How this disease changes the shape of your cells - Amber M. Yates

1,307,687 views ・ 2019-05-06

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Aleksandar Bošnjak Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća
00:07
What shape are your cells?
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Kog oblika su vaše ćelije?
00:09
Squishy cylinders? Jagged zig-zags?
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U obliku mekanih cilindara? Ili u obliku krivudavih linija?
00:12
You probably don’t think much about the bodies of these building blocks,
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Verovatno ne mislite puno o obliku ovih sastavnih delova,
00:15
but at the microscopic level, small changes can have huge consequences.
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ali na mikroskopskom nivou, male promene mogu imati velike posledice.
00:20
And while some adaptations change these shapes for the better,
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Dok neke adaptacije menjaju ove oblike nabolje,
00:23
others can spark a cascade of debilitating complications.
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druge mogu pokrenuti lavinu loših komplikacija.
00:28
This is the story of sickle-cell disease.
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Takva je priča o srpastoj anemiji.
00:31
Sickle-cell disease affects the red blood cells,
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Srpasta anemija utiče na crvene krvne ćelije
00:34
which transport oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues in the body.
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koje transportuju kiseonik od pluća do svih tkiva u telu.
00:38
To perform this vital task,
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Da bi izvršile ovaj bitan zadatak,
00:39
red blood cells are filled with hemoglobin proteins to carry oxygen molecules.
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crvene krvne ćelije su pune proteina hemoglobina
kako bi prenele molekule kiseonika.
00:44
These proteins float independently
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Ovi proteini plutaju nezavisno
00:46
inside the red blood cell’s pliable, doughnut-like shape,
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unutar savitljivih crvenih krvnih ćelija, koje su krofnastog oblika,
00:50
keeping the cells flexible enough
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tako da su ćelije dovoljno fleksibilne
00:52
to accommodate even the tiniest of blood vessels.
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da bi se prilagodile čak i najmanjim krvnim sudovima.
00:55
But in sickle cell disease,
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Ali kod srpaste anemije,
00:57
a single genetic mutation alters the structure of hemoglobin.
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jedna genetička mutacija menja strukturu hemoglobina.
01:01
After releasing oxygen to tissues,
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Nakon što ispusti kiseonik u tkiva,
01:03
these mutated proteins lock together into rigid rows.
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ovi mutirani proteini se vezuju jedan za drugog i formiraju krute nizove.
01:08
Rods of hemoglobin cause the cell to deform into a long, pointed sickle.
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Štapići hemoglobina uzrokuju da se ćelija deformiše u dugački, šiljasti srp.
01:13
These red blood cells are harder and stickier,
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Ova crvena krvna zrnca su čvršća i lepljivija,
01:16
and no longer flow smoothly through blood vessels.
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i ne plutaju više glatko kroz krvne sudove.
01:19
Sickled cells snag and pile up–
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Srpaste ćelije se kače jedna za drugu i nagomilavaju,
01:22
sometimes blocking the vessel completely.
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a nekada i potpuno blokiraju krvne sudove.
01:25
This keeps oxygen from reaching a variety of cells,
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Ovo sprečava kiseonik da dođe do raznih ćelija,
01:28
causing the wide range of symptoms
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što uzrokuje širok spektar simptoma
01:30
experienced by people with sickle-cell disease.
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koje doživljavaju ljudi oboleli od srpaste anemije.
01:34
Starting when they’re less than a year old,
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Počevši od uzrasta ispod godinu dana,
01:36
patients suffer from repeated episodes of stabbing pain in oxygen-starved tissues.
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pacijenti pate od probadajućih bolova koji se ponavljaju
zbog nedostatka kiseonika u tkivima.
01:41
The location of the clogged vessel
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Mesto začepljenih krvnih sudova
01:43
determines the specific symptoms experienced.
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određuje specifične simptome koji se mogu doživeti.
01:46
A blockage in the spleen, part of the immune system,
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Blokada u slezini, dela imunog sistema,
01:49
puts patients at risk for dangerous infections.
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stavlja pacijente pod rizik od opasnih infekcija.
01:52
A pileup in the lungs can produce fevers and difficulty breathing.
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Gomila u plućima može da prouzrokuje
povišene temperature i poteškoće sa disanjem.
01:56
A clog near the eye can cause vision problems and retinal detachment.
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Začepljenje blizu očiju može prouzrokovati probleme sa vidom i ablaciju mrežnice.
02:01
And if the obstructed vessels supply the brain
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A ako zakrčeni sudovi snabdevaju mozak,
02:03
the patient could even suffer a stroke.
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pacijent bi čak mogao da doživi i moždani udar.
02:06
Worse still, sickled red blood cells also don’t survive very long—
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Što je još gore, srpasta crvena krvna zrnca ne žive veoma dugo,
02:11
just 10 or 20 days, versus a healthy cell’s 4 months.
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samo 10 do 20 dana, nasuprot zdravim ćelijama koje žive četiri meseca.
