How this disease changes the shape of your cells - Amber M. Yates

1,354,001 views ・ 2019-05-06

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jungmin Roh κ²€ν† : Yunjung Nam
00:07
What shape are your cells?
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ ν˜•νƒœμΌκΉŒμš”?
00:09
Squishy cylinders? Jagged zig-zags?
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λ¬Όλ λ¬Όλ ν•œ 싀린더 λͺ¨μ–‘? μ‚μ­‰μ‚μ­‰ν•œ μ§€κ·Έμž¬κ·Έ λͺ¨μ–‘?
00:12
You probably don’t think much about the bodies of these building blocks,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 우리 λͺΈμ˜ κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 그리 깊이 μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
00:15
but at the microscopic level, small changes can have huge consequences.
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λ―Έμ‹œμ  κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ, λͺΈμ˜ μž‘μ€ λ³€ν™”λŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
And while some adaptations change these shapes for the better,
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변화에 μ μ‘ν•˜λ €κ³  세포 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€λ©΄
00:23
others can spark a cascade of debilitating complications.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 세포가 합병증을 μœ λ°œν•˜μ—¬ λͺΈμ΄ μ‡ μ•½ν•΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
This is the story of sickle-cell disease.
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μ΄λŠ” κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λ³‘μ— κ΄€ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
Sickle-cell disease affects the red blood cells,
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κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λ³‘μ€ νμ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ“  쑰직으둜
00:34
which transport oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues in the body.
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μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό μš΄λ°˜ν•˜λŠ” μ ν˜ˆκ΅¬μ™€ 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
To perform this vital task,
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이 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 일을 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
00:39
red blood cells are filled with hemoglobin proteins to carry oxygen molecules.
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μ ν˜ˆκ΅¬μ— μžˆλŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμΈ ν—€λͺ¨κΈ€λ‘œλΉˆμ΄ μ‚°μ†Œ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μš΄λ°˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
These proteins float independently
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도넛 λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ μœ μ—°μ„±μ΄ 쒋은 적혈ꡬ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ
00:46
inside the red blood cell’s pliable, doughnut-like shape,
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ν—€λͺ¨κΈ€λ‘œλΉˆμ€ λ…λ¦½μ μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆμ£ .
00:50
keeping the cells flexible enough
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μ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ”
00:52
to accommodate even the tiniest of blood vessels.
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κ°€μž₯ λ―Έμ„Έν•œ ν˜ˆκ΄€κΉŒμ§€ μˆ˜μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 만큼 μœ μ—°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
But in sickle cell disease,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λ³‘μ— 걸리면
00:57
a single genetic mutation alters the structure of hemoglobin.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μœ μ „μ  λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄κ°€ ν—€λͺ¨κΈ€λ‘œλΉˆ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ λ†“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
After releasing oxygen to tissues,
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쑰직으둜 μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό λ°©μΆœν•œ ν›„
01:03
these mutated proteins lock together into rigid rows.
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이 λ³€ν˜•λœ ν—€λͺ¨κΈ€λ‘œλΉˆμ€ μ„œλ‘œ λ­‰μ³μ„œ λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•œ λ§‰λŒ€ λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ 열을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
Rods of hemoglobin cause the cell to deform into a long, pointed sickle.
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ν—€λͺ¨κΈ€λ‘œλΉˆ λ§‰λŒ€λŠ” κΈΈκ³  끝이 λΎ°μ‘±ν•œ λ‚« λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ 적혈ꡬλ₯Ό λ³€ν˜•μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
These red blood cells are harder and stickier,
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이 μ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ” λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•˜κ³  λˆμ κ±°λ¦¬λŠ” νŠΉμ§•μ΄ μžˆμ–΄
01:16
and no longer flow smoothly through blood vessels.
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μ›ν™œν•˜κ²Œ ν˜ˆκ΄€μ„ μ§€λ‚˜κ°€μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
Sickled cells snag and pile up–
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κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬κ°€ μ°’κΈ°κ±°λ‚˜ μŒ“μ΄λ©΄
01:22
sometimes blocking the vessel completely.
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λ•Œλ‘  ν˜ˆκ΄€μ„ μ™„μ „νžˆ 막아버리기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
This keeps oxygen from reaching a variety of cells,
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이 λ§Žμ€ μ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ” μ‚°μ†Œκ°€ μ΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” 것을 막아
01:28
causing the wide range of symptoms
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κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λ³‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ μΌμœΌν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ”
01:30
experienced by people with sickle-cell disease.
