Why the Arctic is climate change's canary in the coal mine - William Chapman

Zašto je arktička promena klime „kanarinac u rudniku uglja”? - Vilijem Čepmen (William Chapman)

214,364 views

2015-01-22 ・ TED-Ed


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Why the Arctic is climate change's canary in the coal mine - William Chapman

Zašto je arktička promena klime „kanarinac u rudniku uglja”? - Vilijem Čepmen (William Chapman)

214,364 views ・ 2015-01-22

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
The area surrounding the North Pole
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Područje koje okružuje Severni pol
00:09
may seem like a frozen and desolate environment where nothing ever changes.
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može delovati kao ledeno i pusto okruženje
gde se nikada ništa ne menja,
00:14
But it is actually a complex and finely balanced natural system,
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ali je zapravo složen i suptilno balansiran prirodni sistem,
00:19
and its extreme location makes it vulnerable to feedback processes
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a njegova ekstremna lokacija čini ga podložnim
procesima povratnih informacija
00:23
that can magnify even tiny changes in the atmosphere.
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koji uvećavaju svaku majušnu promenu u atmosferi.
00:27
In fact, scientists often describe the Arctic as the canary in the coal mine
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U stvari, naučnici često opisuju Arktik kao kanarinca u rudniku uglja
00:32
when it comes to predicting the impact of climate change.
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kada se radi o predviđanju uticaja klimatske promene.
Jedna od glavnih vrsta klimatskih povratnih informacija
00:36
One major type of climate feedback involves reflectivity.
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uključuje reflektivnost.
00:39
White surfaces, like snow and ice,
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Bele površine, kao što su sneg i led,
00:41
are very effective at reflecting the sun's energy back into space,
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veoma su efikasne kod reflektovanja Sunčeve energije natrag u svemir,
00:46
while darker land and water surfaces absorb much more incoming sunlight.
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dok tamno zemljište i vodene površine upijaju mnogo više
nadolazeće Sunčeve svetlosti.
00:51
When the Arctic warms just a little, some of the snow and ice melts,
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Kada se Arktik samo malo zagreje, nešto snega i leda se topi,
00:55
exposing the ground and ocean underneath.
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otkrivajući ispod sebe zemljište i okean.
00:58
The increased heat absorbed by these surfaces causes even more melting,
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Ova povećana toplota koju su upile ove površine uzrokuje još topljenja,
01:01
and so on.
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i tako dalje.
01:03
And although the current situation in the Arctic follows the warming pattern,
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Iako sadašnja situacija na Arktiku prati obrasce zagrevanja,
01:07
the opposite is also possible.
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i suprotno je moguće.
01:09
A small drop in temperatures would cause more freezing,
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Mali pad u temperaturi izazvao bi više zaleđivanja,
01:12
increasing the amount of reflective snow and ice.
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povećavajući količinu reflektivnog snega i leda.
01:15
This would result in less sunlight being absorbed,
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Ovo bi imalo za rezultat manje upijanja Sunčeve svetlosti
01:18
and lead to a cycle of cooling, as in previous ice ages.
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i vodilo ciklusu hlađenja, kao u prethodnim ledenim dobima.
01:22
Arctic sea ice is also responsible for another feedback mechanism
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Arktičko more je takođe odgovorno
za još jedan mehanizam povratne informacije kroz izolaciju.
01:26
through insulation.
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01:28
By forming a layer on the ocean's surface,
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Kroz formiranje sloja na površini okeana,
01:30
the ice acts as a buffer between the frigid arctic air
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led se ponaša kao ublaživač između ledenog arktičkog zraka
01:33
and the relatively warmer water underneath.
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i relativno toplije vode ispod njega.
01:36
But when it thins, breaks, or melts in any spot,
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Međutim, kada se istanji, slomi ili otopi na bilo kojoj tački,
01:39
heat escapes from the ocean,
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ispusti se toplota iz okeana,
01:41
warming the atmosphere and causing more ice to melt in turn.
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zagrevajući atmosferu i čineći da se, zauzvrat, topi još leda.
01:45
Both of these are examples of positive feedback loops,
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Oba slučaja su primeri
ciklusa pozitivne povratne informacije,
01:48
not because they do something good,
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ne zato što čine nešto dobro,
