A brief history of banned numbers - Alessandra King

2,856,127 views ・ 2017-09-26

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jeon Minyoung κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
νŽœμ€ 칼보닀 κ°•ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:07
They say the pen is mightier than the sword,
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00:10
and authorities have often agreed.
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그리고 κΆŒμœ„μžλ“€λ„ μ’…μ’… μΈμ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λΆˆλ²•μœΌλ‘œλœ 쒅ꡐ μ†Œμ±…μžλ“€κ³Ό
00:13
From outlawed religious tracts and revolutionary manifestos
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혁λͺ…적인 μ„ μ–Έλ¬Έλ“€λΆ€ν„°
00:17
to censored and burned books,
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κ²€μ—΄λ˜κ³  λΆˆνƒœμ›Œμ§„ μ±…λ“€κΉŒμ§€
00:19
we know the potential power of words to overturn the social order.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒ μ§ˆμ„œλ₯Ό 뒀집을 잠재된 λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ•Œκ³ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
But as strange as it may seem,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이상해 λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
00:26
some numbers have also been considered dangerous enough to ban.
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μ–΄λ–€ μˆ«μžλ“€μ€ κΈˆμ§€λ λ§ŒνΌ μœ„ν—˜ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
Our distant ancestors long counted objects using simple tally marks.
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ˜ λ¨Ό 쑰상듀은 μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 합인을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 물건듀을 μ…ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
But as they developed agriculture and began living together in larger groups,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그듀이 λ†κ²½μ‚¬νšŒλ‘œ λ°œμ „ν•˜κ³ 
더 큰 μ§‘λ‹¨μ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•„κ°€κ²Œ λ˜λ©΄μ„œ,
00:40
this was no longer enough.
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이것은 더 이상 ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
As numbers grew more complex,
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μˆ«μžλ“€μ΄ 점점 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ²Œ μžλΌλ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ,
00:45
people began not just using them, but thinking about what they are
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 숫자λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•  λ•Œ,
λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 이용만 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
그듀이 무엇이고
00:49
and how they work.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
And by 600 B.C.E. in Ancient Greece, the study of numbers was well-developed.
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기원전 600λ…„μ˜ κ³ λŒ€ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ—λŠ”
μˆ«μžμ— κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ λ°œλ‹¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
The mathematician Pythagoras and his school of followers
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μˆ˜ν•™μž ν”Όνƒ€κ³ λΌμŠ€μ™€ 그의 μ‹ λ΄‰μž 집단은
01:00
found numerical patterns in shapes, music, and the stars.
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수의 νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ„ λ„ν˜•, μŒμ•… 그리고 λ³„μ—μ„œ μ°Ύμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
For them, mathematics held the deepest secrets of the universe.
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그듀을 μœ„ν•΄, μˆ˜ν•™μ€ 우주의 κ°€μž₯ κΉŠμ€ 비밀듀을 μ₯κ³ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
But one Pythagorean named Hippasus discovered something disturbing.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν”Όνƒ€κ³ λΌμŠ€ ν•™μ„€μ˜ μ‹ λ΄‰μžμΈ νžˆνŒŒμ†ŒμŠ€λŠ” 좩격적인 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
Some quantities, like the diagonal of a square with sides of length one
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κ·Έ λ¬΄μ–Έκ°€λŠ” ν•œλ³€μ˜ 길이가 1인 μ •μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ˜ λŒ€κ°μ„  같이
01:20
couldn't be expressed by any combination of whole numbers or fractions,
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전체 μˆ«μžλ‚˜ λΆ„μˆ˜μ˜ μ–΄λ– ν•œ μ‘°ν•©μœΌλ‘œλ„ ν‘œν˜„λ  수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
no matter how small.
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그것이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μž‘λ“ μ§€ 간에 말이죠.
01:28
These numbers, which we call irrational numbers,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무리수라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 이 μˆ«μžλ“€μ€
01:31
were perceived as a threat
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μ™„λ²½ν•œ 우주라고 ν•˜λŠ”
01:33
to the Pythagorean's notion of a perfect universe.
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ν”Όνƒ€κ³ λΌμŠ€μ˜ κ°œλ…μ— λŒ€ν•œ μœ„ν˜‘μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
They imagined a reality that could be described
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그듀은 합리적이고 숫자 νŒ¨ν„΄μœΌλ‘œ
01:40
with rational, numerical patterns.