02:15
This short lifespan
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Ovaj kratki životni vek znači da pacijenti žive
02:16
means that patients live with a constantly depleted supply of red blood cells;
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sa konstantno malim brojem crvenih krvnih ćelija;
02:20
a condition called sickle-cell anemia.
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oboljenjem koje se zove srpasta anemija.
02:23
Perhaps what’s most surprising about this malignant mutation
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Ono što možda najviše iznenađuje u vezi sa ovom zloćudnom mutacijom
02:27
is that it originally evolved as a beneficial adaptation.
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je to što se prvobitno razvila kao korisna adaptacija.
02:31
Researchers have been able to trace the origins of the sickle cell mutation
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Istraživači su uspeli da uđu u trag poreklu srpaste mutacije
02:35
to regions historically ravaged by a tropical disease called malaria.
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u regijama koje su u prošlosti opustošene tropskom bolešću zvanom malarija.
02:39
Spread by a parasite found in local mosquitoes,
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Malariju širi parazit nađen u lokalnim komarcima,
02:42
malaria uses red blood cells as incubators
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i ona crvene krvne ćelije koristi kao inkubatore
02:46
to spread quickly and lethally through the bloodstream.
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da bi se raširila brzo i smrtonosno kroz krvotok.
02:49
However, the same structural changes that turn red blood cells into roadblocks
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Međutim, te iste strukturalne promene
koje pretvaraju crvene krvne ćelije u barikade
02:54
also make them more resistant to malaria.
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ih takođe čine otpornijim na malariju.
02:57
And if a child inherits a copy of the mutation from only one parent,
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I ako dete nasledi kopiju mutacije od samo jednog roditelja,
03:01
there will be just enough abnormal hemoglobin
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postojaće dovoljno abnormalnog hemoglobina
03:04
to make life difficult for the malaria parasite,
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da oteža život malaričnom parazitu,
03:07
while most of their red blood cells retain their normal shape and function.
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dok većina crvenih krvnih ćelija zadržava svoj normalni oblik i funkciju.
03:11
In regions rife with this parasite,
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U regijama gde je ovaj parazit rasprostranjen,
03:13
sickle cell mutation offered a serious evolutionary advantage.
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mutacija srpastih ćelija je ponudila ozbiljnu evolutivnu prednost.
03:17
But as the adaptation flourished,
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Ali kako se adaptacija proširivala,
03:19
it became clear that inheriting the mutation from both parents
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postalo je jasno da nasleđivanje mutacije od oba roditelja
03:23
resulted in sickle-cell anemia.
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rezultira srpastom anemijom.
03:25
Today, most people with sickle-cell disease
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Danas, većina ljudi sa srpastom anemijom
03:28
can trace their ancestry to a country where malaria is endemic.
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može da uđe u trag njihovom poreklu u zemlji gde je malarija endemska.
03:32
And this mutation still plays a key role in Africa,
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Ova mutacija i dalje igra veliku ulogu u Africi,
03:36
where more than 90% of malaria infections occur worldwide.
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gde se javlja više od 90% slučajeva infekcija malarijom u svetu.
03:40
Fortunately, as this “adaptation” thrives,
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Na sreću, kako ova „adaptacija“ napreduje,
03:43
our treatment for sickle cell continues to improve.
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terapija za srpastu anemiju nastavlja da se poboljšava.
03:47
For years, hydroxyurea was the only medication available
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Godinama je hidroksikarbamid bio jedini dostupan lek
03:50
to reduce the amount of sickling,
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koji smanjuje količinu srpastih ćelija,
03:52
blunting symptoms and increasing life expectancy.
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ublažava simptome i povećava životni vek.
03:55
Bone marrow transplantations offer a curative measure,
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Transpnlatacija koštane srži nudi opciju izlečenja,
03:59
but these procedures are complicated and often inaccessible.
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ali ove procedure su komplikovane i često nedostupne.
04:03
But promising new medications are intervening in novel ways,
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Ali novi lekovi deluju na nove načine,
04:06
like keeping oxygen bonded to hemoglobin to prevent sickling,
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na primer, održavaju kiseonik vezanim za hemoglobin kako bi sprečili oboljenje,
04:10
or reducing the stickiness of sickled cells.
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ili smanjuju lepljivost srpastih ćelija.
04:13
And the ability to edit DNA
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A sposobnost uređivanja DNK
04:15
has raised the possibility of enabling stem cells to produce normal hemoglobin.
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je povećala mogućnost da matične ćelije mogu da proizvedu normalan hemoglobin.
04:20
As these tools become available
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Kako ove alatke postaju dostupne
04:22
in the areas most affected by malaria and sickle cell disease,
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u oblastima koje su najviše zahvaćene malarijom i srpastom anemijom,
04:26
we can improve the quality of life
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možemo poboljšati kvalitet života
04:28
for more patients with this adverse adaptation.
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za više pacijenata koji pate od ove štetne adaptacije.
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