How did South African Apartheid happen, and how did it finally end? - Thula Simpson

Prevodilac: Jovana Babic Lektor: Milenka Okuka

On June 16th 1976,

16. juna 1976. godine,

over 10,000 student protesters flooded the streets of Soweto, South Africa.

preko 10 000 studenata je preplavilo ulice Soveta u Južnoafričkoj Republici.

For 28 years, South Africans had been living under Apartheid,

Preko 28 godina Južnoafrikanci su živeli pod aparthejdom,

a strict policy of segregation that barred the country’s Black majority

strogim sistemom segregacije koji je onemogućavao crnačkoj većini pristup

from skilled, high-paying jobs, quality education, and much more.

kvalifikovanim, dobro plaćenim poslovima, kvalitetnom obrazovanju i mnogočemu drugom

And in 1974, the government announced schools would be forced to teach

Vlada je 1974. godine proglasila da će škole biti primorane da predaju

many subjects in Afrikaans—

mnoge predmete na afrikanerskom jeziku

a language used primarily by the nation’s white ruling elites.

koji je većinski korišćen od strane državne vodeće elite - belaca.

But when protesters rose up to fight this injustice,

Kada su započeti protesti protiv ove nepravde,

the government's response was swift.

odgovor vlade je bio brz.

Armed police officers turned their weapons onto the crowd,

Naoružane policijske snage su okrenule oružje na narod

and over the following days they killed over 150 students,

i tokom narednih dana ubile više od 150 studenata,

including victims as young as 13.

uključujući i trinaestogodišnje žrtve.

Even before Apartheid, South Africa’s long history of racial violence

Čak i pre aparthejda, dugoročna istorija rasnog nasilja u Južnoafričkoj Republici

had already cost countless Black Africans their jobs, homes, and lives.

je već koštala mnoge crne Afrikance njihovog posla, doma i života.

Beginning in the 1600s,

Početkom 17. veka,

first Dutch and later British settlers colonized the nation,

prvo holandski, a kasnije i britanski doseljenici su kolonizivali državu

displacing local populations from their ancestral lands.

i isterali lokalno stanovništvo iz zemlje njihovih predaka.

Over the following centuries,

Tokom narednih vekova

Black Africans were segregated onto so-called native reserves;

crni Afrikanci su bili odvojeni u takozvane domorodačke rezervate

and by the 20th century, that meant 70% of the population

što je dovelo do toga da početkom XX veka 70% populacije

was living on roughly 13% of the country’s land.

živi na oko 13% državne teritorije.

Deprived of their traditional livelihoods

Lišeni svog tradicionalnog načina života

and seeking to escape these overpopulated regions,

i u bekstvu iz ovih prenaseljenih regiona,

Black Africans began migrating to white-controlled areas.

crni Afrikanci su počeli da migriraju u delove koje su kontrolisali belci.

There, they worked for low wages on white-owned farms and mines,

Tu su radili nisko plaćene poslove na belačkim farmama i rudnicima

alongside the descendants of enslaved and indentured workers

zajedno sa potomcima robova i radnika na obaveznoj službenosti

from across Africa and Asia.

poreklom iz Afrike i Azije.

By 1948, this exploited labor force was a primary driver

Do 1948, ova eksploatisana radna snaga je postala glavni adut

of South Africa’s booming economy.

rastuće južnoafričke ekonomije.

But economists argued that continued growth required a stable, educated,

Ipak, ekonomisti su tvrdili da je za dalji razvoj potrebna stabilna, obrazovana

and urbanized African labor force.

i urbanizovana afrička radna snaga.

The ruling United Party accepted this logic,

Vladajuća Ujedinjena partija je prihvatila ovo mišljenje,

but the rival National Party argued such a workforce

dok je opoziciona Nacionalna partija smatrala da bi takva radna snaga

would threaten the white ruling class.

pretila vladajućoj klasi belaca.

Naming their campaign Apartheid, the Afrikaans word for “separateness,”

Nazivajući svoju kampanju aparthejd, afrikanerskom rečju za odvojenost,

the National Party won the 1948 elections.

Nacionalna partija je pobedila na izborima 1948. godine.

And once in power, they began forcibly relocating millions of Africans

Kada su došli na vlast, počeli su da proteruju milione Afrikanaca

back to the reserves.

nazad u rezervate.

Under Apartheid, Black workers were considered temporary visitors

Pod aparthejdom, crnci radnici su smatrani za privremene posetioce

in white areas.

u belačkim oblastima.

They were restricted to specific zones,

Bili su ograničeni na specifične zone,

and their trade unions received no official recognition.

a njihovi sindikati nisu bili zvanično priznati.

The government also abolished mixed race universities,

Vlada je takođe ukinula univerzitete koje su mogli da pohađaju ljudi svih rasa,

outlawed mixed marriages, segregated recreational spaces,

zabranila mešane brakove, uvela segregaciju prostora za rekreaciju

and purged the non-white population from the voters’ roll.

i ostavila samo belce na biračkim spiskovima.

Within parliament at this time,

U ovo vreme u parlamentu,

Apartheid only had a small group of outspoken opponents.

aparthejd je imao veoma mali broj direktnih protivnika.

But outside the government,

Međutim, van parlamenta

three political groups were leading a popular resistance against the regime:

tri političke grupe su vodile sve popularniju borbu protiv režima:

the Communist Party, which was then legally banned in 1950,

Komunistička partija, koja je postala ilegalna 1950. godine,

their allies in the African National Congress,

njihovi saveznici u Afričkom nacionalnom kongresu (ANK)

and later, a splinter group called the Pan-Africanist Congress.

i kasnije, novonastala grupa zvana Panafrički kongres (PAK).

