Sunlight is way older than you think - Sten Odenwald

Sunčeva svetlost je mnogo starija nego što mislite - Sten Odenvald (Sten Odenwald)

732,768 views

2015-05-12 ・ TED-Ed


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Sunlight is way older than you think - Sten Odenwald

Sunčeva svetlost je mnogo starija nego što mislite - Sten Odenvald (Sten Odenwald)

732,768 views ・ 2015-05-12

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća
00:06
You may know that it takes light a zippy eight minutes
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Možda znate da svetlu treba osam kratkih minuta
00:10
to reach us from the surface of the Sun,
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da stigne do nas sa površine Sunca.
00:13
so how long do you think it takes light
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Koliko mislite da je, onda, potrebno svetlosti
00:15
to travel from the Sun's core to its surface?
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za putovanje od Sunčevog jezgra do njegove površine?
00:18
A few seconds or a minute at most?
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Nekoliko sekundi ili najviše minut?
00:21
Well, oddly enough, the answer is many thousands of years.
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Neobično, odgovor je mnogo hiljada godina.
00:25
Here's why.
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Evo i zašto.
00:27
Photons are produced by the nuclear reactions deep in the core of our Sun.
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Fotone proizvode nuklearne reakcije u dubini Sunčevog jezgra.
00:32
As the photons flow out of the core, they interact with matter and lose energy,
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Kad fotoni izađu iz jezgra, dolaze u dodir sa materijom
i gube energiju,
00:37
becoming longer wavelength forms of light.
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postajući oblici svetlosti veće talasne dužine.
00:40
They start out as gamma rays in the core,
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Nastaju kao gama zraci u jezgru,
00:43
but end up as x-rays, ultraviolet or visible light as they near the surface.
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a završavaju kao X-zraci, ultraljubičasta ili vidljiva svetlost
kako se približavaju površini.
00:49
However, that journey is neither simple nor direct.
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Međutim, njihovo putovanje nije ni jednostavno, ni direktno.
00:54
Upon being born, each photon travels at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second
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Po rođenju, svaki foton putuje brzinom od 300 000 km u sekundi
01:01
until it collides with a proton and is diverted in another direction,
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dok se ne sudari sa protonom i preusmeri se u drugom pravcu,
01:06
acting like a bullet ricocheting off of every charged particle it strikes.
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ponašajući se kao metak koji se odbija o svaku naelektrisanu česticu koju udari.
01:11
The question of how far this photon gets from the center of the Sun
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Pitanje koliko daleko ovaj foton stiže od centra Sunca
01:15
after each collision
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posle svakog sudara
01:17
is known as the random walk problem.
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poznato je kao problem nasumičnog hoda.
01:20
The answer is given by this formula:
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Odgovor je dat ovom formulom:
01:22
distance equals step size times the square root of the number of steps.
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razdaljina je jednaka veličini koraka puta koren iz broja koraka.
01:28
So if you were taking a random walk from your front door
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Tako, ako hodate nasumičnim korakom od ulaznih vrata
01:31
with a one meter stride each second,
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hodom od jednog metra u sekundi,
01:33
it would take you a million steps and eleven days
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trebaće vam milion koraka i jedanaest dana
01:37
just to travel one kilometer.
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da pređete samo jedan kilometar.
01:40
So then how long does it take for a photon generated in the center of the sun
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Koliko je onda potrebno fotonu koji je stvoren u centru Sunca
01:45
to reach you?
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da stigne do vas?
01:47
We know the mass of the Sun
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Znamo masu Sunca
01:49
and can use that to calculate the number of protons within it.
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i možemo to iskoristiti da izračunamo broj protona u njemu.
01:53
Let's assume for a second that all the Sun's protons are evenly spread out,
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Pretpostavimo na kratko da su svi Sunčevi protoni jednako raspoređeni,
01:57
making the average distance between them about 1.0 x 10^-10 meters.
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čineći da je prosečna razdaljina između njih oko 1.0 x 10^-10 metara.
02:04
To random walk the 690,000 kilometers from the core to the solar surface
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Nasumično hodanje dužinom od 690 000 km od jezgra do površine Sunca
