A brief history of banned numbers - Alessandra King

Kratka istorija zabranjenih brojeva - Alesandra King

2,786,409 views ・ 2017-09-26

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović
Kažu da je olovka moćnija od mača,
00:07
They say the pen is mightier than the sword,
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00:10
and authorities have often agreed.
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a vlasti su se često slagale sa time.
00:13
From outlawed religious tracts and revolutionary manifestos
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Od zabranjenih verskih traktata i revolucionarnih manifesta
00:17
to censored and burned books,
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do cenzurisanih i spaljivanih knjiga,
00:19
we know the potential power of words to overturn the social order.
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poznata nam je potencijalna snaga reči da preokrenu društveni poredak.
00:24
But as strange as it may seem,
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Koliko god to čudno zvučalo,
00:26
some numbers have also been considered dangerous enough to ban.
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neki brojevi su takođe smatrani dovoljno opasnim da budu zabranjeni.
00:31
Our distant ancestors long counted objects using simple tally marks.
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Naši daleki preci su dugo brojali predmete koristeći jednostavne recke.
00:36
But as they developed agriculture and began living together in larger groups,
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Ali, uz razvoj poljoprivrede i početak zajedničkog života u većim grupama,
00:40
this was no longer enough.
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to više nije bilo dovoljno.
00:43
As numbers grew more complex,
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Kako su brojevi postajali složeniji,
00:45
people began not just using them, but thinking about what they are
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ljudi su počeli ne samo da ih koriste,
već i da razmišljaju o tome šta su oni i kako funkcionišu.
00:49
and how they work.
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Do 600. godine p.n.e. u Staroj Grčkoj, izučavanje brojeva je bilo vrlo razvijeno.
00:51
And by 600 B.C.E. in Ancient Greece, the study of numbers was well-developed.
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00:57
The mathematician Pythagoras and his school of followers
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Matematičar Pitagora i njegova škola sledbenika
01:00
found numerical patterns in shapes, music, and the stars.
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pronašli su numeričke obrasce u oblicima, muzici i zvezdama.
01:05
For them, mathematics held the deepest secrets of the universe.
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Za njih je matematika čuvala najdublje tajne univerzuma.
01:10
But one Pythagorean named Hippasus discovered something disturbing.
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Ali, jedan pitagorejac po imenu Hipas otkrio je nešto uznemirujuće.
01:15
Some quantities, like the diagonal of a square with sides of length one
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Neke vrednosti, poput dijagonale kvadrata sa stranama dužine jedan
01:20
couldn't be expressed by any combination of whole numbers or fractions,
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nisu se mogle izraziti nijednom kombinacijom
celih brojeva niti razlomaka, koliko god bile male.
01:25
no matter how small.
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01:28
These numbers, which we call irrational numbers,
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Ovi brojevi, koje nazivamo iracionalnim brojevima,
01:31
were perceived as a threat
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doživljavani su kao pretnja
01:33
to the Pythagorean's notion of a perfect universe.
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pitagorejskoj predstavi o savršenom univerzumu.
01:37
They imagined a reality that could be described
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Zamišljali su stvarnost koja bi se mogla opisati
01:40
with rational, numerical patterns.
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racionalnim, numeričkim obrascima.
01:43
Historians write that Hippasus was exhiled for publicizing his findings,
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Istoričari pišu da je Hipas bio prognan zbog objavljivanja svojih nalaza,
01:47
while legends claim he was drowned as punishment from the gods.
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dok legende tvrde da su ga bogovi udavili za kaznu.
01:52
While irrational numbers upset philosophers,
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Dok su iracionalni brojevi uznemiravali filozofe,
01:55
later mathematical inventions would draw attention
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kasniji matematički izumi su takođe privlačili pažnju
01:58
from political and religious authorities, as well.
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političkih i verskih autorititeta.
02:02
In the Middle Ages, while Europe was still using Roman numerals,
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U srednjem veku, dok je Evropa i dalje koristila rimske brojeve,
02:05
other cultures had developed positional systems
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druge kulture su razvile pozicione sisteme
02:08
that included a symbol for zero.
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koji su obuhvatali simbol za nulu.
02:11
When Arab travelers brought this system to the bustling maritime cities of Italy,
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Kada su arapski putnici doneli ovaj sistem u užurbane primorske gradove Italije,
02:15
its advantages for merchants and bankers was clear.
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bile su jasne njegove prednosti za trgovce i bankare.
02:19
But the authorities were more wary.
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Ali, vlasti su bile na oprezu.
02:21
Hindu-Arabic numerals were considered easier to forge or alter,
