How did South African Apartheid happen, and how did it finally end? - Thula Simpson

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2023-12-05 ใƒป TED-Ed


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How did South African Apartheid happen, and how did it finally end? - Thula Simpson

831,280 views ใƒป 2023-12-05

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jinsol Song ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:07
On June 16th 1976,
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1976๋…„ 6์›” 16์ผ,
00:10
over 10,000 student protesters flooded the streets of Soweto, South Africa.
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๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์†Œ์›จํ†  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํœฉ์“ธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
For 28 years, South Africans had been living under Apartheid,
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28๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ์ •์ฑ… ์•„๋ž˜ ์‚ด์•„์™”์ฃ .
00:20
a strict policy of segregation that barred the countryโ€™s Black majority
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์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ํ‘์ธ๋“ค์ด
00:24
from skilled, high-paying jobs, quality education, and much more.
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์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ๊ณ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ง์—…์„ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๊ต์œก ๋“ฑ๋„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์ฃ .
00:30
And in 1974, the government announced schools would be forced to teach
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1974๋…„, ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ ์ˆ˜์—…์„
00:34
many subjects in Afrikaansโ€”
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นธ์Šค์–ด๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:36
a language used primarily by the nationโ€™s white ruling elites.
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์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธต์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
But when protesters rose up to fight this injustice,
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์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ถˆ์˜์— ๋งž์„œ๋ ค๊ณ  ์ผ์–ด์„ฐ์„ ๋•Œ,
00:44
the government's response was swift.
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์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์€ ์‹ ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
Armed police officers turned their weapons onto the crowd,
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๋ฌด์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
00:50
and over the following days they killed over 150 students,
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋™์•ˆ 150๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์‚ดํ•ด๋์ฃ .
00:55
including victims as young as 13.
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ํฌ์ƒ์ž ์ค‘์—๋Š” 13์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
Even before Apartheid, South Africaโ€™s long history of racial violence
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์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธํ—ค์ดํŠธ ์ „์—๋„
๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ์ธ์ข… ํญ๋ ฅ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š”
01:03
had already cost countless Black Africans their jobs, homes, and lives.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ‘์ธ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง์žฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘, ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์•—์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
Beginning in the 1600s,
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1600๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜,
01:11
first Dutch and later British settlers colonized the nation,
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๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์— ์ด์–ด ์˜๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:15
displacing local populations from their ancestral lands.
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์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์ƒ์˜ ๋•…์—์„œ ์ซ“์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋ช‡ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ
01:21
Over the following centuries,
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01:22
Black Africans were segregated onto so-called native reserves;
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ํ‘์ธ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋์ฃ .
01:27
and by the 20th century, that meant 70% of the population
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ฏค์—๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 70%๊ฐ€
๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋•…์˜ ์•ฝ 13%์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
was living on roughly 13% of the countryโ€™s land.
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01:35
Deprived of their traditional livelihoods
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์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์žƒ์€ ํ‘์ธ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ๋“ค์€
01:38
and seeking to escape these overpopulated regions,
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์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ๋ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:41
Black Africans began migrating to white-controlled areas.
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๋ฐฑ์ธ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
There, they worked for low wages on white-owned farms and mines,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ์˜จ
01:50
alongside the descendants of enslaved and indentured workers
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๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ›„์†๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
01:54
from across Africa and Asia.
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๋ฐฑ์ธ ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ๋†์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์ €์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:57
By 1948, this exploited labor force was a primary driver
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1948๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ์ฐฉ์ทจ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์ด
๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜ธํ™ฉ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
of South Africaโ€™s booming economy.
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02:04
But economists argued that continued growth required a stable, educated,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ , ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ,
02:09
and urbanized African labor force.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
The ruling United Party accepted this logic,
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์ง‘๊ถŒ๋‹น์ธ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋‹น์€ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์ง€๋งŒ,
02:14
but the rival National Party argued such a workforce
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋‹น์ธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์„
02:18
would threaten the white ruling class.
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์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
Naming their campaign Apartheid, the Afrikaans word for โ€œseparateness,โ€
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นธ์Šค์–ด๋กœ โ€˜๋ถ„๋ฆฌโ€™๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธํ—ค์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์„ธ์›Œ
02:24
the National Party won the 1948 elections.
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์€ 1948๋…„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:28
And once in power, they began forcibly relocating millions of Africans
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์ง‘๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์„
02:32
back to the reserves.
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๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
Under Apartheid, Black workers were considered temporary visitors
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์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธํ—ค์ดํŠธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ํ‘์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์€
๋ฐฑ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์˜จ ์ž„์‹œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
in white areas.
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02:40
They were restricted to specific zones,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ • ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—๋งŒ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
02:42
and their trade unions received no official recognition.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ๊ณต์‹ ์ธ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:46
The government also abolished mixed race universities,
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์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ธ์ข…์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ 
02:50
outlawed mixed marriages, segregated recreational spaces,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ธ์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:55
and purged the non-white population from the votersโ€™ roll.
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๋น„๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
Within parliament at this time,
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๋‹น์‹œ ์˜ํšŒ ๋‚ด์—์„œ
03:00
Apartheid only had a small group of outspoken opponents.
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์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธํ—ค์ดํŠธ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
But outside the government,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ถ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š”
03:06
three political groups were leading a popular resistance against the regime:
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์ •๊ถŒ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ์ •์น˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:10
the Communist Party, which was then legally banned in 1950,
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๊ทธ ์„ธ ์ •์น˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ 1950๋…„์— ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋œ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น,
