The complex geometry of Islamic design - Eric Broug

3,326,941 views ・ 2015-05-14

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović
00:06
In Islamic culture, geometry is everywhere.
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U islamskoj kulturi, geometrija je prisutna svuda.
00:10
You can find it in mosques, madrasas, palaces and private homes.
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Možete je pronaći u džamijama, medresama, palatama i domovima.
00:16
This tradition began in the 8th century CE during the early history of Islam,
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Ova tradicija je otpočela u 8. veku n.e. tokom rane istorije islama,
kada su majstori preuzeli postojeće motive iz rimske i persijske kulture
00:22
when craftsmen took preexisting motifs from Roman and Persian cultures
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00:26
and developed them into new forms of visual expression.
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i razvili ih u nove oblike vizuelnog izražavanja.
00:31
This period of history was a golden age of Islamic culture,
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Ovaj period istorije bio je zlatno doba islamske kulture,
tokom koga su mnoga postignuća prethodnih civilizacija
00:35
during which many achievements of previous civilizations
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00:38
were preserved and further developed,
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očuvana i nastavila da se razvijaju,
00:40
resulting in fundamental advancements in scientific study and mathematics.
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što je imalo za rezultat značajne napretke u naučnom izučavanju i matematici.
00:46
Accompanying this was an increasingly sophisticated use of abstraction
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Uz ovo je bila prisutna sve sofisticiranija upotreba apstrakcije
00:50
and complex geometry in Islamic art,
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i složene geometrije u islamskoj umetnosti,
00:53
from intricate floral motifs adorning carpets and textiles,
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od komplikovanih cvetnih motiva koji su krasili tepihe i tkanine,
00:57
to patterns of tilework that seemed to repeat infinitely,
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do šara na pločicama koje kao da se beskonačno ponavljaju,
01:01
inspiring wonder and contemplation of eternal order.
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podstičući na divljenje i razmišljanje o večnom poretku.
01:06
Despite the remarkable complexity of these designs,
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Uprkos izuzetnoj složenosti ovih šara,
one se mogu sačiniti samo pomoću šestara za crtanje krugova
01:09
they can be created with just a compass to draw circles
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01:12
and a ruler to make lines within them.
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i lenjira za linije unutar njih,
01:14
And from these simple tools emerges a kaleidoscope multiplicity of patterns.
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a iz tih jednostavnih alatki proizilazi kaleidoskopska raznovrsnost dezena.
01:20
So how does that work?
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Dakle, kako to funkcioniše?
01:22
Well, everything starts with a circle.
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Pa, sve počinje od kruga.
01:25
The first major decision is how will you divide it up?
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Prva velika odluka je kako ga podeliti.
01:28
Most patterns split the circle into four, five or six equal sections.
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Većina šara deli krug na četiri, pet ili šest jednakih delova.
Svaka podela dovodi do posebnih dezena.
01:34
And each division gives rise to distinctive patterns.
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01:37
There's an easy way to determine whether any pattern is based on fourfold,
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Postoji jednostavan način da se ustanovi da li je šara zasnovana na četvorostrukoj,
01:41
fivefold,
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petostrukoj
ili šestostrukoj simetriji.
01:43
or sixfold symmetry.
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Većina sadrži zvezde koje okružuju oblici poput latice.
01:45
Most contain stars surrounded by petal shapes.
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01:48
Counting the number of rays on a starburst,
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Prebrojavanje krakova koji izlaze iz zvezde
01:51
or the number of petals around it,
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ili latica oko nje,
govori nam u koju kategoriju šara spada.
01:53
tells us what category the pattern falls into.
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01:56
A star with six rays, or surrounded by six petals,
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Zvezda sa šest krakova, ili ona koja je okružena sa šest latica,
02:00
belongs in the sixfold category.
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pripada šestostrukoj kategoriji.
02:03
One with eight petals is part of the fourfold category, and so on.
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Ona sa osam latica pripada četvorostrukoj kategoriji i tako dalje.
02:08
There's another secret ingredient in these designs:
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Postoji još jedan tajni sastojak u ovim šarama -
02:11
an underlying grid.
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polazna mreža.
02:13
Invisible, but essential to every pattern,
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Nevidljiva, ali suštinska za svaku šaru,
mreža pomaže da se ustanovi razmera kompozicije
02:16
the grid helps determine the scale of the composition before work begins,
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pre nego što se započne sa radom,
održava preciznost šablona
02:21
keeps the pattern accurate,
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02:22
and facilitates the invention of incredible new patterns.