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λ¬˜μ‚¬λ  수 μžˆλŠ” ν˜„μ‹€μ„ μƒμƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
Historians write that Hippasus was exhiled for publicizing his findings,
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μ‚¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ νžˆν¬μ†ŒμŠ€κ°€ 그의 λ°œκ²¬μ„ 세상에 μ•Œλ €μ„œ μΆ”λ°©λ‹Ήν–ˆλ‹€κ³  μ§‘ν•„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
while legends claim he was drowned as punishment from the gods.
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— 전섀듀에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ κ·Έκ°€ μ‹ λ“€μ˜ 처벌둜 μ΅μ‚¬ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
While irrational numbers upset philosophers,
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λ¬΄λ¦¬μˆ˜κ°€ μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ„ ν™”λ‚˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ ,
01:55
later mathematical inventions would draw attention
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μˆ˜ν•™μ  발λͺ…듀은 μ •μΉ˜μ μ΄κ³  쒅ꡐ적인
01:58
from political and religious authorities, as well.
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κ΄€κ³„μžλ“€μ—κ²Œλ„ μ£Όλͺ©μ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
In the Middle Ages, while Europe was still using Roman numerals,
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유럽이 아직도 둜마 숫자λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„
μ€‘μ„Έμ‹œλŒ€ 무렡,
02:05
other cultures had developed positional systems
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 문화듀은 '0'을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” 기호λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ
02:08
that included a symbol for zero.
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μœ„μƒκΈ°μˆ˜λ²•μ„ λ°œλ‹¬μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ•„λž μ—¬ν–‰μžλ“€μ΄ 이 κΈ°μˆ˜λ²•μ„
02:11
When Arab travelers brought this system to the bustling maritime cities of Italy,
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λΆμ κ±°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ ν•΄μ–‘λ„μ‹œμ— 가져왔을 λ•Œ,
02:15
its advantages for merchants and bankers was clear.
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상인듀과 μ€ν–‰κ°€λ“€μ—κ²Œ κ·Έ μž₯점은 λΆ„λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ λ‹€κ°€μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
But the authorities were more wary.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ 당ꡭ듀은 더 κ²½κ³„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
Hindu-Arabic numerals were considered easier to forge or alter,
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아라비아 μˆ˜λŠ” κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜κ³  λ³€ν™˜ν•˜λŠ”λ° 더 쉽닀고 μ—¬κ²¨μ‘ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
especially since they were less familiar to customers than to merchants.
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특히 μˆ«μžλ“€μ΄ 상인듀보닀 μ†λ‹˜λ“€μ—κ²Œ 덜 μΉœμˆ™ν• λ•Œ λΆ€ν„°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
And the concept of zero opened the door to negative numbers
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그리고 0의 κ°œλ…μ€ μŒμˆ˜μ™€ 채무λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν•˜λŠ” 것을
02:33
and the recording of debt
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ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
at a time when moneylending was regarded with suspicion.
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특히 λˆλΉŒλ €μ£ΌλŠ” 것을 μ˜μ‹¬μ„ 가지고 λ³Ό λ•Œ μ΄μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
In the 13th century, Florence banned the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals
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13μ„ΈκΈ° 무렡, ν”Œλ‘œλ ŒμŠ€μ—μ„œλŠ” 기둝을 κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 것에 아라비아 수λ₯Ό
02:43
for record keeping.
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μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것을 κΈˆμ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
And though they soon proved too useful to ignore,
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아라비아 μˆ˜λ“€μ΄ λ„ˆλ¬΄ μœ μš©ν•΄μ„œ λ¬΄μ‹œν•  수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  μΈμ •λ°›μ§€λ§Œ,
02:49
controversies over zero and negative numbers
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0κ³Ό μŒμˆ˜μ— κ΄€ν•œ λ…ΌμŸλ“€μ€
02:51
continued for a long time.
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μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μ§€μ†λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
Negative numbers were dismissed as absurd
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19μ„ΈκΈ° λΆ€ν„° μŒμˆ˜λ“€μ€ 우슀꽝슀러운
02:56
well into the 19th century.