03:15
their allies in the African National Congress,
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ANC, ์ฆ‰, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฏผ์กฑํšŒ์˜ ๋™๋งน,
03:17
and later, a splinter group called the Pan-Africanist Congress.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„์— ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ PAC, ์ฆ‰, ๋ฒ” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ ํšŒ์˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
Despite some ideological differences,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์ด๋…์  ์ฐจ์ด์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:24
all three groups worked to mobilize the masses
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์„ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
03:27
against Apartheid by non-violent methods.
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์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธํ—ค์ดํŠธ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
But the National Party wasnโ€™t as restrained.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
On March 21st, 1960, policemen massacred demonstrators at a PAC rally,
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1960๋…„ 3์›” 21์ผ, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ PAC ์ง‘ํšŒ์—์„œ
์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•™์‚ดํ–ˆ๊ณ 
03:40
and within weeks, the ANC and PAC were outlawed.
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋งŒ์— ANC์™€ PAC๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
These events radicalized anti-Apartheid leaders,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค๋กœ ์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธํ—ค์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:48
and in December of 1961,
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1961๋…„ 12์›”์—
03:51
Nelson Mandela and other ANC and Communist Party activists
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๋„ฌ์Šจ ๋งŒ๋ธ๋ผ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ANC ๋ฐ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
03:55
established the resistanceโ€™s armed wing.
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๋ฌด์žฅ ์ €ํ•ญ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
While the conflict grew increasingly violent,
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๋ถ„์Ÿ์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•ด ์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ
04:01
the 1960s saw consistent economic growth throughout South Africa.
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1960๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ
๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
The National Party attributed this to the success of Apartheid,
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์€ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธํ—ค์ดํŠธ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด๋ผ ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:10
but it was actually due to further exploitation.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ฐฉ์ทจ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
Employers were illegally hiring Black laborers
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๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
04:16
for positions affluent white workers didnโ€™t want to fill.
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊บผ๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:20
And since this prosperity was flowing disproportionately
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฒˆ์˜์€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ
04:23
to the ruling white minority,
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ํŽธ์ค‘ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
04:25
the government happily turned a blind eye.
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์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ์•˜์ฃ .
04:28
Meanwhile, the National Party leveraged global anti-communist sentiment
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ํ•œํŽธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๊ณต ์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
04:33
to demonize its adversaries.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ์•…๋งˆ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•˜์ฃ .
04:35
In 1963, they tried Mandela and ten others for advancing communism
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1963๋…„, ๋งŒ๋ธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ 10๋ช…์„ ์žฌํŒ์— ํšŒ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํš์ฑ…ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:41
and training recruits in guerrilla warfare.
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๊ฒŒ๋ฆด๋ผ์ „์—์„œ ์‹ ๋ณ‘์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚จ ํ˜์˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
Eight of the defendants were sentenced to life in prison,
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ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ ์ค‘ 8๋ช…์€ ์ข…์‹ ํ˜•์„ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ ,
04:47
and many remaining anti-Apartheid leaders were forced into exile.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธํ—ค์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ง€๋„์ž ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
Over the next decade,
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๊ทธ ํ›„ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
04:53
a generation of student activists rose up to continue the fight,
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ํ•™์ƒ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์‹ธ์› ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:57
led in part by Steve Biko and the South African Students Organization.
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์ด ์šด๋™์€ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋น„์ฝ”์™€ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ํ•™์ƒ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
Following the Soweto Massacre, student protesters spread nationwide.
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์†Œ์›จํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ด ์ดํ›„, ํ•™์ƒ ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:06
But police violently smothered these demonstrations,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ž”ํ˜นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„์••ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:09
killing over 600 protesters by early 1977.
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1977๋…„ ์ดˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ 600๋ช… ์ด์ƒ ์‚ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
That same year, Biko was taken into police custody
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๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด, ๋น„์ฝ”๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:18
and killed in a brutal assault.
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์ž”ํ˜นํ•œ ํญํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
In response to this violence,
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์ด ํญ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
05:23
the international community finally called for an end to Apartheid,
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๊ตญ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธํ—ค์ดํŠธ์˜ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
05:28
with some countries enacting trade embargoes against South Africa.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
The state attempted to launch a reform process,
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์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
05:35
creating separate parliaments for the country's white,
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๋ฐฑ์ธ, ๋น„๋ฐฑ์ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๋„์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
05:38
non-white, and Indian populations.
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๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜
05:41
But the exclusion of the African majority led to more nationwide rioting.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํญ๋™์ด ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:46
So when F.W. de Klerk, a long-time supporter of Apartheid,
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๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธํ—ค์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ๋˜ F. W ๋ฐ ํด๋ ˆ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ€
05:50
came to power in 1989,
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1989๋…„์— ์ง‘๊ถŒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
05:53
he concluded the only way to ensure white survival was to end the policy.
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๋ฐฑ์ธ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
On February 2nd, 1990,
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1990๋…„ 2์›” 2์ผ,
06:01
de Klerk shocked the world by unbanning the ANC,
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F. W ๋ฐ ํด๋ ˆ๋ฅดํฌ๋Š” ANC ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ œํ•˜๊ณ 
06:05
releasing Mandela,
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๋งŒ๋ธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์„๋ฐฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
06:06
and calling for constitutional negotiations.
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์ด๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ๋น ๋œจ๋ ธ์ฃ .
06:10
Four years later, in the nationโ€™s inaugural all-inclusive elections,
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4๋…„ ํ›„, ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ
06:15
Mandela became South Africaโ€™s first Black president.
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๋งŒ๋ธ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ ํ‘์ธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
But today, the national trauma of Apartheid can still be keenly felt,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธํ—ค์ดํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋Š”
์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
06:25
and many wounds from this period have yet to fully heal.
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์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์น˜์œ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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