Sunlight is way older than you think - Sten Odenwald

734,185 views ใƒป 2015-05-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
You may know that it takes light a zippy eight minutes
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืื•ืจ ืœื•ืงื— ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
00:10
to reach us from the surface of the Sun,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืืœื™ื ื•,
00:13
so how long do you think it takes light
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืœืื•ืจ
00:15
to travel from the Sun's core to its surface?
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ืœื ื•ืข ืžืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื”?
00:18
A few seconds or a minute at most?
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืงื”?
00:21
Well, oddly enough, the answer is many thousands of years.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ื–ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉืžืข, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:25
Here's why.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”.
00:27
Photons are produced by the nuclear reactions deep in the core of our Sun.
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ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:32
As the photons flow out of the core, they interact with matter and lose energy,
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ื›ืฉื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืœื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:37
becoming longer wavelength forms of light.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:40
They start out as gamma rays in the core,
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืืžื” ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื”,
00:43
but end up as x-rays, ultraviolet or visible light as they near the surface.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืงืจื ื™ X, ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ืื• ืื•ืจ ื ืจืื” ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
00:49
However, that journey is neither simple nor direct.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
00:54
Upon being born, each photon travels at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second
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ืขื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื, ื›ืœ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 300,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”
01:01
until it collides with a proton and is diverted in another direction,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกื˜ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ,
01:06
acting like a bullet ricocheting off of every charged particle it strikes.
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ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ืงืœื™ืข ืฉื ื™ืชื– ืžื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืข.
01:11
The question of how far this photon gets from the center of the Sun
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:15
after each collision
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช
01:17
is known as the random walk problem.
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ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ืืงืจืื™.
01:20
The answer is given by this formula:
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ื–ื•:
01:22
distance equals step size times the square root of the number of steps.
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ืžืจื—ืง ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื.
01:28
So if you were taking a random walk from your front door
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ืื– ืื ื™ืฆืืชื ืœืžืกืข ืืงืจืื™ ืžื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœื›ื
01:31
with a one meter stride each second,
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ืขื ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”,
01:33
it would take you a million steps and eleven days
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ื™ืงื— ืœื›ื ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ ื™ืžื™ื
01:37
just to travel one kilometer.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“.
01:40
So then how long does it take for a photon generated in the center of the sun
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:45
to reach you?
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื›ื?
01:47
We know the mass of the Sun
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืžืืกืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:49
and can use that to calculate the number of protons within it.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”.
01:53
Let's assume for a second that all the Sun's protons are evenly spread out,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ืœืฉื ื™ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื”,
01:57
making the average distance between them about 1.0 x 10^-10 meters.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืจืš 1.0 ื›ืคื•ืœ 10^-10 ืžื˜ืจ.
02:04
To random walk the 690,000 kilometers from the core to the solar surface
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืืช 690,000 ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื”
02:11
would then require 3.9 x 10^37 steps,
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ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ 3.9 ื›ืคื•ืœ 10^37 ืฆืขื“ื™ื.
02:17
giving a total travel time of 400 billion years.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืข ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ 400 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:22
Hmm, that can't be right.
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ื”ืžืž, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:24
The Sun is only 4.6 billion years old, so what went wrong?
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืช 4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื, ืื– ืžื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:28
Two things:
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ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
02:30
The Sun isn't actually of uniform density
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”
02:33
and photons will miss quite a few protons between every collision.
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ื•ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืคืกืคืกื• ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช.
02:38
In actuality, a photon's energy,
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ,
02:41
which changes over the course of its journey,
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ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื•,
02:43
determines how likely it is to interact with a proton.
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ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
02:47
On the density question,
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ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช,
02:48
our models show that the Sun has a hot core,
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจืื” ืฉืœืฉืžืฉ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื—ืžื”,
02:51
where the fusion reactions occur.
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ืฉื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช.
02:54
Surrounding that is the radiative zone,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื–ื” ื–ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจืŸ,
02:56
followed by the convective zone, which extends all the way to the surface.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ื, ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
03:01
The material in the core is much denser than lead,
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื—ื•ืก ืžืขื•ืคืจืช,
03:04
while the hot plasma near the surface is a million times less dense
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคืœืื–ืžื” ื”ื—ืžื” ืœื™ื“ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ืคื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช
03:09
with a continuum of densities in between.
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ.
03:12
And here's the photon-energy relationship.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื” ื™ื—ืก ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
03:15
For a photon that carries a small amount of energy,
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ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
03:18
a proton is effectively huge,
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ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื ืง ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
03:21
and it's much more likely to cause the photon to ricochet.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคื•ื˜ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชื–.
03:24
And for a high-energy photon, the opposite is true.
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ื•ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:28
Protons are effectively tiny.
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ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
03:30
Photons start off at very high energies
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ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“
03:33
compared to when they're finally radiated from the Sun's surface.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืชื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงื•ืจื ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:37
Now when we use a computer and a sophisticated solar interior model
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืžื•ื“ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
03:42
to calculate the random walk equation with these changing quantities,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืืงืจืื™ ืขื ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
03:46
it spits out the following number: 170,000 years.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื: 170,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
03:52
Future discoveries about the Sun may refine this number further,
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ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:56
but for now, to the best of our understanding,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื•,
03:59
the light that's hitting your eyes today
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ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
04:01
spent 170,000 years pinballing its way towards the Sun's surface,
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ื‘ื™ืœื” 170,000 ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืคื™ื ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
04:07
plus eight miniscule minutes in space.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืงืฆืจืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
04:10
In other words, that photon began its journey two ice ages ago,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืขื™ื“ื ื™ ืงืจื—,
04:15
around the same time when humans first started wearing clothes.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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