The rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire - Leonora Neville

6,203,364 views ・ 2018-04-09

TED-Ed


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Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović
00:06
Most history books will tell you the Roman Empire fell in the fifth century CE.
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Većina istorijskih udžbenika će vam reći da je Rimsko carstvo palo u 5. v.n.e.
00:12
But this would’ve come as a great surprise to the millions of people
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Međutim, ovo bi zvučalo krajnje iznenađujuće milionima ljudi
00:15
who lived in the Roman Empire up through the Middle Ages.
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koji su živeli u Rimskom carstvu tokom srednjeg veka.
00:19
This medieval Roman Empire,
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Ovo srednjovekovno Rimsko carstvo,
00:21
which we usually refer to today as the Byzantine Empire,
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koje obično danas nazivamo Vizantijskim carstvom,
00:25
began in 330 CE.
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nastalo je 330. godine nove ere.
00:27
That’s when Constantine, the first Christian emperor,
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Tada je Konstantin, prvi hrišćanski car,
00:31
moved the capital of the Roman Empire to a new city called Constantinople,
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preselio glavni grad Rimskog carstva u novi grad nazvan Konstantinopolj,
00:36
which he founded on the site of the ancient Greek city Byzantion.
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koji je osnovao na mestu antičkog grčkog grada Vizantiona.
00:41
When the Visigoths sacked Rome in 410
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Kada su Vizigoti poharali Rim 410. godine
00:44
and the Empire’s western provinces were conquered by barbarians,
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i kada su zapadne provincije carstva osvojili varvari,
00:47
Constantine’s Eastern capital remained the seat of the Roman emperors.
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Konstantinova istočna prestonica je ostala sedište rimskih careva.
00:52
There, generations of emperors ruled for the next 11 centuries.
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Tu su generacije careva vladale narednih 11 vekova.
00:58
Sharing continuity with the classical Roman Empire
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Zajedničko proishodište sa klasičnim Rimskim carstvom
01:00
gave the Byzantine empire a technological and artistic advantage over its neighbors,
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je Vizantijskom carstvu pružilo tehnološku i umetničku prednost nad susedima,
01:06
whom Byzantines considered barbarians.
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koje su Vizantinci smatrali varvarima.
01:09
In the ninth century, visitors from beyond the frontier
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U devetom veku, posetioci iz udaljenih oblasti
01:12
were astonished at the graceful stone arches and domes
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su bili zapanjeni gracioznim kamenim svodovima i kupolama
01:16
of the imperial palace in Constantinople.
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carske palate u Konstantinopolju.
01:19
A pair of golden lions flanked the imperial throne.
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Par zlatnih lavova stajao je uz bok carskog prestola.
01:23
A hidden organ would make the lions roar as guests fell on their knees.
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Zbog skrivenih orgulja, lavovi bi rikali dok su gosti padali na kolena.
01:28
Golden birds sung from a nearby golden tree.
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Zlatne ptice su pevale sa zlatnog drveća u blizini.
01:32
Medieval Roman engineers even used hydraulic engines
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Srednjovekovni rimski inženjeri su čak koristili hidraulične motore
01:35
to raise the imperial throne high into the air.
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kako bi podizali carski presto visoko u vazduh.
01:39
Other inherited aspects of ancient Roman culture
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Drugi nasleđeni aspekti drevne rimske kulture
01:42
could be seen in emperors’ clothing,
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su mogli da se vide u carskoj odeći,
01:44
from traditional military garb to togas,
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od tradicionalne vojne odežde do toga,
01:47
and in the courts,
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kao i na sudovima,
01:48
which continued to use Roman law.
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koji su i dalje koristili rimsko pravo.
01:51
Working-class Byzantines would’ve also had similar lives
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Vizantinci iz radničke klase su takođe imali slične živote
01:54
to their Ancient Roman counterparts;
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kao i njihovi pandani iz antičkog Rima;
mnogi su bili zemljoradnici ili zanatlije,
01:57
many farmed or plied a specific trade,
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01:59
such as ceramics,
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poput keramičara,
02:00
leatherworking,
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kožara,
02:01
fishing,
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ribara,
02:02
weaving,
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tkalja
02:03
or manufacturing silk.
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ili proizvođača svile.
02:05
But, of course, the Byzantine Empire
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Međutim, naravno, Vizantijsko carstvo
02:07
didn’t just rest on the laurels of Ancient Rome.
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nije se prosto baškarilo na lovorikama antičkog Rima.
02:10
Their artists innovated, creating vast mosaics and ornate marble carvings.
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Njihovi umetnici su bili inovativni,
stvarajući ogromne mozaike i kitnjaste mermerne duboreze.
02:15
Their architects constructed numerous churches,
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Njihove arhitekte su izgradile brojne crkve,
02:18
one of which, called Hagia Sophia,
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a jedna od njih, pod nazivom Aja Sofija,
02:20
had a dome so high it was said to be hanging on a chain from heaven.
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imala je toliko visoku kupolu da se govorilo kako visi s nebesa na lancu.
02:25
The Empire was also home to great intellectuals such as Anna Komnene.
