How did South African Apartheid happen, and how did it finally end? - Thula Simpson

696,449 views ใƒป 2023-12-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
On June 16th 1976,
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ื‘- 16 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1976
00:10
over 10,000 student protesters flooded the streets of Soweto, South Africa.
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž -10,000 ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ื•ื˜ื•, ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
00:16
For 28 years, South Africans had been living under Apartheid,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 28 ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืชื—ืช ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“,
00:20
a strict policy of segregation that barred the countryโ€™s Black majority
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ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืžื ืขื” ืžื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
00:24
from skilled, high-paying jobs, quality education, and much more.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืขื•ื“.
00:30
And in 1974, the government announced schools would be forced to teach
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1974, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ื™ืืœืฆื• ืœืœืžื“
00:34
many subjects in Afrikaansโ€”
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ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงืื ืก -
00:36
a language used primarily by the nationโ€™s white ruling elites.
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ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
00:41
But when protesters rose up to fight this injustice,
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ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืงืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืœ ื–ื”,
00:44
the government's response was swift.
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
00:47
Armed police officers turned their weapons onto the crowd,
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ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื ื• ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœื”ื ืืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ,
00:50
and over the following days they killed over 150 students,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-150 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื,
00:55
including victims as young as 13.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ 13.
00:59
Even before Apartheid, South Africaโ€™s long history of racial violence
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ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”
01:03
had already cost countless Black Africans their jobs, homes, and lives.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœืชื” ืœืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื, ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
01:09
Beginning in the 1600s,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1600,
01:11
first Dutch and later British settlers colonized the nation,
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ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื”,
01:15
displacing local populations from their ancestral lands.
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ื•ืขืงืจื• ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
01:21
Over the following centuries,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
01:22
Black Africans were segregated onto so-called native reserves;
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ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ืœืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื;
01:27
and by the 20th century, that meant 70% of the population
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉ -70% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
01:32
was living on roughly 13% of the countryโ€™s land.
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ื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ื› -13% ืžืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
01:35
Deprived of their traditional livelihoods
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ื—ืกืจื™ ืคืจื ืกืชื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช
01:38
and seeking to escape these overpopulated regions,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”,
01:41
Black Africans began migrating to white-controlled areas.
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
01:46
There, they worked for low wages on white-owned farms and mines,
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ืฉื ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”,
01:50
alongside the descendants of enslaved and indentured workers
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ืœืฆื“ ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืืœื” ืฉืชื—ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ื
01:54
from across Africa and Asia.
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ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืืกื™ื”.
01:57
By 1948, this exploited labor force was a primary driver
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ืขื“ 1948, ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื ื•ืฆืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
02:01
of South Africaโ€™s booming economy.
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ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืคื•ืจื—ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
02:04
But economists argued that continued growth required a stable, educated,
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ืืš ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ,
02:09
and urbanized African labor force.
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ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™.
02:11
The ruling United Party accepted this logic,
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ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
02:14
but the rival National Party argued such a workforce
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ืืš ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื” ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื–ื”
02:18
would threaten the white ruling class.
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ื™ืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜.
02:20
Naming their campaign Apartheid, the Afrikaans word for โ€œseparateness,โ€
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ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ โ€œืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“โ€œ, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื ื™ืช ืœโ€œื ืคืจื“ื•ืชโ€œ,
02:24
the National Party won the 1948 elections.
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ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 1948.
02:28
And once in power, they began forcibly relocating millions of Africans
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื
02:32
back to the reserves.
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช.
02:34
Under Apartheid, Black workers were considered temporary visitors
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ืชื—ืช ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื
02:38
in white areas.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
02:40
They were restricted to specific zones,
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ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื• ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื,
02:42
and their trade unions received no official recognition.
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ื•ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช.
02:46
The government also abolished mixed race universities,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืขื ื’ื–ืข ืžืขื•ืจื‘,
02:50
outlawed mixed marriages, segregated recreational spaces,
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ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™,
02:55
and purged the non-white population from the votersโ€™ roll.
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ื•ื˜ื™ื”ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืœื ืœื‘ื ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื.
02:58
Within parliament at this time,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•
03:00
Apartheid only had a small group of outspoken opponents.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ืจืง ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื.
03:04
But outside the government,
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ืืš ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”,
03:06
three political groups were leading a popular resistance against the regime:
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ:
03:10
the Communist Party, which was then legally banned in 1950,
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ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื ืืกืจื” ืื– ื›ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950,
03:15
their allies in the African National Congress,
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™,
03:17
and later, a splinter group called the Pan-Africanist Congress.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืคืืŸ-ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™.