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i olakšava pronalaženje novih neverovatnih obrazaca.
02:26
Let's look at an example of how these elements come together.
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Hajde da pogledamo primer toga kako se ovi elementi uklapaju.
02:30
We'll start with a circle within a square, and divide it into eight equal parts.
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Počećemo sa krugom unutar kvadrata i podeliti ga na osam jednakih delova.
02:35
We can then draw a pair of criss-crossing lines
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Zatim možemo da nacrtamo par ukrštenih linija
i preko njih nacrtamo još dve.
02:39
and overlay them with another two.
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02:41
These lines are called construction lines,
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Ove linije se nazivaju linije konstrukcije,
02:44
and by choosing a set of their segments,
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a odabirom skupa njihovih delova,
02:46
we'll form the basis of our repeating pattern.
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obrazujemo osnovu našeg ponavljajućeg šablona.
02:50
Many different designs are possible from the same construction lines
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Mnogo različitih šara je moguće napraviti iz istih linija konstrukcije
02:54
just by picking different segments.
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samo pomoću odabira različitih delova.
02:57
And the full pattern finally emerges
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Celovita šara se konačno javlja
02:59
when we create a grid with many repetitions of this one tile
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kada napravimo mrežu sa mnogo ponavljanja ovog obrasca
03:04
in a process called tessellation.
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u procesu koji se naziva teselacija.
03:07
By choosing a different set of construction lines,
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Odabirom različite grupe linija konstrukcije,
03:09
we might have created this pattern,
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možda bismo stvorili ovaj obrazac
03:12
or this one.
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ili ovaj.
Mogućnosti su gotovo neograničene.
03:14
The possibilities are virtually endless.
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Možemo pratiti iste korake da bismo sačinili šestostruke šare
03:17
We can follow the same steps to create sixfold patterns
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crtanjem linija konstrukcije preko kruga podeljenog na šest delova,
03:21
by drawing construction lines over a circle divided into six parts,
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a zatim izvršimo teselaciju da bismo napravili nešto ovako.
03:25
and then tessellating it, we can make something like this.
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03:29
Here's another sixfold pattern that has appeared across the centuries
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Evo još jedne šestostruke šare koja je vekovima prisutna
03:33
and all over the Islamic world,
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u celom islamskom svetu,
03:35
including Marrakesh, Agra, Konya and the Alhambra.
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uključujući Marakeš, Agru, Koniju i Alhambru.
Četvorostruke šare staju u kvadratnu mrežu,
03:41
Fourfold patterns fit in a square grid, and sixfold patterns in a hexagonal grid.
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a šestostruke u šestougaonu mrežu.
03:49
Fivefold patterns, however, are more challenging to tessellate
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Petostruke šare su, međutim, problematičnije za tesalaciju
03:53
because pentagons don't neatly fill a surface,
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jer petougaonici ne ispunjavaju površinu uredno,
03:57
so instead of just creating a pattern in a pentagon,
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pa umesto da se napravi cela šara od petougaonika,
04:00
other shapes have to be added to make something that is repeatable,
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moraju se dodati drugi oblici
da se napravi nešto što se može ponavljati,
04:04
resulting in patterns that may seem confoundingly complex,
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što ima za rezultat šare koje mogu delovati začuđujuće složeno,
04:08
but are still relatively simple to create.
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ali ih je ipak relativno lako napraviti.
04:11
Also, tessellation is not constrained to simple geometric shapes,
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Osim toga, teselacija nije ograničena na jednostavne geometrijske oblike,
04:16
as M.C. Escher's work demonstrates.
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kao što pokazuje delo M. K. Ešera.
04:19
And while the Islamic geometric design tradition
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Mada islamska geometrijska tradicija šara
04:22
doesn't tend to employ elements like fish and faces,
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nema običaj da upotrebljava elemente poput riba i lica,
04:25
it does sometimes make use of multiple shapes to craft complex patterns.
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ona često koristi nekoliko oblika da bi sačinila složene šare.
04:31
This more than 1,000-year-old tradition has wielded basic geometry
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Ova tradicija, stara više od 1000 godina, upotrebila je osnovnu geometriju
04:36
to produce works that are intricate, decorative and pleasing to the eye.
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da bi proizvela dela koja su složena, ukrasna i prijatna oku.
04:41
And these craftsmen prove just how much is possible
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Ovi majstori dokazuju koliko je toga moguće
04:44
with some artistic intuition, creativity, dedication and a great compass and ruler.
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sa nešto umetničke intuicije, kreativnosti, posvećenosti
i dobrim šestarom i lenjirom.
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