02:11
would then require 3.9 x 10^37 steps,
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zahtevalo bi onda 3.9 x 10^-37 koraka,
02:17
giving a total travel time of 400 billion years.
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što čini da je ukupno vreme putovanja 400 milijardi godina.
02:22
Hmm, that can't be right.
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Hm, to ne može biti tačno.
02:24
The Sun is only 4.6 billion years old, so what went wrong?
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Sunce je staro samo 4.6 milijardi godina. Šta je krenulo naopako?
02:28
Two things:
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Dve stvari.
02:30
The Sun isn't actually of uniform density
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Sunce nije samo jedinstvena gustina,
02:33
and photons will miss quite a few protons between every collision.
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a fotoni će promašiti priličan broj protona
između svakog udara.
02:38
In actuality, a photon's energy,
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U stvarnosti, fotonska energija,
02:41
which changes over the course of its journey,
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koja se menja tokom puta,
02:43
determines how likely it is to interact with a proton.
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određuje kolika je verovatnoća sudaranja sa protonom.
02:47
On the density question,
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Što se tiče gustine,
02:48
our models show that the Sun has a hot core,
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naši modeli pokazuju da Sunce ima vrelo jezgro,
02:51
where the fusion reactions occur.
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gde se dešavaju fuzione reakcije.
02:54
Surrounding that is the radiative zone,
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To okružuje radioaktivna zona,
02:56
followed by the convective zone, which extends all the way to the surface.
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koju prati konvektivna zona, a koja se prostire sve do površine.
03:01
The material in the core is much denser than lead,
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Materijal u jezgru je mnogo gušći nego olovo,
03:04
while the hot plasma near the surface is a million times less dense
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dok je vrela plazma blizu površine milion puta manje gusta
03:09
with a continuum of densities in between.
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sa beskonačno različitim vrednostima gustine između.
03:12
And here's the photon-energy relationship.
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Evo odnosa između fotona i energije.
03:15
For a photon that carries a small amount of energy,
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Za foton koji nosi malu količinu energije,
03:18
a proton is effectively huge,
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proton je izrazito veliki
03:21
and it's much more likely to cause the photon to ricochet.
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i mnogo je verovatnije da će izazvati rikošet fotona.
03:24
And for a high-energy photon, the opposite is true.
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Za foton ogromne energije, tačno je suprotno od toga.
03:28
Protons are effectively tiny.
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Protoni su izrazito mali.
03:30
Photons start off at very high energies
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Foton kreće sa veoma velikim energijama
u odnosu na energiju kada se konačno emituju
03:33
compared to when they're finally radiated from the Sun's surface.
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sa Sunčeve površine.
03:37
Now when we use a computer and a sophisticated solar interior model
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Kada koristimo kompjuter i sofisticirane modele unutrašnjosti Sunca
da izračunamo jednačinu nasumičnog hoda
03:42
to calculate the random walk equation with these changing quantities,
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sa ovim promenljivim količinama,
03:46
it spits out the following number: 170,000 years.
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on izbacuje sledeći broj: 170 000 godina.
03:52
Future discoveries about the Sun may refine this number further,
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Buduća otkrića o Suncu mogu da prerade dalje ovaj broj,
03:56
but for now, to the best of our understanding,
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ali za sada, bar kako verujemo,
03:59
the light that's hitting your eyes today
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svetlost koja stiže do naših očiju danas
04:01
spent 170,000 years pinballing its way towards the Sun's surface,
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provela je 170 000 godina lutajući na svom putu prema Sunčevoj površini
04:07
plus eight miniscule minutes in space.
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uz dodatak skromnih osam minuta u svemiru.
04:10
In other words, that photon began its journey two ice ages ago,
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Drugim rečima, taj foton je započeo svoje putovanje
pre dva ledena doba,
04:15
around the same time when humans first started wearing clothes.
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negde u isto vreme kada su ljudi prvi put počeli da nose odeću.
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