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Carstvo je bilo dom značajnim intelektualcima, poput Ane Komnen.
02:30
As imperial princess in the 12th century,
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Kao carska princeza u 12. veku,
02:32
Anna dedicated her life to philosophy and history.
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Ana je posvetila svoj život filozofiji i istoriji.
02:36
Her account of her father’s reign is historians’ foremost source
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Njeni zapisi o vladavini njenog oca su glavni izvor istoričarima
02:40
for Byzantine political history at the time of the first crusade.
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o političkoj istoriji Vizantije u vreme prvog krstaškog rata.
02:44
Another scholar, Leo the Mathematician,
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Još jedan učenjak, Lav Matematičar,
02:46
invented a system of beacons that ran the width of the empire—
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izumeo je sistem svetionika koji su se prostirali širinom carstva -
02:50
what’s now Greece and Turkey.
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a to je današnja Grčka i Turska.
02:52
Stretching more than 700 kilometers,
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Pružajući se na preko 700 kilometara,
02:55
this system allowed the edge of the Empire to warn the emperor of invading armies
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sistem je omogućavao periferiji carstva da upozori cara na vojni napad
02:59
within one hour of sighting them at the border.
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u roku od sat vremena nakon što neprijatelja spaze na granici.
03:03
But their advances couldn’t protect the Empire forever.
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Međutim, njihov progres nije mogao da štiti carstvo doveka.
03:07
In 1203, an army of French and Venetian Crusaders
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Godine 1203, vojska francuskih i venecijanskih krstaša
03:11
made a deal with a man named Alexios Angelos.
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je postigla pogodbu sa čovekom po imenu Aleksije Anđelo.
03:14
Alexios was the son of a deposed emperor,
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Aleksije je bio sin svrgnutog cara
03:18
and promised the crusaders vast riches
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i obećao je krstašima ogromno bogatstvo i podršku
03:20
and support to help him retake the throne from his uncle.
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da bi mu pomogli da vrati presto od svog ujaka.
03:24
Alexios succeeded, but after a year,
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Aleksije je uspeo, ali godinu kasnije,
03:27
the population rebelled and Alexios himself was deposed and killed.
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narod se pobunio, a Aleksije je i sam svrgnut i ubijen.
03:32
So Alexios’s unpaid army turned their aggression on Constantinople.
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Zato je Aleksijeva neisplaćena vojska svoj bes usmerila ka Konstantinopolju.
Palili su ogromne požare,
03:38
They lit massive fires,
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03:39
which destroyed countless works of ancient and medieval art and literature,
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koji su uništili nebrojena dela antičke i srednjovekovne umetnosti i književnosti,
03:43
leaving about one-third of the population homeless.
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ostavljajući oko trećinu populacije bez krova nad glavom.
03:47
The city was reclaimed 50 years later by the Roman Emperor Michael Palaiologos,
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Grad je 50 godina kasnije vratio rimski car Mihajlo Paleolog,
03:52
but his restored Empire never regained all the territory
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ali njegovo obnovljeno carstvo nikad nije vratilo svu teritoriju
03:55
the Crusaders had conquered.
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koju su krstaši osvojili.
03:57
Finally, in 1453, Ottoman Emperor Mehmed the Conqueror captured Constantinople,
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Naposletku, 1453. godine, otomanski car Mehmed Osvajač je zauzeo Konstantinopolj,
04:03
bringing a conclusive end to the Roman Empire.
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stavivši tačku na Rimsko carstvo.
04:07
Despite the Ottoman conquest,
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Uprkos otomanskom osvajanju,
04:09
many Greek-speaking inhabitants of the Eastern Mediterranean
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mnogi stanovnici iz istočnog Mediterana koji su govorili grčki jezik
04:13
continued to call themselves Romans until the early 21st century.
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su nastavili da se nazivaju Rimljanima sve do ranog 21. veka.
04:18
In fact, it wasn’t until the Renaissance
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Zapravo, tek je u renesansi
04:20
that the term “Byzantine Empire” was first used.
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prvi put upotrebljen termin „Vizantijsko carstvo“.
04:24
For Western Europeans,
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Za Zapadnoevropljane,
04:25
the Renaissance was about reconnecting with the wisdom of antiquity.
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renesansa je bila o ponovnom povezivanju sa mudrošću antike.
04:29
And since the existence of a medieval Roman Empire
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A kako je postojanje srednjovekovnog Rimskog carstva
04:32
suggested there were Europeans who’d never lost touch with antiquity,
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nagoveštavalo da postoje Evropljani koji nikad nisu izgubili dodir sa antikom,
04:35
Western Europeans wanted to draw clear lines between the ages.
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Zapadnoevropljani su želeli da povuku jasnu granicu između epoha.
04:39
To better distinguish the classical, Latin-speaking, pagan Roman Empire
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Da bi bolje razlikovali klasično, pagansko Rimsko carstvo u kom se govorio latinski
04:44
from the medieval, Greek-speaking, Christian Roman Empire,
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od srednjovekovnog, hrišćanskog Rimskog carstva u kom se govorio grčki,
04:47
scholars renamed the latter group Byzantines.
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učenjaci su kasniju grupu preimenovali u Vizantince.
04:51
And thus, 100 years after it had fallen, the Byzantine Empire was born.
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I tako, sto godina nakon što je palo, rodilo se Vizantijsko carstvo.
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