How this disease changes the shape of your cells - Amber M. Yates

1,316,262 views ใƒป 2019-05-06

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
What shape are your cells?
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ืื™ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื?
00:09
Squishy cylinders? Jagged zig-zags?
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ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืขื™ื›ื™ื? ื–ึดื™ื’ึฐื–ึธื’ื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื?
00:12
You probably donโ€™t think much about the bodies of these building blocks,
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ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื•,
00:15
but at the microscopic level, small changes can have huge consequences.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ืช, ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
00:20
And while some adaptations change these shapes for the better,
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ืื“ืคื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
00:23
others can spark a cascade of debilitating complications.
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ืืš ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื.
00:28
This is the story of sickle-cell disease.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืžื™ื” ื”ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช.
00:31
Sickle-cell disease affects the red blood cells,
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ืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื,
00:34
which transport oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues in the body.
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ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:38
To perform this vital task,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:39
red blood cells are filled with hemoglobin proteins to carry oxygen molecules.
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ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
00:44
These proteins float independently
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ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฆืคื™ื
00:46
inside the red blood cellโ€™s pliable, doughnut-like shape,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ืขื ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ื ืื˜,
00:50
keeping the cells flexible enough
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืชืื™ื ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช
00:52
to accommodate even the tiniest of blood vessels.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:55
But in sickle cell disease,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช,
00:57
a single genetic mutation alters the structure of hemoglobin.
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ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ.
01:01
After releasing oxygen to tissues,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืจืงืžื”,
01:03
these mutated proteins lock together into rigid rows.
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ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื ื ืขืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช.
01:08
Rods of hemoglobin cause the cell to deform into a long, pointed sickle.
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ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื ืœื”ืชืขื•ื•ืช ืœื—ืจืžืฉ ื—ื“ ื•ืืจื•ืš.
01:13
These red blood cells are harder and stickier,
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ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:16
and no longer flow smoothly through blood vessels.
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ื•ืœื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงืœื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.
01:19
Sickled cells snag and pile upโ€“
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ืชืื™ื ื—ืจืžืฉื™ื™ื ื ืชืคืฉื™ื ื•ื ืขืจืžื™ื --
01:22
sometimes blocking the vessel completely.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:25
This keeps oxygen from reaching a variety of cells,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืื™ื,
01:28
causing the wide range of symptoms
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื ืขื“ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื
01:30
experienced by people with sickle-cell disease.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื.
01:34
Starting when theyโ€™re less than a year old,
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”,
01:36
patients suffer from repeated episodes of stabbing pain in oxygen-starved tissues.
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ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžืงืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ ื“ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจืขื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ.
01:41
The location of the clogged vessel
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืกืชื•ืžื™ื
01:43
determines the specific symptoms experienced.
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ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื•ื•.
01:46
A blockage in the spleen, part of the immune system,
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ื—ืกื™ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืœ, ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
01:49
puts patients at risk for dangerous infections.
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ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
01:52
A pileup in the lungs can produce fevers and difficulty breathing.
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ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
01:56
A clog near the eye can cause vision problems and retinal detachment.
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ืกืชื™ืžื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืจืฉืชื™ืช.
02:01
And if the obstructed vessels supply the brain
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ื•ืื ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื“ื ืœืžื•ื—
02:03
the patient could even suffer a stroke.
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ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืฅ.
02:06
Worse still, sickled red blood cells also donโ€™t survive very longโ€”
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”, ืชืื™ ื“ื ื—ืจืžืฉื™ื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ --
02:11
just 10 or 20 days, versus a healthy cellโ€™s 4 months.
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ืจืง 10 ืื• 20 ื™ืžื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืชืื™ ื“ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื 4 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:15
This short lifespan
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ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจ
02:16
means that patients live with a constantly depleted supply of red blood cells;
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืื’ืจ ืžืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื;
02:20
a condition called sickle-cell anemia.
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ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื ืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช.
02:23
Perhaps whatโ€™s most surprising about this malignant mutation
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืžืื™ืจื”
02:27
is that it originally evolved as a beneficial adaptation.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืื“ืคื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”.
02:31
Researchers have been able to trace the origins of the sickle cell mutation
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจืžืฉื™ื•ืช
02:35
to regions historically ravaged by a tropical disease called malaria.
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ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื ืคื’ืขื• ืžืžื—ืœื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืžืœืจื™ื”.
02:39
Spread by a parasite found in local mosquitoes,
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ืžืœืจื™ื” ืžื•ืคืฆืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
02:42
malaria uses red blood cells as incubators
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื
02:46
to spread quickly and lethally through the bloodstream.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื.
02:49
However, the same structural changes that turn red blood cells into roadblocks
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ืœืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื
02:54
also make them more resistant to malaria.
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ื’ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžืœืจื™ื”.
02:57
And if a child inherits a copy of the mutation from only one parent,
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ื•ืื ื™ืœื“ ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืจืง ืžื”ื•ืจื” ืื—ื“,
03:01
there will be just enough abnormal hemoglobin
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™
03:04
to make life difficult for the malaria parasite,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”,
03:07
while most of their red blood cells retain their normal shape and function.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื‘ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:11
In regions rife with this parasite,
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื˜ืคื™ืœ,
03:13
sickle cell mutation offered a serious evolutionary advantage.
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ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจืžืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
03:17
But as the adaptation flourished,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืื“ืคื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉื’ืฉื’ื”,
03:19
it became clear that inheriting the mutation from both parents
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื
03:23
resulted in sickle-cell anemia.
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ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช.
03:25
Today, most people with sickle-cell disease
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืœื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช
03:28
can trace their ancestry to a country where malaria is endemic.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
03:32
And this mutation still plays a key role in Africa,
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
03:36
where more than 90% of malaria infections occur worldwide.
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ืฉื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 90% ืžื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”.
03:40
Fortunately, as this โ€œadaptationโ€ thrives,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”"ืื“ืคื˜ืฆื™ื”" ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช,
03:43
our treatment for sickle cell continues to improve.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื—ืจืžืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ.
03:47
For years, hydroxyurea was the only medication available
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืงืกื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื”
03:50
to reduce the amount of sickling,
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ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืจืžืฉื™ื•ืช,
03:52
blunting symptoms and increasing life expectancy.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืกืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:55
Bone marrow transplantations offer a curative measure,
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ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืžื— ืขืฆื ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืžืจืคื,
03:59
but these procedures are complicated and often inaccessible.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
04:03
But promising new medications are intervening in novel ways,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
04:06
like keeping oxygen bonded to hemoglobin to prevent sickling,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ืจืžืฉื™ื•ืช,
04:10
or reducing the stickiness of sickled cells.
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ืื• ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื—ืจืžืฉื™ื™ื.
04:13
And the ability to edit DNA
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืจื•ืš DNA
04:15
has raised the possibility of enabling stem cells to produce normal hemoglobin.
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ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
04:20
As these tools become available
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื–ืžื™ื ื™ื
04:22
in the areas most affected by malaria and sickle cell disease,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช,
04:26
we can improve the quality of life
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
04:28
for more patients with this adverse adaptation.
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืื“ืคื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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