslovom:
03:33
"Eating breakfast can help you lose weight"
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"Doručkovanje vam pomaže da izgubite težinu"
03:37
The people in the study started eating breakfast and lost weight—
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Ljudi u istraživanju su počeli da doručkuju i izgubili su težinu -
03:40
but we don’t know that they lost weight because they started eating breakfast;
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ali mi ne znamo da li su izgubili težinu zato što su počeli da doručkuju;
03:45
perhaps having their weight tracked
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možda su zbog praćenja njihove težine
03:46
inspired them to change their eating habits in other ways.
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bili inspirisani da promene svoje navike u ishrani na druge načine.
03:50
To rule out the possibility that some other factor caused weight loss,
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Da bismo odbacili mogućnost da je neki drugi faktor uticao na gubitak težine
03:53
we would need to compare these participants
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morali bismo da uporedimo ove učesnike
03:56
to a group who didn’t eat breakfast before the study
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sa grupom koja nije jela doručak pre studije
03:58
and continued to skip it during the study.
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i nastavila da ga preskače u toku studije.
04:01
A headline certainly shouldn’t claim the results of this research
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Jedan naslov zaista ne bi trebalo da trvdi da su rezultati ovog istraživanja
04:04
are generally applicable.
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generalno primenjivi.
04:06
And if the study itself made such a claim without a comparison group,
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I ako bi sama studija dala takvu tvrdnju bez grupe za upoređivanje,
04:10
then you should question its credibility.
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onda bi trebalo da sumnjate u njen kredibilitet.
04:12
Now that you’ve battle-tested your skills
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Sada kada ste testirali vaše veštine za bitku
04:14
on these hypothetical studies and headlines,
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na ovim hipotetičkim studijama i naslovima
04:17
you can test them on real-world news.
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možete ih testirati na vestima iz pravog sveta.
04:19
Even when full papers aren’t available without a fee,
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Čak iako potpuni radovi nisu dostupni bez naknade,
04:22
you can often find summaries of experimental design and results
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često možete naći sažetke eksperimentalnih dizajna i rezultata
04:26
in freely available abstracts,
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u besplatno dostupnim apstraktima
04:28
or even within the text of a news article.
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ili čak unutar tekstova novinskih članaka.
04:31
Individual studies have results
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Individualne studije imaju rezultate
04:33
that don’t necessarily correspond to a grabby headline.
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koji nužno ne odgovaraju primamljivom naslovu.
04:36
Big conclusions for human health issues
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Veliki zaključci o pitanjima ljudskog zdravlja
04:39
require lots of evidence accumulated over time.
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zahtevaju mnogo nakupljenih dokaza u toku vremena.
04:42
But in the meantime,
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Ali u međuvremenu,
04:43
we can keep on top of the science, by reading past the headlines.
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mi možemo ostati informisani o nauci, time što ćemo čitati dalje od naslova.
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