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κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ 증상을 μ•ΌκΈ°μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
Starting when they’re less than a year old,
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λ°œλ³‘ν•œμ§€ 일 λ…„ 미만의 ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ μ‚°μ†Œ κ²°ν•μ‘°μ§μœΌλ‘œ 인해
01:36
patients suffer from repeated episodes of stabbing pain in oxygen-starved tissues.
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찌λ₯΄λŠ” λ“―ν•œ μ•„ν””κ³Ό 같은 반볡적인 증상을 μ•“κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
The location of the clogged vessel
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λ§‰νžŒ ν˜ˆκ΄€μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λ©΄
01:43
determines the specific symptoms experienced.
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μ•“κ³  μžˆλŠ” νŠΉμ • μ¦μƒμ˜ 원인을 λ°ν˜€λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
A blockage in the spleen, part of the immune system,
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λ©΄μ—­μ œκ³„μ˜ 일뢀인 λΉ„μž₯이 λ§‰νžˆλ©΄
01:49
puts patients at risk for dangerous infections.
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ κ°μ—Όμœ„ν—˜μ— λ…ΈμΆœλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
A pileup in the lungs can produce fevers and difficulty breathing.
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폐가 λ§‰νžˆλ©΄ 열이 λ‚˜κ³  μˆ¨μ‰¬κΈ°κ°€ νž˜λ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
A clog near the eye can cause vision problems and retinal detachment.
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눈 μ£Όμœ„κ°€ λ§‰νžˆλ©΄ μ‹œλ ₯에 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 생겨 망막박리λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
And if the obstructed vessels supply the brain
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λ˜ν•œ λ‡Œν˜ˆκ΄€μ΄ λ§‰νžˆλ©΄
02:03
the patient could even suffer a stroke.
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λ‡Œμ‘Έμ¦μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
Worse still, sickled red blood cells also don’t survive very longβ€”
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μ„€μƒκ°€μƒμœΌλ‘œ κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬μ˜ 수λͺ…은 맀우 μ§§μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
just 10 or 20 days, versus a healthy cell’s 4 months.
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μ •μƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ” 수λͺ…이 4κ°œμ›”μΈλ° λΉ„ν•΄ κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ” 단 10~20μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
This short lifespan
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κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬ 수λͺ…이 μ§§κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:16
means that patients live with a constantly depleted supply of red blood cells;
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ν™˜μžλŠ” μ ν˜ˆκ΅¬κ°€ λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ λΆ€μ‘±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
a condition called sickle-cell anemia.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ§ˆν™˜μ„ κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬ 빈혈이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
Perhaps what’s most surprising about this malignant mutation
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μ•„λ§ˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ•…μ„±λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄μΈ κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬κ°€
02:27
is that it originally evolved as a beneficial adaptation.
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μ›λž˜λŠ” 적응을 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μƒκ²¨λ‚¬λ‹€λŠ” 사싀에 맀우 λ†€λž„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
Researchers have been able to trace the origins of the sickle cell mutation
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ—΄λŒ€μ„± μ§ˆν™˜μΈ λ§λΌλ¦¬μ•„λ‘œ μ—­μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ ν™©νν™”λœ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ
02:35
to regions historically ravaged by a tropical disease called malaria.
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λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄μΈ κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬μ˜ 기원을 찾을 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
Spread by a parasite found in local mosquitoes,
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각 μ§€μ—­μ˜ λͺ¨κΈ°κ°€ 기생좩을 νΌνŠΈλ¦¬λŠ” 맀개체 역할을 ν–ˆκ³ 
02:42
malaria uses red blood cells as incubators
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혈λ₯˜λ₯Ό 톡해 λΉ λ₯΄κ³  치λͺ…μ μœΌλ‘œ
02:46
to spread quickly and lethally through the bloodstream.
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말라리아λ₯Ό 퍼트리기 μœ„ν•΄ μ ν˜ˆκ΅¬κ°€ μΈνλ² μ΄ν„°λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
However, the same structural changes that turn red blood cells into roadblocks
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 적혈ꡬλ₯Ό μž₯μ• λ¬Όλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  λ™μΌν•œ ꡬ쑰적 λ³€ν™” λ˜ν•œ
02:54
also make them more resistant to malaria.