03:21
Despite some ideological differences,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
03:24
all three groups worked to mobilize the masses
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ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคืขืœื• ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื
03:27
against Apartheid by non-violent methods.
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
03:30
But the National Party wasnโ€™t as restrained.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ืคืงืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
03:33
On March 21st, 1960, policemen massacred demonstrators at a PAC rally,
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ื‘- 21 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1960 ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืจืช PAC,
03:40
and within weeks, the ANC and PAC were outlawed.
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื• ื”-ANC ื•- PAC ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง.
03:45
These events radicalized anti-Apartheid leaders,
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ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื• ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“,
03:48
and in December of 1961,
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ื•ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1961
03:51
Nelson Mandela and other ANC and Communist Party activists
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ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ ANC ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
03:55
established the resistanceโ€™s armed wing.
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ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื—ืžื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช.
03:59
While the conflict grew increasingly violent,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื ืขืฉื” ืืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:01
the 1960s saw consistent economic growth throughout South Africa.
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ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืจืื• ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
04:06
The National Party attributed this to the success of Apartheid,
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ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ืกื” ื–ืืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“,
04:10
but it was actually due to further exploitation.
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื ื‘ืข ืžื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
04:13
Employers were illegally hiring Black laborers
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ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืฉื›ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
04:16
for positions affluent white workers didnโ€™t want to fill.
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ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืžืœื.
04:20
And since this prosperity was flowing disproportionately
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื–ื” ื–ืจื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™
04:23
to the ruling white minority,
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ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜,
04:25
the government happily turned a blind eye.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ืžื” ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”.
04:28
Meanwhile, the National Party leveraged global anti-communist sentiment
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžื™ื ืคื” ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
04:33
to demonize its adversaries.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื”.
04:35
In 1963, they tried Mandela and ten others for advancing communism
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963 ื”ื ืฉืคื˜ื• ืืช ืžื ื“ืœื” ื•ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื
04:41
and training recruits in guerrilla warfare.
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ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžืช ื’ืจื™ืœื”.
04:44
Eight of the defendants were sentenced to life in prison,
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ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ื ืืฉืžื™ื ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ืœืžืืกืจ ืขื•ืœื,
04:47
and many remaining anti-Apartheid leaders were forced into exile.
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ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื ื’ื“ ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
04:51
Over the next decade,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื,
04:53
a generation of student activists rose up to continue the fight,
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ืงื ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื‘ืง,
04:57
led in part by Steve Biko and the South African Students Organization.
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื• ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™.
05:01
Following the Soweto Massacre, student protesters spread nationwide.
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื— ืกื•ื•ื˜ื•, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ืกื” ืืจืฆื™ืช.
05:06
But police violently smothered these demonstrations,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื—ื ืงื” ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
05:09
killing over 600 protesters by early 1977.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืž -600 ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1977.
05:14
That same year, Biko was taken into police custody
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื ืœืงื— ื‘ื™ืงื• ืœืžืขืฆืจ ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™
05:18
and killed in a brutal assault.
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ื•ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช.
05:21
In response to this violence,
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื•
05:23
the international community finally called for an end to Apartheid,
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ืงืจืื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“,
05:28
with some countries enacting trade embargoes against South Africa.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืงื• ืืžื‘ืจื’ื• ืกื—ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
05:32
The state attempted to launch a reform process,
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจืคื•ืจืžื”,
05:35
creating separate parliaments for the country's white,
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช,
05:38
non-white, and Indian populations.
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ื”ืœื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
05:41
But the exclusion of the African majority led to more nationwide rioting.
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ืืš ื”ื“ืจืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืคืจืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช.
05:46
So when F.W. de Klerk, a long-time supporter of Apartheid,
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ F.W. de Klerk, ืชื•ืžืš ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“,
05:50
came to power in 1989,
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ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989,
05:53
he concluded the only way to ensure white survival was to end the policy.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:58
On February 2nd, 1990,
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ื‘- 2 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1990
06:01
de Klerk shocked the world by unbanning the ANC,
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ื–ืขื–ืข ื“ื” ืงืœืจืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”- ANC,
06:05
releasing Mandela,
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ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืžื ื“ืœื”
06:06
and calling for constitutional negotiations.
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ื•ืงืจื ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื—ื•ืงืชื™.
06:10
Four years later, in the nationโ€™s inaugural all-inclusive elections,
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ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
06:15
Mandela became South Africaโ€™s first Black president.
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ื”ืคืš ืžื ื“ืœื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
06:19
But today, the national trauma of Apartheid can still be keenly felt,
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ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช,
06:25
and many wounds from this period have yet to fully heal.
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ื•ืคืฆืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื˜ืจื ื ืจืคืื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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