Despite some ideological differences,

Uprkos pojedinim ideološkim neslaganjima

all three groups worked to mobilize the masses

tri grupe su zajedno radile na mobilizaciji masa

against Apartheid by non-violent methods.

protiv aparthejda koristeći mirne metode.

But the National Party wasn’t as restrained.

Ipak, Nacionalna partija nije bila toliko suzdržana.

On March 21st, 1960, policemen massacred demonstrators at a PAC rally,

21. marta 1960, policija je masakrirala aktiviste PAK-a na protestima,

and within weeks, the ANC and PAC were outlawed.

a nakon nekoliko nedelja i ANK i PAK su proglašeni ilegalnim.

These events radicalized anti-Apartheid leaders,

Ovaj odgovor vlade je doveo do radikalizacije antiaparthejdskih vođa

and in December of 1961,

i u decembru 1961. godine

Nelson Mandela and other ANC and Communist Party activists

Nelson Mandela i drugi aktivisti ANK-a i Komunističke partije

established the resistance’s armed wing.

su osnovali naoružanu jedinicu u okviru pokreta otpora.

While the conflict grew increasingly violent,

Iako je borba postajala sve nasilnija,

the 1960s saw consistent economic growth throughout South Africa.

ova decenija je posvedočila konstantnom ekonomskom rastu Južnoafričke Republike.

The National Party attributed this to the success of Apartheid,

Nacionalna partija je pripisala ovaj uspeh aparthejdu,

but it was actually due to further exploitation.

ali je on zapravo bio posledica eksploatacije koja se nastavljala.

Employers were illegally hiring Black laborers

Poslodavci su ilegalno zapošljavali crnce

for positions affluent white workers didn’t want to fill.

da obavljaju poslove koje imućni belci nisu hteli da rade.

And since this prosperity was flowing disproportionately

A pošto je ovo bogatstvo išlo direktno u džepove

to the ruling white minority,

vladajuće manjine belaca,

the government happily turned a blind eye.

vlada je sa zadovoljstvom okrenula glavu.

Meanwhile, the National Party leveraged global anti-communist sentiment

U međuvremenu, Nacionalna partija je koristila globalni antikomunistički stav

to demonize its adversaries.

da uništi reputaciju svojih protivnika.

In 1963, they tried Mandela and ten others for advancing communism

1963. Mandela je, zajedno sa desetoro drugih, osuđen zbog promocije komunizma

and training recruits in guerrilla warfare.

i treniranja regruta za gerilski rat.

Eight of the defendants were sentenced to life in prison,

Osmorica optuženih su osuđeni na doživotni zatvor,

and many remaining anti-Apartheid leaders were forced into exile.

a mnogi drugi lideri antiaparthejdskog pokreta su prognani iz zemlje.

Over the next decade,

Tokom sledeće decenije,

a generation of student activists rose up to continue the fight,

generacija studenata aktivista se uzdigla da nastavi borbu

led in part by Steve Biko and the South African Students Organization.

vođena od strane Stiva Bika i Nacionalne unije studenata Južne Afrike.

Following the Soweto Massacre, student protesters spread nationwide.

Prateći masakr u Sovetu, studentski protesti su se proširili celom državom.

But police violently smothered these demonstrations,

Policija je opet ugasila demonstracije nasilnim putem

killing over 600 protesters by early 1977.

i pritom ubila 600 demonstranata do početka 1977.

That same year, Biko was taken into police custody

Iste godine Biko je uhapšen,

and killed in a brutal assault.

brutalno pretučen i ubijen.

In response to this violence,

Kao odgovor na ovo nasilje

the international community finally called for an end to Apartheid,

međunarodna zajednica je konačno pozvala na kraj aparthejda,

with some countries enacting trade embargoes against South Africa.

dok su neke zemlje uvele sankcije u trgovini sa Južnom Afrikom.

The state attempted to launch a reform process,

Država je pokušala da pokrene proces reforme,

creating separate parliaments for the country's white,

stvarajući posebne parlamente za populaciju belaca,

non-white, and Indian populations.

ne-belaca i Indijaca.

But the exclusion of the African majority led to more nationwide rioting.

Međutim, isključivanje Afrikanaca koji su činili većinu dovelo je opet do protesta.

So when F.W. de Klerk, a long-time supporter of Apartheid,

Kada je Frederik Vilem de Klerk, dugoročni pobornik aparthejda,

came to power in 1989,

došao na vlast 1989,

he concluded the only way to ensure white survival was to end the policy.

zaključio je da je jedini način da osigura preživljavanje belaca da okonča aparthejd.

On February 2nd, 1990,

Drugog februara 1990,

de Klerk shocked the world by unbanning the ANC,

de Klerk je šokirao svet legalizacijom ANK-a,

releasing Mandela,

oslobađanjem Mandele

and calling for constitutional negotiations.

i pozivanjem na promenu ustava.

Four years later, in the nation’s inaugural all-inclusive elections,

Četiri godine kasnije, na državnim inauguralnim sveobuhvatnim izborima

Mandela became South Africa’s first Black president.

Mandela je postao prvi crnački predsednik Južnoafričke Republike.

But today, the national trauma of Apartheid can still be keenly felt,

Čak i danas se može osetiti nacionalna trauma od aparthejda

and many wounds from this period have yet to fully heal.

i mnoge rane iz ovog perioda tek treba u potpunosti da zacele.