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Indo-arapski brojevi su smatrani lakšim za falsifikovanje i prepravljanje,
naročito s obzirom na to da su bili manje poznati kupcima nego trgovcima.
02:26
especially since they were less familiar to customers than to merchants.
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02:30
And the concept of zero opened the door to negative numbers
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Koncept nule je otvorio vrata negativnim brojevima
02:33
and the recording of debt
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i beleženju dugovanja
02:34
at a time when moneylending was regarded with suspicion.
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u vreme kada se na pozajmljivanje novca gledalo sa podozrenjem.
02:39
In the 13th century, Florence banned the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals
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U 13. veku, Firenca je zabranila upotrebu indo-arapskih brojeva
02:43
for record keeping.
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za vođenje zapisa.
02:45
And though they soon proved too useful to ignore,
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Mada se uskoro pokazalo da su suviše korisni da bi ih zanemarili,
02:49
controversies over zero and negative numbers
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kontroverze vezane za nulu i negativne brojeve
02:51
continued for a long time.
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nastavile su se dugo vremena.
02:54
Negative numbers were dismissed as absurd
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Negativni brojevi bili su odbačeni kao apsurdni
02:56
well into the 19th century.
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dobrim delom 19. veka.
02:59
And prominent mathematicians, like Gerolamo Cardano,
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Istaknuti matematičari, kao što je Đirolamo Kardano,
03:02
avoided using zero,
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izbegavali su korišćenje nule,
03:03
even though it would have made it much easier to find solutions
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iako bi sa njom bilo mnogo lakše pronaći rešenja
03:06
to cubic and the quartic equations.
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za kubne i kvadratne jednačine.
03:10
Even today it's illegal to use some numbers for different reasons.
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Čak je i danas zabranjeno koristiti pojedine brojeve iz različitih razloga.
Neki su zabranjeni zbog onog što predstavljaju.
03:15
Some are banned because of what they represent.
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03:17
For example, governments have prohibited the display of numbers
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Na primer, vlasti su zabranile prikazivanje brojeva
03:21
that have symbolic meaning,
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koji imaju simbolično značenje.
03:22
such as the date of a revolution
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kao što je datum revolucije
03:24
or connections to oppositional political figures or parties.
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ili povezanost sa opozicionim političkim ličnostima ili strankama.
03:28
Other numbers are potentially illegal because of the information they carry.
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Drugi brojevi su potencijalno ilegalni zbog informacija koje nose sa sobom.
03:32
Just about any information,
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Skoro sve informacije,
03:34
whether text,
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bilo da je u pitanju tekst, slika, snimak ili kompjuterski program
03:35
image,
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03:36
video,
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03:36
or executable programs can be translated into a string of numbers.
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mogu se prevesti u niz brojeva.
03:42
But this means that protected information,
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Ali, to znači da zaštićene informacije,
03:44
whether copyrights,
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bilo da su to autorska prava,
03:45
proprietary materials,
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vlasnički materijali
03:47
or state secrets
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ili državne tajne,
03:48
can also be represented as numbers,
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mogu takođe biti predstavljeni brojevima,
03:51
so possessing or publishing these numbers may be treated as a criminal offense.
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tako da se posedovanje ili objavljivanje ovih brojeva
može tretirati kao krivično delo.
03:56
This idea gathered attention in 2001
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Ova ideja je privukla pažnju 2001. godine
03:59
when code that could be used to decrypt DVDs
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kada je kod koji se može koristiti za dešifrovanje di-vi-dijeva
04:02
was widely shared and distributed in the form of a large prime number.
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široko razmenjivan i raspodeljivan u vidu velikog prostog broja.
04:07
The idea of illegal numbers may sound absurd,
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Ideja o ilegalnim brojevima može zvučati apsurdno,
04:10
but like words,
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ali, kao i reči,
04:11
written numbers are a way of expressing concepts and information.
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pisani brojevi predstavljaju način izražavanja koncepata i informacija.
04:15
And in a world where calculations and algorithms
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A u svetu u kome proračuni i algoritmi
04:18
shape more and more of our lives,
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sve više oblikuju naše živote,
04:20
the mathematician's pencil grows stronger by the day.
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olovka matematičara je svakog dana sve jača.
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