01:50
but because the initial change is amplified in the same direction.
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već zato što je početna promena pojačana u istom pravcu.
01:54
A negative feedback loop, on the other hand,
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Ciklus negativne povratne informacije je, sa druge strane,
01:57
is when the initial change leads to effects
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kada početna promena vodi ka posledicama
01:59
that work in the opposite direction.
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koji rade u suprotnom smeru.
02:02
Melting ice also causes a type of negative feedback
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Led koji se topi izaziva negativnu vrstu povratne informacije
02:05
by releasing moisture into the atmosphere.
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kroz ispuštanje vlage u atmosferu.
02:08
This increases the amount and thickness of clouds present,
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Ovo povećava količinu i gustinu prisutnih oblaka,
02:12
which can cool the atmosphere by blocking more sunlight.
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što može da ohladi atmosferu kroz blokiranje Sunčeve svetlosti.
02:15
But this negative feedback loop is short-lived,
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Ovaj negativni ciklus je, međutim, kratkotrajan
02:18
due to the brief Arctic summers.
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zbog kratkih arktičkih leta.
02:20
For the rest of the year, when sunlight is scarce,
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Tokom ostatka godine, kada je Sunčeva svetlost vrlo retka,
02:22
the increased moisture and clouds
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povećana vlažnost i oblaci
02:24
actually warm the surface by trapping the Earth's heat,
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zapravo zagrevaju površinu kroz zarobljavanje Zemljine toplote,
02:28
turning the feedback loop positive for all but a couple of months.
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pretvarajući ciklus u pozitivan tokom svih, izuzev par meseci.
02:32
While negative feedback loops encourage stability
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Dok ciklusi negativne povratne informacije
podržavaju stabilnost kroz guranje sistema prema ravnoteži,
02:35
by pushing a system towards equilibrium,
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02:38
positive feedback loops destabilize it by enabling larger and larger deviations.
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ciklusi pozitivne povratne informacije ga destabilizuju
kroz podržavanje sve većih odstupanja,
02:43
And the recently increased impact of positive feedbacks
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a skorašnji povećani uticaj pozitivnih povratnih informacija
02:47
may have consequences far beyond the Arctic.
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može imati posledice daleko šire od samog uticaja na Antarktik.
02:50
On a warming planet,
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Na planeti koja se zagreva,
02:51
these feedbacks ensure that the North Pole warms at a faster rate than the equator.
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ove informacije obezbeđuju da se Severni pol zagreva
brže nego ekvator.
02:57
The reduced temperature differences between the two regions
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Smanjene temperaturne razlike između ova dva regiona
03:00
may lead to slower jet stream winds
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mogu voditi ka usporavanju vetrova mlazne struje
03:02
and less linear atmospheric circulation in the middle latitudes,
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i manje linearnoj atmosferskoj cirkulaciji
na srednjim geografskim širinama,
03:06
where most of the world's population lives.
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gde većina svetske populacije živi.
03:09
Many scientists are concerned that shifts in weather patterns
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Mnoge naučnike zabrinjava da će promene u vremenskim obrascima
03:12
will last longer and be more extreme,
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trajati duže i biti ekstremnije,
03:14
with short term fluctuations becoming persistent cold snaps,
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sa kratkotrajnim nestabilnostima koje će postati hladni talasi,
03:18
heat waves, droughts and floods.
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toplotni talasi, suše i poplave.
03:22
So the Arctic sensitivity doesn't just serve as an early warning alarm
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Tako arktička osetljivost ne služi samo
kao rani alarm upozorenja
03:25
for climate change for the rest of the planet.
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za klimatsku promenu, za ostatak planete.
03:28
Its feedback loops can affect us in much more direct and immediate ways.
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Njeni ciklusi povratnih informacija mogu da nas pogode
mnogo direktnije i neposrednije.
03:32
As climate scientists often warn,
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Kao što naučnici koji se bave klimom upozoravaju,
03:34
what happens in the Arctic doesn't always stay in the Arctic.
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ono što se dešava na Arktiku ne ostaje uvek na Arktiku.
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