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말라리아에 λŒ€ν•œ 내성을 λ”μš± κ°•ν™”μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
And if a child inherits a copy of the mutation from only one parent,
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아이가 λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜ 쀑 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λ‘œ λΆ€ν„° λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λ¬Όλ €λ°›μ•˜λ‹€λ©΄
03:01
there will be just enough abnormal hemoglobin
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비정상적인 ν—€λͺ¨κΈ€λ‘œλΉˆμœΌλ‘œ μΈν•΄μ„œ
03:04
to make life difficult for the malaria parasite,
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말라리아 κΈ°μƒμΆ©μ˜ 생쑴을 μ–΄λ ΅κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
while most of their red blood cells retain their normal shape and function.
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반면 λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ” 정상적인 ν˜•νƒœμ™€ κΈ°λŠ₯을 λ³΄μœ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
In regions rife with this parasite,
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말라리아 기생좩이 λ§Œμ—°ν•œ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ
03:13
sickle cell mutation offered a serious evolutionary advantage.
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λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄μΈ κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ” 진화상 큰 이점이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
But as the adaptation flourished,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ μ‘ν• μˆ˜λ‘
03:19
it became clear that inheriting the mutation from both parents
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두 λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λ₯Ό λ¬Όλ €λ°›μœΌλ©΄
03:23
resulted in sickle-cell anemia.
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κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬ λΉˆν˜ˆμ— κ±Έλ¦°λ‹€λŠ” 사싀이 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
Today, most people with sickle-cell disease
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λ³‘μ— κ±Έλ¦° λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
03:28
can trace their ancestry to a country where malaria is endemic.
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말라리아가 λ§Œμ—°ν•œ λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ μ™”λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
And this mutation still plays a key role in Africa,
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μ „ 세계 말라리아 κ°μ—Όμ˜ 90% 이상이 λ°œμƒν•œ μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ
03:36
where more than 90% of malaria infections occur worldwide.
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이 λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄μΈ κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
Fortunately, as this β€œadaptation” thrives,
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆ 이 병에 λŒ€ν•΄ "적응"ν•  수둝
03:43
our treatment for sickle cell continues to improve.
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그에 λ”°λ₯Έ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ€ λ°œμ „ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
For years, hydroxyurea was the only medication available
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μˆ˜λ…„κ°„ μˆ˜μ‚°ν™”μš”μ†ŒλŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 치료제둜
03:50
to reduce the amount of sickling,
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ν‰κ· μˆ˜λͺ…을 늘리고 톡증을 λ¬΄λ””κ²Œ ν•΄μ„œ
03:52
blunting symptoms and increasing life expectancy.
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κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬ν™”λ˜λŠ” 수치λ₯Ό κ°μ†Œμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
Bone marrow transplantations offer a curative measure,
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κ³¨μˆ˜μ΄μ‹μ€ μΉ˜λ£Œλ°©λ²•μ€ μ œμ‹œν•΄μ£Όμ§€λ§Œ
03:59
but these procedures are complicated and often inaccessible.
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과정이 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³  μ’…μ’… μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
But promising new medications are intervening in novel ways,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν—€λͺ¨κΈ€λ‘œλΉˆμ— μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό κ²°ν•©μ‹œμΌœ κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬ν™”λ₯Ό 막고
04:06
like keeping oxygen bonded to hemoglobin to prevent sickling,
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적혈ꡬ의 점착성을 μ€„μ΄λŠ” 것과 같은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 방식을 μ΄μš©ν•΄
04:10
or reducing the stickiness of sickled cells.
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μ‹ μ•½κ°œλ°œμ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§ˆ κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
And the ability to edit DNA
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λ˜ν•œ DNA νŽΈμ§‘λŠ₯λ ₯은
04:15
has raised the possibility of enabling stem cells to produce normal hemoglobin.
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쀄기세포가 정상적인 ν—€λͺ¨κΈ€λ‘œλΉˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€ κ°€λŠ₯성을 λ†’μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
As these tools become available
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말라리아와 κ²Έμƒμ ν˜ˆκ΅¬λ³‘μ΄ λ§Œμ—°ν•œ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ
04:22
in the areas most affected by malaria and sickle cell disease,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 방법이 μƒμš©ν™”λ˜λ©΄
04:26
we can improve the quality of life
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λΆ€μž‘μš©μ„ μ•“λŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜
04:28
for more patients with this adverse adaptation.
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μ‚Άμ˜ 질이 ν–₯상될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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