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것이라며 λ¬΅μ‚΄λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
And prominent mathematicians, like Gerolamo Cardano,
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λ˜ν•œ 지둀라λͺ¨ μΉ΄λ₯΄λ‹€λ…Έμ™€ 같은 μ €λͺ…ν•œ μˆ˜ν•™μžλ“€μ€
03:02
avoided using zero,
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0을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것을 ν”Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
even though it would have made it much easier to find solutions
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비둝 0이 μž…λ°©μ²΄μ™€ 4μ°¨ λ°©μ μ‹μ˜ 해닡을 μ°ΎλŠ” 것을
03:06
to cubic and the quartic equations.
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훨씬 μ‰½κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ€Œμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ λ„ ν”Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
Even today it's illegal to use some numbers for different reasons.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ κΉŒμ§€λ„ μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 이유둜 μ–΄λ–€ μˆ«μžλ“€μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것은 λΆˆλ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
Some are banned because of what they represent.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡μ€ 그듀이 μƒμ§•ν•˜λŠ” 것 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κΈˆμ§€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
For example, governments have prohibited the display of numbers
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, μ •λΆ€λŠ” 상징적 의미λ₯Ό 가진 μˆ«μžλ“€μ˜ ν‘œμ‹œλ₯Ό κΈˆμ§€ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
that have symbolic meaning,
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03:22
such as the date of a revolution
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이의 μ˜ˆμ‹œλ‘œ, 혁λͺ…μ˜ λ‚ μ§œ λ˜λŠ”
03:24
or connections to oppositional political figures or parties.
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μ •μΉ˜μ  μΈλ¬Όμ΄λ‚˜ 정당에 λ°˜ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•œ 연관듀이라고 μ–˜κΈ°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
Other numbers are potentially illegal because of the information they carry.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μˆ«μžλ“€μ€ 그듀이 가지고 λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” 정보 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 잠재적으둜 λΆˆλ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
Just about any information,
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단지 아무 정보에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ‚˜,
03:34
whether text,
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λ¬Έμ„œλ‚˜,
03:35
image,
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사진,
03:36
video,
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03:36
or executable programs can be translated into a string of numbers.
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λ™μ˜μƒ
λ˜λŠ” μ‹€ν–‰κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ“€μ€ 숫자의 λ¬Έμžμ—΄λ‘œ μ „ν™˜λ  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
But this means that protected information,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ³΄ν˜Έλ°›λŠ” μ •λ³΄λ‚˜,
03:44
whether copyrights,
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μ €μž‘κΆŒμ΄λ‚˜,
03:45
proprietary materials,
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등둝 μƒν‘œκ°€ 뢙은 물건듀
03:47
or state secrets
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λ˜λŠ” κ΅­κ°€ κΈ°λ°€λ“€ λ˜ν•œ
03:48
can also be represented as numbers,
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숫자둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€.
03:51
so possessing or publishing these numbers may be treated as a criminal offense.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μˆ«μžλ“€μ„ μ†Œμœ ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λ°œν–‰ν•˜λŠ” 것은
ν˜•μ‚¬λ²”μ£„λ‘œ 취급될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
This idea gathered attention in 2001
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μ•”ν˜Έκ°€ DVDλ₯Ό ν•΄λ…ν•˜λŠ”λ° 이용될 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λ°œμƒμ΄
03:59
when code that could be used to decrypt DVDs
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2001년에 이λͺ©μ„ λŒμ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
04:02
was widely shared and distributed in the form of a large prime number.
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이 λ°œμƒμ€ κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ†Œμˆ˜μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ 널리 곡유되고 μœ ν†΅λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
The idea of illegal numbers may sound absurd,
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λΆˆλ²•ν™”λœ μˆ«μžλ“€μ΄λΌλŠ” λ°œμƒμ΄ 우슀꽝슀럽게 λ“€λ¦¬κ² μ§€λ§Œ
04:10
but like words,
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단어듀 처럼
04:11
written numbers are a way of expressing concepts and information.
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쓰여진 μˆ«μžλ“€μ€ κ°œλ…λ“€κ³Ό 정보λ₯Ό ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
And in a world where calculations and algorithms
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ 계산듀과 μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜λ“€μ΄
우리 삢을 점점 많이 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ
04:18
shape more and more of our lives,
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04:20
the mathematician's pencil grows stronger by the day.
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μˆ˜ν•™μžλ“€μ˜ νŽœμ€ 날이 갈수둝 κ°•ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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